لتکو
بفتح لام و سکون تاء چهار نقطۀ هندی و ضم کاف و واو
ماهیت آن
ثمر درختی است در بنکاله می شود و کثیر الوجود و درخت آن بقدر درخت آلو و پنیاله و پرخار و برک آن نیز شبیه ببرک آلو و پنیاله و ثمر آن خوشه دارد و هر خوشه هفت هشت تا ده دانه و بزرکی آلوی کوچکی و پنیاله و سفید رنک و طعم آن در خامی ترش و بعد رسیدن میخوش می کردد و در جوف بعضی آن سه دانه و بعضی چهار دانه شبیه بدانهای شریفه و کتهل که کوه نامند و در جوف دانهای آن تخمی بنفش رنک نرم لزج لعابی
طبیعت آن
سرد و تر
افعال و خواص آن
مسکن حدت صفرا و خون و جهت بعض امراض دمویه و صفراویه نافع و شربت آن نیز جهت امراض مذکوره نافع
مخزن الادویه عقیلی خراسانی
///////////
(اسم) [هندی] لتکو /latku/ (زیست‌شناسی) درختی خاردار شبیه درخت آلو، با میوه‌ای خوشه‌ای و ملس که هر خوشه هفت یا ده دانه میوۀ سفیدرنگ به اندازۀ آلو دارد.
فرهنگ فارسی عمید
///////////
انگور تاهیتی یا انگور ستاره ای
نام علمی : Phyllanthus acidus
نام انگلیسی : Otaheite gooseberry or star gooseberry
خانواده : Phyllanthaceae
انگور تاهیتی یا انگور ستاره ای درختی با میوه های ستاره ای کوچک به رنگ زرد است که بر خلاف نامش ارتباطی به انگور ندارد. این گیاه بیشتر به عنوان یک گیاه زینتی کشت می شود و مصارف دارویی و تغذیه ای نیز دارد میوه های آن براق، آبدار و بسیار ترش اند. خواستگاه آن دقیقا مشخص نیست ولی در مناطق گرمسیری و نیمه گرمسیری قاره آمریکا و آسیا پراکندگی دارد. خاک های مرطوب را ترجیح می دهد و از روش های مختلفی مانند کشت بذر، قلمه و خوابانیدن قابل تکثیر است. میوه ها هنگام رسیدگی سفت هستند و معمولا هنگامی که میوه ها شروع به ریزش می کنند برداشت می شوند. در هند و اندونزی برگ های آن به صورت پخته مورد استفاده قرار می گیرند و میوه نیز به صورت خام، چاشنی، شیره، آبمیوه و در تهیه دسرها به کار برده می شود. از برگ های آن برای کمر درد و رماتیسم مرهم فراهم می شود، ریشه نیز به عنوان یک مسهل و ملین قابل استفاده است. شیره آن در مداوای معده موثر بوده و در هند نیز به منظور تقویت کبد استفاده می شود. پوست ریشه آن در هند در دباغی به کار می رود.
/////////////
Phyllanthus acidus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Phyllanthus acidus
fruits
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Phyllanthaceae
Tribe: Phyllantheae
Subtribe: Flueggeinae
Genus: Phyllanthus
Species: P. acidus
Binomial name
Phyllanthus acidus
(L.) Skeels[1]
Synonyms
Phyllanthus distichus Müll.Arg.
Cicca acida Merr.
Cicca disticha L.
Averrhoa acida L.
Phyllanthus acidus, known as the Otaheite gooseberry, Malay gooseberry, Tahitian gooseberry, Country gooseberry, Star gooseberry, Starberry, West India gooseberry, or simply Gooseberry tree, is one of the trees with edible small yellow berries fruit in the Phyllanthaceae family. Despite its name, the plant does not resemble the gooseberry, except for the acidity of its fruits. It is mostly cultivated for ornamentation.
