وندهای زبان انگلیسی، پیش و پس و برخی قواعد

Most English words used today were not originally English. These words were adapted from other language, such as Latin and Greek. It can be helpful to know some of these roots of English vocabulary. It may be possible to guess the meaning of an unknown word when one knows the meaning of its root. Knowing prefixes and suffixes can also help.
An English word can consist of three parts: the root, a prefix, and a suffix. The root is the part of the word that contains the basic meaning, or definition of the word. The prefix is a word element placed in front of the root, which changes the word's meaning or makes a new word. A suffix is a word element placed after the root, which changes the word's meaning as well as its function.
When adding a suffix to a one-syllable word, if the root word ends in only one consonant and has only one vowel before it, and if the suffix begins with a vowel, then the consonant ending the root word will be doubled. For example, when adding -ing to can, we double the n to end up with canning. The rule for multisyllable words is the same, but applies only when the last syllable of the root is accented, like in beginner and concurring, but not in begins or forgetful.
For words ending in silent e, when the suffix begins with a vowel, that silent e is usually dropped before adding the suffix. For example, in take and -ing, we drop the silent e off of take, then add the suffix, and end up with taking.
When adding a suffix to a word ending in y, if there is a vowel before the y, just add the suffix. For example, obey + -ed becomes obeyed. If there is a consonant before the y, we will usually change the y to an i before adding any suffix (except -ing and -ish.) For example, angry + ly becomes angrily, and baby + -ign becomes babying.
Common Prefixes
Prefix Meaning Example
pre- before They will show a sneak preview of the movie.
un- not The cafeteria will be unavailable tomorrow morning.
dis- not Mark disagreed with John's philosophy.
re- again Are you going to renew your subscription?
mis- not He has mismanaged the company.
im- not With hard work and determination, nothing is impossible.
bi- two Henry recently received his first pair of bifocals.
de- not Many ecologists are concerned about the deforestation of our world's rain forests.
Common Suffixes
Suffixes Meaning Example
-er doer I work as a computer programmer.
-able able These glass bottles are recyclable.
-ous full of Driving on the freeway can be dangerous.
-ness state of being At night, the earth is covered in darkness.
-ful full of The witness gave an honest and truthful testimony.
-ly or -y like James whistled happily on his way home from school.
-ment state of Mary sighed with contentment.

