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Old Turkic alphabet
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Old Turkic script

Type Alphabet
Languages Old Turkic
Time period 7th to 13th centuries
Parent systems
Proto-Sinaitic
Phoenician
Aramaic
Syriac
Sogdian??? (controversial)
Old Turkic script
Child systems Old Hungarian script, Khazar script.
ISO 15924 Orkh, 175
Direction Right-to-left
Unicode alias Old Turkic
Unicode range U+10C00–U+10C4F
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols.


Orkhon tablet


Inscription in Kyzyl using Orkhon script


A copy of Göktürk (Orkhon) Epigraph in Ankara, Turkey


Orkhon script (Part of Bilge Qağan's Memorial Complex:36~40)


Location of the Orkhon Valley
The Old Turkic script (also Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script, Turkic runes; Turkish: Orhun alfabesi, Orhun yazısı; Mongol: Орхон бичиг) is the alphabet used by the Göktürk and other early Turkic Khanates from at least the 7th century to record the Old Turkic language.[1] It was later used by the Uyghur Empire. Additionally, a Yenisei variant is known from 9th-century Kyrgyz inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the Talas Valley of Turkestan and the Old Hungarian script of the 10th century. The alphabet was usually written from right to left.
The script is named after the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia, where late 7th century inscriptions were discovered in an 1889 expedition by Nikolay Yadrintsev.[2] These Orkhon inscriptions (Turkish: Orhun Yazıtları) were published by Vasily Radlov and deciphered by the Danish philologist Vilhelm Thomsen in 1893.
Examples of the Orhon-Yenisei alphabet are depicted on the reverse of the Azerbaijani 5 manat banknote issued since 2006.[3]
Contents [hide]
1 Origins
2 Corpus
3 Table of characters
4 Variants
5 Unicode
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
[edit]Origins

Mainstream opinion derives the Orkhon script from variants of the Aramaic alphabet, in particular via the Pahlavi and Sogdian alphabets, as suggested by V.Thomsen, or possibly via Karosthi (cf., Issyk inscription).
Alternative possibilities include derivation from tamgas, suggested by W. Thomsen in 1893, from the Chinese script. Turkish inscriptions dated earlier than the Orkhon inscriptions used about 150 symbols, which may suggest tamgas at first imitating the Chinese script and then gradually refined into an alphabet.
The Danish hypothesis connects the script to the reports of Chinese account,[4] from a 2nd century BC Chinese Yan renegade and dignitary named Zhonghang Yue (Chinese: 中行说) who
"taught the Shanyu (rulers of the Xiongnu) to write official letters to the Chinese court on a wooden tablet (Chinese: 牍) 31 cm long, and to use a seal and large-sized folder".
The same sources tell that when the Xiongnu noted down something or transmitted a message, they made cuts on a piece of wood (ko-mu), and they also mention a "Hu script". At Noin-Ula and other Hun burial sites in Mongolia and region north of Lake Baikal, the artifacts displayed over twenty carved characters. Most of these characters are either identical or very similar to the letters of the Turkic Orkhon script.[5]
The Old Turkic script contains some symbols of the Turkic ideograms, which is part of the Turkic cultural heritage.
[edit]Corpus

The inscription corpus consists of two monuments which were erected in the Orkhon Valley between 732 and 735 in honour of the two Kokturk prince Kul Tigin and his brother the emperor Bilge Kağan, as well as inscriptions on slabs scattered in the wider area.
The Orkhon monuments are one of the oldest known examples of Turkic writings; they are inscribed on obelisks and have been dated to 720 (for the obelisk relating to Tonyukuk), to 732 (for that relating to Kültigin), and to 735 (for that relating to Bilge Kağan ( In Turkish Meaning : Scholar Khan)). They are carved in a script used also for inscriptions found in Mongolia, Siberia, and Xinjiang and called by Thomsen "Turkish runes".[6] They relate in epic language the legendary origins of the Turks, the golden age of their history, their subjugation by the Chinese, and their liberation by Bilge.[6] The polished style of the writings suggests considerable earlier development of the Turkish language.[6]
[edit]Table of characters

Old-Turkic Alphabet (Classic age)
Using Symbols Transliteration and transcription
vowels A /a/, /e/
I /ɯ/, /i/, /j/
O /o/, /ø/
U /u/, /y/, /w/
consonants harmonized with:
(¹) — back,
(²) — front
vowels B¹ /b/ B² /b/
D¹ /d/ D² /d/
G¹ /ɡ/ G² /ɡ/
L¹ /l/ L² /l/
N¹ /n/ N² /n/
R¹ /r/ R² /r/
S¹ /s/ S² /s/
T¹ /t/ T² /t/
Y¹ /j/ Y² /j/
only (¹) — Q
only (²) — K Q /q/ K /k/
with all
vowels -CH /tʃ/
-M /m/
-P /p/
-SH /ʃ/
-Z /z/
-NG /ŋ/
clusters + vowel ICH, CHI, CH /itʃ/, /tʃi/, /tʃ/
IQ, QI, Q /ɯq/, /qɯ/, /q/
OQ, UQ,
QO, QU, Q /oq/, /uq/,
/qo/, /qu/, /q/ ÖK, ÜK,
KÖ, KÜ, K /øk/, /yk/,
/kø/, /ky/, /k/
+ consonant -NCH /ntʃ/
-NY /ɲ/
-LT /lt/, /ld/
-NT /nt/, /nd/
word-divide symbol none
(-) — word endings only
A reading example: — inscription (Right To Left)
T²NGR²I — transliteration
/teŋri/ — transcription
teñri / tanrı — record with modern Turkic alphabet
the skygod or the eternal blue sky indicating the highest god — ancient meaning
God — modern meaning
[edit]Variants