Contents
[show]
Description[edit]
Sapling
The Phyllanthus acidus is an intermediary between a shrub and tree, reaching 2 to 9 m (6½ to 30 ft) high.[2] The tree's dense and bushy crown is composed of thickish, tough main branches, at the end of which are clusters of deciduous, greenish, 15-to-30-cm long branchlets. The branchlets bear alternate leaves that are ovate or lanceolate in form, with short petioles and pointed ends. The leaves are 2-7.5 cm long and thin, they are green and smooth on the upperside and blue-green on the underside. In general, the Otaheite gooseberry tree very much looks like the bilimbi tree.
Leaves
The flowers can be male, female or hermaphrodite.[2] They are small and pinkish and appear in clusters in 5-to-12.5-cm long panicles. Flowers are formed at leafless parts of the main branches, at the upper part of the tree. The fruits are numerous, oblate, with 6 to 8 ribs, and densely clustered. They are pale yellow or white, waxy, crisp and juicy, and very sour. 4 to 6 seeds are contained in a stone at the center of each fruit.[2][3]
Tree in greenhouse
Origin and distribution[edit]
This tropical or subtropical species is found throughout Asia and also in the Caribbean region, Central and South America.[4]
While its origin is uncertain, the species may have originated in Madagascar.[2][3][4] It was found in other parts of South Asia early; according to Eduardo Quisumbing, it was brought to the Philippines in prehistoric times.[2] It spread across the Indian Ocean to Réunion and Mauritius and crossed the Pacificto Hawaii.[2][3] It expanded to the Caribbean in 1793, when William Bligh carried the plant from Timor to Jamaica.[3]
The tree is common in Guam, Indonesia (where it is called ceremai or cerama), South Vietnam (called chùm ruột), Laos, northern Peninsular Malaysia (called cerme and cermai), and India (called chalmeri, harpharoi, Nellikai, Harfi, Arunellikai, Abazhanga, Nellipuli, Irumban Puli, Bilimbi, Usiri(Telugu-ఉసిరి), Khatamada, Arinelli, Bimbool, Arinellika, Kiru Nerle, Mara Nelli, Amla, Gihori (Manipuri)).Lotka( bengali language)[2][4] It is still found in the Philippines (called iba in Tagalog and karmay in Ilokano), if not widely, and in Cambodia (called kantuet) and Thailand (called mayom). In Grenada, the fruit is called a damsel. In the United States, it is found in Hawaii, and occasionally southern parts of Texas, Florida.[2] It is also found in Puerto Rico (where the fruit is called grosella), Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname (where it's called ronde birambi), Peru and Brazil.
Names in other languages[edit]
Khmer: កន្ទួត (in Bangladesh) Orboroi, grosella (in Puerto Rico), raspberry (in Antigua and Barbuda), jimbilin (in Jamaica), damsel (in St Vincent and the Grenadines and Grenada), sour cherry (in Trinidad and Tobago), karamay (in the Northern Philippines),layuan (in the Bicol region of the Philippines), (Rata nelli in Sri lanka) bangkiling (in the Southern Philippines), cermai (in Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia and Malaysia), Goanbili (in Maldives), Sapra (in Belize), ဆီးဖြူသီး (in Myanmar).
Cultivation and human use[edit]
Fruits
Phyllanthus acidus in India
The Otaheite gooseberry prefers moist soil.[2] It can be cultivated in a variety of ways—budding, cutting and air-layering—in addition to the usual seed growth. The tree is cultivated for its ornamental value,[5] but also for food and medicinal purposes. While it produces some fruit throughout the year, it is mainly harvested in January except in South India, where it bears crops in April–May and again in August–September.[2] As the fruit does not soften when ripe, it is harvested when the fruit begins to drop.[6]
Various parts of the plant are used for food. In India and Indonesia, the cooked leaves are eaten.[3] While the fruit is eaten fresh, and is sometimes used as flavoring for other dishes in Indonesia, it is generally regarded as too tart to eat by itself in its natural form and is processed further.[3][4] It is candied in sugar or pickled in salt, used in chutney, relish or preserves. In the Philippines, it is used to make vinegar as well as eaten raw, soaked in salt or vinegar-salt solution and sold along the roadside. It is candied as well, usually stored in jars with syrup. They make these into a syrup in Malaysia. Liberally sugared, it is also used to make fruit juice. In Thailand it is used as an ingredient to make Som tam.