Simple teaching Roots, Prefixes and Suffixes
Root Words | Suffix | Prefix
COMMON ROOT WORDS AND WORD ORIGINS
ROOTS MEANING WORD
alter other alternate, alter ego
ami, amic- love amiable, amicable
amphi both ends or all sides amphibian
ann, enni year anniversary, annual, biennial, perennial
anthrop human, man anthropology, anthropomorphic, misanthrope
aqua, aque water aquatic, aquarium, aqueduct
arch chief, leader, ruler archangel, monarch, archaic, archenemy
arthro joint arthritis
aud sound auditorium, audible, audiologist, audiotape
bell war belligerent, bellicose
biblio book bibliography, bibliophile
bio- life biography, autobiography, biology, antibiotic
brev short brief, abbreviate
cap take, seize capture, captivate, capacity
carn meat carnivorous, chili con carne
ced yield, go recede, secede, proceed, intercede, concession
chrom- color chromatic, monochrome, polychrome
chron- time chronicle, chronology, chronometer, synchronize
cogn know recognize, cognitive, incognito
cord/chord cord harpsichord
corp body corpus, corpse, corporal
crac, crat rule, ruler autocrat, democracy, bureaucrat, democracy
cred believe credible, credulous, credibility, credit, credo
cruc cross crucifix, crucial
crusta shell crustacean
crypt hidden cryptogram, cryptology, cryptic
culp guilt culpable, culprit
dei god deity, deify
demo- people demography, democracy, epidemic
dent tooth dentist, dentifrice, dentin
derm- skin dermatology, epidermis, hypodermic
dic speak, say dictate, predict, diction, indict
dox belief, opinion orthodoxy, paradox, heterodoxy
duc, duct lead induce, deduce, seduction, conduct, abduct
duo two duo
dynam- power dynamo, hydrodynamics
ego self egotist, egomania
equ equal equal, equity, equanimity, equate, equidistant
fac make, do manufacture, factory, benefactor
fil threadlike filament
frater brother fraternal, fraternize
gam- marriage monogamy, polygamy, bigamy
geo- earth geopolitical, geology, geography, geothermal
glyph vertical groove Hieroglyphics—Egyptian “sky writing”
grad, gress step gradual, progression, transgression
graph- writing, printing graphology, biography, telegraph, geography
gym naked gymnasium
gyn- woman gynecologist, androgynous
hemo, hema, hem blood hemophilia, hematology, hemoglobin
holo whole, entire holograph
hydro, hydr water dehydrate, hydraulics, hydroelectric, hydroplane
iso equal, identical isolate
ject throw inject, reject, subject, projection
jud judge judicial, judge, adjudicate
leg, lect read, choose legible, lectern, lecturer, election
liter letter literature, illiterate, literal
loc place local, location
log word monologue, epilogue
luc light lucid, elucidate
magn large magnify, magnate, magnificent
man hand manufacture, manual, manuscript
mar sea marine, mariner
mater mother maternal, maternity, matriarchy, matricide
mere part, segment mere
meta, met behind, between metacognition—behind the thinking
metri, meter- measure geometric, thermometer, odometer
min small minority, minuscule, minute
mit, miss send permit, submission, mission, emit,
mob, mot, mov move mobile, automobile, motion, promote, movie
mon warn premonition, admonition
mor, mort death mortal, mortician, immortality
morph form, structure metamorphosis, amorphous, morphology
mut change mutant, mutability, mutate
neuro nerve neurology, neurosis, neurobiology
nomen /nomin name nominal, nominate, nomenclature
nov new novel, renovate, innovation, novella
nym, onym word, name synonym, acronym, anonymous, pseudonym
odonto tooth orthodontist—one who straightens teeth
ortho- straight, correct orthodox, orthodontist, orthopedic
pac peace pacify, Pacific Ocean, pacifist
pater father paternal, paternity, patricide, patrilineal, patriotic
path feeling, suffering sympathy, apathy, empathy, telepathy, pathology
ped, pod foot pedal, pedometer, centipede, gastropod
pel, puls push pulsate, repulsive, impulse, compel, propel
pend hang, weigh pendulum, pendant, suspend, pending
phon-, phono- sound, voice telephone, euphony, cacophony, phonograph
plan flat planar, plantation, plane
pneum lung pneumatic
pod feet podiatrist
port carry portable, transport, portage, report,
pot power potent, omnipotent, potentate
psych- soul, spirit, mind psychology, psychic, psychobiography
pugna fight pugnacious, pugilist
quer, quis ask query, inquisition,
scent, scend climb ascend, ascent
schizo, schiz division, split schizophrenic
sci know scientific
sciss cut scissors
scrib, script write manuscript, scribe, proscribe, scripture
sec, sect cut dissect, section
sed, sess sit sedentary, session
sens, sent feel, be aware sensible, sentient
sequ, secu follow sequence, sequel, consecutive
serv serve, protect service
simil same similar, assimilate, simile, facsimile (fax)
siphon tube siphon
sol sun solar
son sound sonar, resonate, unison
soph wisdom, knowledge philosophy, sophisticated, sophomore (wise fool)
spec, spic look, see spectacles, spectator, inauspicious, prospect
spir coil spiral
spir breathe inspire, respiration, conspire, perspiration