This article's factual accuracy is disputed. Please help to ensure that disputed facts are reliably sourced. See the relevant discussion on the talk page. (November 2008)


Reverse side of Azerbaijani manat showing the old Turkic script.
Variants of the script were found from Mongolia and Xinjiang in the east to Balkans in the west. The preserved inscriptions were dated to between 7th and 13th centuries AD.
These alphabets are divided into four groups by Kyzlasov (1994)[7]
Asiatic group (includes Orkhon proper)
Eurasiatic group
Southern Europe group
The Asiatic group is further divided into three related alphabets:
Orkhon alphabet, Göktürk, 7-10th centuries AD
Yenisei alphabet,
Talas alphabet, a derivative of the Yenisei alphabet, Kangly or Karluks 8-10th centuries AD. Talas inscriptions include Terek-Say rock inscriptions found in the 1897, Koysary text, Bakaiyr gorge inscriptions, Kalbak-Tash 6 and 12 inscriptions, Talas alphabet has 29 identified letters.[8]
The Eurasiatic group is further divided into five related alphabets:
Achiktash, used in Sogdiana 7-10th centuries AD
South-Yenisei, used by the Göktürk 8-10th centuries AD
two especially similar alphabets: the Don alphabet, used by the Khazar Khaganate, 8-10th centuries AD; and the Kuban alphabet, used by the Bulgars, 8th-13th centuries AD. Inscriptions in both alphabets are found in the Pontic steppe and on the banks of the Kama river
Tisza, used by the Badjanaks (Pechenegs) 8-10th centuries AD
A number of alphabets are incompletely collected due to the limitations of the extant inscriptions. Evidence in the study of the Turkic scripts includes Turkic-Chinese bilingual inscriptions, contemporaneous Turkic inscriptions in the Greek alphabet, literal translations into Slavic language, and paper fragments with Türkic cursive writing from religion, Manichaeism, Buddhist, and legal subjects of the 8-10th centuries AD found in Xinjiang.

Oldest known Turkic alphabet listings, Rjukoku and Toyok manuscripts. Toyok manuscript transliterates Turkic alphabet into Uyghur alphabet. Per I.L.Kyzlasov, "Runic Scripts of Eurasian Steppes", Moscow, Eastern Literature, 1994, ISBN 5-02-017741-5.

[edit]Unicode

Old Turkic was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 2009 with the release of version 5.2.
The Unicode block for Old Turkic is U+10C00–U+10C4F and it includes national and historical varieties:
Old Turkic[1]
Unicode.org chart (PDF)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+10C0x �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ��
U+10C1x �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ��
U+10C2x �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ��
U+10C3x �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ��
U+10C4x �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ��
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 6.0
[edit]See also

Banpo symbols
Göktürks
Khazar language
Old Hungarian script
Khöshöö Tsaidam Monuments
[edit]Notes

^ Scharlipp, Wolfgang (2000). An Introduction to the Old Turkish Runic Inscriptions. Verlag auf dem Ruffel., Engelschoff. ISBN 393384700X.
^ Sinor, Denis (2002). "Old Turkic". History of Civilizations of Central Asia. 4. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. pp. 331–333.
^ Central Bank of Azerbaijan. National currency: 5 manat. – Retrieved on 25 February 2010.
^ Shiji, vol. 110.
^ N. Ishjatms, "Nomads In Eastern Central Asia", in the "History of civilizations of Central Asia", Volume 2, Fig 6, p. 166, UNESCO Publishing, 1996, p.165
^ a b c Encyclopædia Britannica
^ Kyzlasov I.L.; “Writings Of Eurasian Steppes”, Eastern Literature", Moscow, 1994, 327 pp. 321-323
^ Kyzlasov I.L.; “Writings Of Eurasian Steppes”, Eastern Literature", Moscow, 1994, pp. 98-100
[edit]References