The plant is also used medicinally. The peppered leaves are used to make a poultice to treat sciatica, lumbago and rheumatism (but have been observed to cause low blood pressure when combined with nitrates), while the seeds are used as a cathartic and the root, if prepared with care, as a purgative.[4][7] The syrup is used to medicate the stomach, and in India the fruit is eaten as a blood-enhancer for the liver.[4]P. acidus contains 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid,[8] adenosine, kaempferol and hypogallic acid.[9]
While the wood is strong and durable if properly treated, the tree is not large and is rarely harvested for wood.[4] In India, the root bark is sometimes used for tanning.
References[edit]
1. Jump up^ "Phyllanthus acidus information from Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist". Govaerts R. (ed). For a full list of reviewers see:http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
2. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j Center for New Crops & Plants Products. "Otaheite Gooseberry". Purdue University. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f National Geographic (18 November 2008). Edible: an Illustrated Guide to the World's Food Plants. National Geographic Books. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-4262-0372-5. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
4. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g Janick, Jules; Robert E. Paull (12 April 2008). The Encyclopedia of Fruit & Nuts. CABI. p. 373. ISBN 978-0-85199-638-7. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
5. Jump up^ Gupta, I. C.; S. K. Gupta (1 January 1992). Concept S Dictionary Of Agricultural Sciences. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 346–347. ISBN 978-81-7022-301-6. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
6. Jump up^ Morton, Julia (16 June 1963). "A Fast Growing Vine". The Miami News. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
7. Jump up^ Miller, Wilhelm (1901). Cyclopedia of American Horticulture. The Macmillan Company. p. 1318. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
8. Jump up^ Leeya, Yuttapong; Mulvany, Michael J.; Queiroz, Emerson F.; Marston, Andrew; Hostettmann, Kurt; Jansakul, Chaweewan (2010). "Hypotensive activity of an n-butanol extract and their purified compounds from leaves of Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels in rats". European Journal of Pharmacology. 649 (1–3): 301–13. PMID 20868659. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.09.
9. Jump up^ Sousa, M.; Ousingsawat, J.; Seitz, R.; Puntheeranurak, S.; Regalado, A.; Schmidt, A.; Grego, T.; Jansakul, C.; et al. (2006). "An Extract from the Medicinal Plant Phyllanthus acidus and Its Isolated Compounds Induce Airway Chloride Secretion: A Potential Treatment for Cystic Fibrosis". Molecular Pharmacology. 71 (1): 366–76. PMID 17065237. doi:10.1124/mol.106.025262.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phyllanthus acidus.
Categories:
• Phyllanthus
• Berries
• Flora of tropical Asia
• Flora of the Caribbean
• Plants described in 1753
//////////////
Sauropus androgynus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Katuk" redirects here. For the place in Afghanistan, see Katok. For the place in Azerbaijan, see Ağgədik.
Sauropus androgynus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Phyllanthaceae
Tribe: Phyllantheae
Subtribe: Flueggeinae
Genus: Sauropus
Species: S. androgynus
Binomial name
Sauropus androgynus
(L.) Merr.[1]
Synonyms[2][3]
List[show]
Sauropus androgynus, also known as katuk, star gooseberry, or sweet leaf, is a shrub grown in some tropical regions as a leaf vegetable. In Chinese it is called mani cai (马尼菜); in Japan it is called amame shiba (アマメシバ); in Malay it is called cekur manis, sayur manis, or asin-asin;[4][5] in Thai it is called pak waan; in Vietnamese, it is called rau ngót;in Philippines,it is called Chinese Malunggay and in Kerala, India it is called madhura cheera.