spond, spons promise, answer for respond, responsible
spont by one's own force spontaneous
stat stay, position station
tang, tact touch tactile, tangible
temp time temporary, temporize
ten, tent hold tentative, tenable, tenuous
terr earth subterranean, terrain, terrestrial, disinter
theo god, deity theology, polytheism, atheist, monotheism
therm- heat thermal, thermos, thermometer
trophy nutrition, food atrophy—without nutrition
uro urine urologist
vac empty vacation, vacuum, vacuous, vacant
ven, vent come, go intervene, convene, contravene
ver truth veracity, verify, verity
vert turn introvert, irreversible, vertigo
vit life vital, revitalize, vitamin
voc call revoke, invocation, vocal, evocative, convocation
zoo animal zoo, zoology, zoolatry
PREFIXES
PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLES
a-, an- not, without amoral, anesthetic, apolitical, asocial
ab- away from abduction, abstain, abnormal
ad- to, toward adjoin, adjacent (lying near to)
ambi- both ambidextrous, ambivalent
ana- up, back, again analogy, anatomy, anagram
anti- against antipathy, antiwar, antisocial
apo- from, away from apology, apologize
auto- self autobiography, automobile, autocracy, automaton
bene- good benediction benevolent benefactor
cata-, cat- down, against catastrophe--a turning down
centro, centri- around, center concentric, centrifugal
circum- around circumlocution circumference, circumvent
com- with, together communal, community
con- with, together connect, confide conspire
contra- against contradict, contravene
de- down, away descend, deject (cast down)
dia-, di- through, across diameter, division
dis- apart, not disengage, discord, discomfort
dys- ill, difficult, bad dysfunctional, dysentery
e- out of, from elect (choose out of), eject (throw out)
ecto- on the outside ectoderm--outer skin
en-, em- in empathy--feeling in
endo- within, inside endoscope--instrument for observing inside
epi- upon epitaph epidermis, epicenter
eso- inward, within esoteric--more inward, esophagus
eu- well, good euthanasia--good death
ex- out of, from exhume, exhale, exodus
hetero- other, different heterosexual, heterodoxy, heterodox heterogeneous
homo- same homosexual, homogeneous, homogenized
hyper- over hypertension, hypersensitive, hyperactivity
hypo- under hypotension, hypodermic
il- not illegitimate, illicit, illegal, illegible
im- not imperfect, impolite, impossible
im- into imbibe (drink in, take in)
in- not indiscreet, invisible
in- into incorporate (take into the body)
inter- between intervene (come between), interstate
intra- within intrastate, intramural
ir- not irregular, irrational, irredeemable
macro- large macrocosm, macroeconomics
mal, male- bad, evil malediction malevolent, malnutrition
meta- beyond metaphysical
micro- small microscope, microcosm, microeconomics
mono- one, single monologue, monotheism, monarchy, monogamy
neo- new, recent neologism, neo-liberal, neonatology. neolithic
ob- against object, obstruct (build against)
palin-, pali- back, again palindrome
pan- all, every pantheism, Pan-Hellenic, panorama, pandemic
para- false paramilitary, paralegal, parachute
per- through percolate (flow through) perforate (punch through)
peri- around perimeter, periscope
phil-, philo- like, lover of philosophy, Francophile, bibliophile, philanthropy
poly- many, several polygon, polygamy, polytechnic, polytheism
post- after postgraduate, posthumous postpone
pre- before precede, predict (tell before)
pro- for, forward promote, project
pros- toward, in front prospect—view in front, something coming up
proto- first prototype, protoplasm, protobiology
pseudo false pseudonym, pseudoscience
re- again, back repeat, recede, regress (step back)
retro- back retrogression, retroactive
se- away from seduce (lead away), secede
sub- under submarine, subject, subhuman subterranean
sur-, super- over, above superhuman, superego, superintend, surpass
syn-, sym-, syl-, sys- with, together symphony, synonym, system, syllable
tele- distant, far off telephone, telepathy, television, telegram
trans- across transient, Transatlantic, transport (carry across)
SUFFIXES
SUFFIX DEFINITION EXAMPLE
-agog, -agogue leader demagogue, pedagogue
-cide kill(ing) patricide, infanticide, herbicide. suicide
-ectomy cutting appendectomy, splenectomy
-ia, -y act, state amnesia, mania, democracy, anarchy
-ic, -tic, -ical, -ac having to do with anthropomorphic, dramatic, biblical, cardiac
-ics things having to do with optics, physics
-isk, -iscus small asterisk--a little star
-ism the belief in pacifism, terrorism, socialism, communism
-ist one who believes in pacifist, terrorist, socialist, communist
-ite one connected with meteorite, polite, cosmopolite
-logy study field of biology, geology, etymology, cardiology
-oid resembling, like-shaped asteroid, spheroid
-or, -er one who takes part in doctor, actor, teacher, driver
-phobia exaggerated fear photophobia, claustrophobia, agoraphobia
-sis act, state, condition of analysis