Diringer, David. The Alphabet: a Key to the History of Mankind, New York: Philosophical Library, 1948, pp. 313–315
Février, James G. Histoire de l’écriture, Paris: Payot, 1948, pp. 311–317
Ishjatms, N. "Nomads In Eastern Central Asia", in the "History of civilizations of Central Asia", Volume 2, UNESCO Publishing, 1996, ISBN 92-3-102846-4
Jensen, Hans (1970). Sign Symbol and Script. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. ISBN 0-04-400021-9..
Kara, György. Aramaic Scripts for Altaic Languages. In Daniels and *Bright, eds., The World's Writing Systems, 1996.
Kyzlasov, I.L. "Runic Scripts of Eurasian Steppes", Moscow, Eastern Literature, 1994, ISBN 5-02-017741-5
Mukhamadiev, Azgar. (1995). Turanian Writing (Туранская Письменность). In Zakiev, M. Z.(Ed.), Problemy lingvoėtnoistorii tatarskogo naroda (Проблемы лингвоэтноистории татарского народа). Kazan: Akademija Nauk Tatarstana. (Russian)
Tekin, Talat. A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic. Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 69 (Bloomington/The Hague: Mouton, 1968)
Thomsen, Vilhelm. Inscriptions de l’Orkhon déchiffrées, Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, Helsinki Toimituksia, no. 5 Helsingfors: La société de literature Finnoise
Vasil'iev, D.D. Korpus tiurkskikh runicheskikh pamyatnikov Bassina Eniseya [Corpus of the Turkic Runic Monuments of the Yenisei Basin], Leningrad: USSR Academy of Science, 1983
[edit]External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Old Turkic script
Türk bitig - Old Turkic inscriptions, Texts, Translations
Orkhon Alphabet page from Omniglot
Gokturkish Keyboard by Isa SARI
glyph table (kyrgyz.ru)
list of inscriptions (tonyukuk.net)
Bilgitay Orhun Writer (An online converter for Latin alphabet based texts to Orhun Abece.)
Michael Everson's Proposal for encoding the Old Turkic script in Unicode
Хөх Түрүгийн Бичиг (in Mongolian)
Göktürk Orhun Öz Türk Yazısını Öğrenme Kılavuzu (in Turkish)
Orkhon Valley
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. Discussion about the problems with the sole source used may be found on the talk page. (February 2008)
This article is about the cultural landscape. For other uses, see Orkhon.
Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape *
UNESCO World Heritage Site

Country Mongolia
Type Cultural
Criteria ii, iii, iv
Reference 1081
Region ** Asia-Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription 2004 (28th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List
** Region as classified by UNESCO
Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape (Mongolian: Орхоны хөндийн соёлын дурсгал) sprawls along the banks of the Orkhon River in Central Mongolia, some 360 km west from the capital Ulaanbaatar. It was inscribed by UNESCO in the World Heritage List as representing evolution of nomadic pastoral traditions spanning more than two millennia. (See List of World Heritage Sites in Mongolia)
[edit]Importance

For many centuries, the Orkhon Valley was viewed as the seat of the imperial power of the steppes. The first evidence comes from a stone stele with runic inscriptions, which was erected in the valley by Bilge Khan, an 8th century ruler of the Göktürk Empire. Some 25 miles to the north of the stele, in the shadow of the sacred forest-mountain Ötüken, was his Ördü, or nomadic capital. During the Qidan domination of the valley, the stele was reinscribed in three languages, so as to record the deeds of a Qidan potentate.
Mountains were considered sacred in Tengriism as an axis mundi, but Ötüken was especially sacred because the ancestor spirits of the khagans and beys resided here. Moreover, a force called qut was believed to emanate from this mountain, granting the khagan the divine right to rule the Turkic tribes.[1] Whoever controlled this valley was considered heavenly appointed leader of the Turks and could rally the tribes. Thus control of the Orkhon Valley was of the utmost strategic importance for every Turkic state. Historically every Turkic capital (Ördü) was located here for this exact reason. There were many houses by the bank but they are all gone now.
[edit]Sites

The main monuments of the Orkhon Valley are as follows:
Early 8th-century Turkic memorials to Bilge Khan and Kul Tigin with their Orkhon inscriptions are admittedly the most impressive monuments from the nomadic Göktürk Empire. They were excavated and deciphered by Russian archaeologists in 1889-93.
Ruins of Khar Balgas, an 8th-century capital of the Uyghur Empire, which cover 50 square km and contain evidence of the palace, shops, temples, monasteries, etc.
Ruins of Genghis Khan's capital Karakorum which could have included the famed Xanadu palace.
Erdene Zuu monastery is the first Buddhist monastery established in Mongolia. It was partly destroyed by Communist authorities in 1937-40.
Tuvkhun Hermitage is another spectacular monastery, overlooking a hill at 2,600 m. above sea-level. Likewise, it was almost totally destroyed by the Communists.
Remains of the 13th and 14th century Mongol palace at Doit Hill, thought to be Ögedei Khan's residence.


Panorama of the Orkhon
[edit]References

^ Franke, Herbert. The Cambridge History of China. Cambridge University Press, 1994. ISBN 0521214475. Page 347.

دشت اورخون یکی ازدشت های کشور مغولستان است. فاصله دشت اورخون با شهراولان‌باتور پایتخت مغولستان ۳۷۰ کیلومتر است. دشت اورخون توسط سازمان یونسکودر فهرست میراث جهانی به عنوان محلی برای تکامل سنت های معنوی وعشایری بیش از دوهزار سال ثبت شده.[۱] [۲]



دشت اورخون
منابع

↑ مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا، «دشت اورخون»، ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی، دانشنامهٔ آزاد (بازیابی در مه 2011).
↑ مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا، «List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Asia_and_Oceania»، ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی، دانشنامهٔ آزاد (بازیابی در مه2011).