Its multiple upright stems can reach 2.5 meters high and bear dark green oval leaves 5–6 cm long.
It is one of the most popular leaf vegetables in South Asia and Southeast Asia and is notable for high yields and palatability.[6] The shoot tips have been sold as tropical asparagus. In Vietnam, the locals cook it with crab meat, minced pork or dried shrimp to make soup. In Malaysia, it is commonly stir-fried with egg or dried anchovies. The flowers and small purplish fruits of the plant have also be eaten In Indonesia, the leaves of the plant are used to make infusion, believed to improve the flow of breast milk for breastfeeding mothers.
It is a good source of vitamin K.[citation needed] However, a study has suggested that excessive consumption of juiced Katuk leaves (due to its popularity for body weight control in Taiwan in the mid '90s) can cause lung damage, due to its high concentrations of the alkaloid papaverine.[7]
It also has high level of provita-min A carotenoids, especially in freshly picked leaves, as well as high levels of vitamins B and C, protein and minerals. The more the leaves mature, the higher the nutrient content of the leaves.[8] Latest studies indicate that Cekur manis encouraged rapid regeneration and multiplication through organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis.[9]
It is common in evergreen forest and cultivated up to 1,300 m [10]
Contents
[show]
Medical[edit]
Consumption of Sauropus androgynus has been reported as being associated with bronchiolitis obliterans.[11] [12]
Nutrition[edit]
Sauropus androgynus is rich in Vitamin C and polyphenols, such as tannin.
Sauropus androgynus
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy
245 kJ (59 kcal)
Carbohydrates
11 g
Fat
1 g
Protein
4.8 g
Vitamins
Vitamin A
10370 IU
Thiamine (B1)
(9%)
0.1 mg
Vitamin C
(288%)
239 mg
Minerals
Calcium
(20%)
204 mg
Iron
(23%)
3 mg
Phosphorus
(14%)
98 mg
Other constituents
Water 91.4 g
• Units
• μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
• IU = International units
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
•
Leaves and fruits Sauropus androgynus
•
Sauropus androgynus
References[edit]
1. Jump up^ Under its currently accepted name of Sauropus androgynus (from its basionym Clutia androgyna) this species was published in Bulletin of the Bureau of Forestry, Philippine Islands.Manila 1: 30. 1903. "Name - Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved November 18, 2012. Basionym: Clutia androgyna L.
2. Jump up^ The basionym of S. androgynus (Clutia androgyna) was originally described and published in Mantissa Plantarum 1: 128. 1767. "Name - Clutia androgyna L.". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
3. Jump up^ "TPL, treatment of Sauropus androgynus". The Plant List; Version 1. (published on the internet). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden. 2010. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
4. Jump up^ Coope, A.E. (1993). Malay-English, English-Malay Dictionary (Rev. ed.). New York: Hippocrene Books. pp. 18, 61. ISBN 0-7818-0103-6.
5. Jump up^ Bangchik (2009-10-08). "Cups in the air. asin-asin". Retrieved 2010-05-18.
6. Jump up^ Nutritive value of Sauropus androgynus
7. Jump up^ Kao CH; Ho YJ; Wu CL; ChangLai SP (1999). "Using 99mTc-DTPA Radioaerosol Inhalation Lung Scintigraphies to Detect the Lung Injury Induced by Consuming Sauropus androgynusVegetable and Comparison with Conventional Pulmonary Function Tests". Respiration. Karger AG. 66 (1): 46–51. PMID 9973690. doi:10.1159/000029336. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
8. Jump up^ 19.1 Sauropus androgynus (sweet leaf bush)
9. Jump up^ Faculty of Science Research Seminar: Elicitors Effect on in vitro Cultures of Sauropus Androgynus, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus
10. Jump up^ Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr
11. Jump up^ [1]
12. Jump up^ [2]
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sauropus androgynus.
• Information from Leaf for Life
• Sweet Leaf
Categories:
• Sauropus
• Plants described in 1767
• Leaf vegetables
//////////