English Spelling Rules - Adding Prefixes and Suffixes
By:Amy Nutt

Knowing proper spelling is very important for a number of reasons. First of all, when words cannot be spoken from our mouths we can write them down. If these words are not spelled properly, then that communication is compromised. Since communicating in writing is very important in many of our jobs, it is important that we know some very important grammar rules. Second, many use writing to write down their ideas. If proper grammar isn't used, then those who like to write in diaries and journals would not understand what they wrote when reading it years down the road. So not only is writing important when communicating with others, it is also important when communicating with ourselves.
Below are rules regarding the addition of prefixes and suffixes to words.
Prefixes
Prefixes are those additions that usually do not change the spelling of the word. The prefix is attached to the word despite any consonant duplications, accents, or syllabication. Examples are:
- Unavailable - the prefix is the "un" and it is easy to see that the remainder of the word, available, does not change.
- Misspell - Ironically, this word is the most misspelled word. A great way to remember how to spell misspell is that "mis" is the prefix and "spell" is the main word. The spelling of the main word does not change at all, but it is amazing how often this word is not spelled correctly.
Suffixes
When adding a suffix, the main part of the word usually changes the spelling of the word, but sometimes there are exceptions. Take the word treatment, for instance. "ment" is the suffix of the word and "treat" is the original word. Simply add the "ment" to "treat" and you have treatment without any spelling modifications.
For those words that have a short vowel sound and end with a single consonant, the consonant is doubled when adding on a suffix that starts with a vowel. These suffixes canbe ed, ing, or er. Some examples:
- Biggest- big is the main word that has a short vowel sound and ends in a single consonant. As a result, we add another "g" and then the "est" since it starts with a vowel.
There are exceptions, though. There are some words that end in r,x,w or y and don't require doubling. Such a word is blowing. The suffix is "ing," but because the single consonant is a 'w', there is no need for doubling.
If there are two consonants at the end of your main word, or two vowels, the consonant doesn't need to be doubled. An example is the word keeper. The vowels are e+e, so the "er" can be added on without doubling the consonant. Another thing to keep in mind is that when a suffix is added that begins with a vowel and the main words ends with a silent "e", that silent "e" should be dropped like it is in the words pricing and surprising. However, if the suffix used begins with a consonant, the silent "e" should be kept such as in the words likeness and advancement.
It is also necessary to drop the final "Y" in the main word when adding a suffix if the "Y" has a consonant before it. The word worry becomes worried and supply becomes supplies. But this rule does not apply to words ending in why in which the "ing" suffix is added. Examples are: Crying and obeyed.
It is important to know the rules regarding prefixes and suffixes when learning English http://www.englishlink.com/ It is easy to see that there is more involved with adding a suffix than a prefix, but with practice suffixes can be added on without even thing about them. These rules are vital for effective communication, so knowing the rules is very important.
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English Spelling!
I often apologise about the horrors of British spelling, but it's a fact: To speak English well, you need grammar. To write English well, you need grammar, punctuation and good spelling.
In Old England words were written as they sounded (phonetically) and so one word could often be spelt in many different ways. In addition English has adopted words from many other languages. Eventually spelling was standardised, and although many English words have irregular spellings there are some rules that can help you. Watch out though, for every rule there are always some exceptions! English has over 1,100 different ways to spell its 44 separate sounds, more than any other language.
How to Improve Your Spelling
1. Keep a notebook of words you find difficult to spell. Underline the part of the word that you find most difficult.
2. Use a dictionary, not a spell-checker! OK use a spell-checker, but don't rely on it. Spell-checkers don't check for meaning, the most common misspelt words I have seen on the net are there and their.
3. Learn words with their possible prefixes and suffixes.
4. Learn the rules, but don't rely on them. As I mentioned earlier for every rule there is at least one exception. For example:-
i before e except after c
One of the first English spelling rules learnt in most schools is "i before e except after c". This only works when the pronunciation of the word is like a long ee as in shield.
For example:-
piece, relief, niece, priest, thief
but after c
conceive, conceit, receive, receipt
when A or I is the sound
it's the other way round
with an 'a' sound - deign, eight, neighbour, feign, reign, vein, weight
with an 'i' sound either, feisty, height, neither, sleight
Exceptions:
seize, weird, conscientious, conscience, efficient . . .

Silent Letters
What is a silent letter?
A silent letter is a letter that must be included when you write the word even though you don't pronounce it. Over half the alphabet can appear as silent letters in words. They can be found at the beginning, end or middle of the words and, from the sound of the word, you wouldn't know that they were there.
For example:-
a - treadle, bread
b - lamb, bomb, comb
c - scissors, science, scent
d - edge, bridge, ledge
e - see below
h - honour, honest, school
k - know, knight, knowledge
l - talk, psalm, should
n - hymn, autumn, column
p - pneumatic, psalm, psychology
s - isle, island, aisle
t - listen, rustle, shistle
u - biscuit, guess, guitar
w - write, wrong, wrist

Silent e

Silent e is the most commonly found silent letter in the alphabet.
There are some hard and fast rules for spelling when a word ends with a silent e.
When you wish to add a suffix to a word and it ends with a silent e, if the suffix begins with a consonant you don't need to change the stem of the word.

For example:
force + ful =forceful
manage + ment =management
sincere + ly =sincerely

If however the suffix begins with a vowel or a y, drop the e before adding the suffix.
For example:
fame + ous =famous
nerve + ous =nervous
believable + y =believably
criticise + ism =criticism

Exceptions:

mileage, aggreeable

Prefixes and Suffixes
Adding a prefix to a word doesn't usually change the spelling of the stem of the word.
For example:-
anti + septic antiseptic
auto + biography autobiography
de - sensitize desensitize
dis - approve disapprove
im - possible impossible
inter - mediate intermediate
mega - byte megabyte
mis - take mistake
micro - chip microchip
re - used reused
un - available unavailable

Adding a suffix to a word often changes the spelling of the stem of the word. The following may help you work out the changes. Again there are exceptions, so if you're not sure - look it up in your dictionary.
Words ending in a consonant

When the suffix begins with a consonant, just add the ending without any changes.
For example:-
treat + ment treatment

Doubling the consonant
For most words with a short vowel sound, ending with a single consonant, double the consonant when adding a suffix that starts with a vowel, such as er, ed or ing.
For example:-
mop + ing mopping
big + est biggest
hot + er hotter

For words endling in l after a vowel, double the l before adding er, ed or ing.
For example:-
carol + ing carolling
travel + er travelling

Exceptions:
Some words ending in r, x, w or y are exceptions to the doubling rule
tear + ing tearing
blow + ing blowing
box + er boxer
know + ing knowing

And if your main word has two consonants at the end, or more than one vowel, don't double the consonant.
rain + ing (two vowels a + i) raining
keep + er (two vowels e + e) keeper
break + ing (two vowels e + a) breaking
hang + er (two consonants n + g) hanger


Word Endings
Words ending in ce and ge
When you want to add a suffix starting with a or o leave the e in.
For example:-
manage + able manageable
notice + able noticeable
courage + ous courageous

Exceptions:
prestige + ous prestigious

Words ending in ie
When you want to add ing to verbs ending in ie, drop the e and change the i to a y.
For example:-
die - dying
lie - lying
tie - tying

Words ending in y after a consonant
When you want to add suffixes such -as, -ed, -es, -er, -eth, -ly, -ness, -ful and -ous to a word ending in y after a consonant, change the y to an i before adding the suffix.
For example:-
eighty + eth eightieth
duty + es duties
lazy + ness laziness
mystery +ous mysterious
beauty + ful beautiful
multiply + ed multiplied
busy + ly busily

Words ending in y after a vowel
Keep the y when adding suffixes such as er, ing or ed.
For example:-
destroy destroying destroyed
pry prying pried
buy buying buyer
play playing player


Quick Spelling Tests
Practice your comprehension and spelling with words from this web site.
1 - Adjectives - words from the Common Adjectives test.
2 - Buildings - words from the Building Vocabulary pages.
3 - Education - words from teh Education Vocabulary pages.
4 - Food - with words from the Food Vocabulary pages.
5 - Shopping - with words from the Shopping Vocabulary pages.


General Roots and Prefixes
Root or Prefix Meaning Examples
a, an not, without atheist, anarchy, anonymous apathy, aphasia, anemia, atypical, anesthesia
ab away, down, from, off absent, abduction, aberrant, abstemious, abnormal, abstract, absorb
acro high, tip, top acrobat, acrophobia, acronym, acromegaly, acropolis
act do, move action, react, transaction, proactive, activity, activation, deactivate
ad to, toward admit, addition, advertisement, adherent, admonish, address, adhesive, adept, adjust
alt high altitude, altimeter, alto, contralto, altocumulus, exalt
ambul to walk ambulatory, amble, ambulance, somnambulist, perambulate, preamble
anima soul, life animation, inanimate, animal, anime, equanimity, animism, animus
ante before anteroom, antebellum, antedate antecedent, antediluvian
anti, ant against, opposite antisocial, antiseptic, antithesis, antibody, antichrist, antinomies, antifreeze, antipathy, antigen, antibiotic, antidote, antifungal, antidepressant
arm weapon army, armament, disarm, rearm, armistice, armor, armory, arms
audi to hear audience, auditory, audible, auditorium, audiovisual, audition, audiobook
auto self automobile, automatic, autograph, autonomous, autoimmune, autopilot, autobiography
be thoroughly bedecked, besmirch, besprinkled, begrudge, begrime, belie, bemoan
bell war belligerent, antebellum, bellicose, rebel
bene good, well benefactor, beneficial, benevolent, benediction, beneficiary, benefit
bi two bicycle, bifocals, biceps, billion, binary, bivalve, bimonthly, bigamy, bimetal, biathlete, bicarbonate
bio life, living biology, biography, biodiversity, bioavailability, bioflavonoid, biofuel, biohazard, biomass, biorhythm
cede, ceed, cess to go, to yield succeed, proceed, precede, recede, secession, exceed, succession, excess
chron time chronology, chronic, chronicle, chronometer, anachronism
cide, cis to kill, to cut fratricide, suicide, incision, excision, circumcision, precise, concise, precision, homicide, genocide, regicide
circum around circumnavigate, circumflex, circumstance, circumcision, circumference, circumorbital, circumlocution, circumvent, circumscribe, circulatory
clud, clus claus to close include, exclude, clause, claustrophobia, enclose, exclusive, reclusive, conclude, preclude
con, com with, together convene, compress, contemporary, converge, compact, confluence, concatenate, conjoin, combine, convert, compatible, consequence, contract
contra, counter against, opposite contradict, counteract, contravene, contrary, counterspy, contrapuntal, contraband, contraception, contrast, controversy, counterfeit, counterclaim, counterargument, counterclaim, counterpoint, counterrevolution
cred to believe credo, credible, credence, credit, credential, credulity, incredulous, creed, incredible
commun to share commune, community, communism, communicable, communication, commonality, incommunicado
cycl circle, wheel bicycle, cyclical, cycle, encliclical, motorcycle, tricycle, cyclone
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Root or Prefix Meaning Examples
de from, down, away detach, deploy, derange, deodorize, devoid, deflate, degenerate, deice, descend, derail, depress, depart, decompose, destruction
dei, div God, god divinity, divine, deity, divination, deify, deism
demo people democracy, demagogue, epidemic, demographic
dia through, across, between diameter, diagonal, dialogue, dialect, dialectic, diagnosis, diachronic, diagram, diaphragm, dialysis, diarrhea
dict speak predict, verdict, malediction, dictionary, dictate, dictum, diction, indict, contradict
dis, dys, dif away, not, negative dismiss, differ, disallow, disperse, dissuade, disconnect, dysfunction, disproportion, disrespect, distemper, distaste, disarray, dyslexia
duc, duct to lead, pull produce, abduct, product, transducer, viaduct, aqueduct, induct, deduct, reduce, induce
dyn, dyna power dynamic, dynamometer, heterodyne, dynamite, dynamo, dynasty
ecto outside, external ectomorph, ectoderm, ectoplasm, ectopic, ectothermal
endo inside, within endotoxin, endoscope, endogenous
equi equal equidistant, equilateral, equilibrium, equinox, equitable, equation, equator
e, ex out, away, from emit, expulsion, exhale, exit, express, exclusive, enervate, exceed, explosion
exter, extra outside of external, extrinsic, exterior, extraordinary, extrabiblical, extracurricular, extrapolate, extraneous, exterminator, extract, extradite, extraterrestrial, extrasensory, extravagant, extreme
flu, flux flow effluence, influence, effluvium, fluctuate, confluence, reflux, influx
flect, flex to bend flexible, reflection, deflect, circumflex, inflection, reflex
graph, gram to write polygraph, grammar, biography, graphite, telegram, autograph, lithograph, historiography, graphic, electrocardiogram, monogram
hetero other heterodox, heterogeneous, heterosexual, heterodyne
homo same homogenized, homosexual, homonym, homophone
hyper over, above hyperactive, hypertensive, hyperbolic, hypersensitive, hyperventilate, hyperkinetic, hyperlink, hypertext, hypersonic, hypertrophy
hypo below, less than hypotension, hypodermic, hypoglycemia, hypoallergenic, hypothermia, hypothesis
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General Roots and Prefixes (continued)
in, im not inviolate, innocuous, intractable, innocent, impregnable, impossible
infra beneath infrared, infrastructure, infrasonic
inter, intro between international, intercept, intermission, interoffice, internal, intermittent, introvert, introduce
intra within, into intranet, intracranial, intravenous, intramural, intramuscular, intraocular
jac, ject to throw reject, eject, project, trajectory, interject, dejected, inject, ejaculate
log, logo, loc. loq word, speech, speak monologue, dialogue, locution, colloquial, elocution, soliloquy, ventriloquist, apology, doxology, epilogue, logic, eulogy, loquacious
mal bad, badly malformation, maladjusted, dismal, malady, malcontent, malfeasance, maleficent, malevolent, malice, malaria, malfunction, malignant
mega great, million megaphone, megalomaniac, megabyte, megalopolis
meso middle mesomorph, mesoamerica, mesosphere
meta beyond, change metaphor, metamorphosis, metabolism, metahistorical, metainformation, metacognitive
meter measure perimeter, micrometer, ammeter, multimeter, altimeter, geometry, kilometer
micro small microscope, microprocessor, microfiche, micrometer, micrograph
mis bad, badly misinform, misinterpret, mispronounce, misnomer, mistake, misogynist, mistrial, misadventure, misanthrope, misread
mit, miss to send transmit, permit, missile, missionary, remit, admit, missive, mission
morph shape polymorphic, morpheme, amorphous, metamorphosis, morphology, morphing
multi many multitude, multipartite, multiply, multipurpose, multicolored, multimedia, multinational
neo new neologism, neonate, neoclassic, neophyte
non not nonferrous, nonabrasive, nondescript, nonfat, nonfiction, nonprofit, nonsense, nonentity
omni all omnipotent, omnivorous, omniscient, omnibus, omnirange, omnipresent
pan all, whole, general, completely pantheism, pandemic, panacea, panoply, pan-American, panchromatic, pandemonium, panorama
para beside paraprofessional, paramedic, paraphrase, parachute, paralegal, parallel, comparison
per through, intensive permit, perspire, perforate, persuade, perceive, perfect, permit, perform
peri around periscope, perimeter, perigee, periodontal
phon sound telephone, phonics, phonograph, phonetic, homophone, microphone
phot light photograph, photosynthesis, photon
poly many polytheist, polygon, polygamy, polymorphous
port to carry porter, portable, report, transportation, deport, import, export

General Roots and Prefixes
Root or Prefix Meaning Examples
re back, again report, realign, retract, revise, regain, reflect, rename, restate, recombine, recalculate, redo
retro backwards retrorocket, retrospect, retrogression, retroactive
sanct holy sanctify, sanctuary, sanction, sanctimonious, sacrosanct
scrib, script to write inscription, prescribe, proscribe, manuscript, conscript, scribble, scribe
sect, sec cut intersect, transect, dissect, secant, section
semi half semifinal, semiconscious, semiannual, semimonthly, semicircle
spect to look inspect, spectator, circumspect, retrospect, prospect, spectacle
sub under, below submerge, submarine, substandard, subnormal, subvert, subdivision, submersible, submit
super, supra above superior, suprarenal, superscript, supernatural, supercede, superficial, superhero, superimpose
syn together synthesis, synchronous, syndicate, synergy, snyopsis, syncretism
tele distance, from afar television, telephone, telegraph, telemetry, telepathy
theo, the God theology, theist, polytheist, pantheism, atheist, monotheist, theophany
therm, thermo heat thermal, thermometer, thermocouple, thermodynamic, thermoelectric
tract to drag, draw attract, tractor, traction, extract, retract, protract, detract, subtract, contract, intractable
trans across transoceanic, transmit, transport, transducer, transit, intransitive
un not uncooked, unharmed, unintended, unhappy, unenlightened, unremarkable
veh, vect, vey to carry vector, vehicle, convection, vehement, convey, conveyance, conveyor
vert, vers to turn convert, revert, advertise, versatile, vertigo, invert, reversion, extravert, introvert
ven, vent to come convention, prevent, intervention, convent, Advent, invent, inventory
verm worm vermin, vermicelli, vermiculite, vermicide, vermiform, vermilion
vita life vital, vitality, vitamins, revitalize
vol to will benevolent, volition, voluntary, malevolent
vita life vital, vitality, vitamins, revitalize
Don't forget to study the many, powerful conjunctions that join words and phrases and clauses together.
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Number Prefixes
Prefix Meaning Examples
mono, uni one monopoly, monotype, monologue, mononucleosis, monorail, monotheist, unilateral, universal, unity, unanimous, uniform
bi, di two divide, diverge, diglycerides, bifurcate, biweekly, bivalve, biannual, billion
tri three triangle, trinity, trilateral, triumvirate, tribune, trilogy, tricycle, trillion
quat, quad four quadrangle, quadruplets, quaternary, quarter, quadrillion
quint, penta five quintet, quintuplets, pentagon, pentane, pentameter, quintillion
hex, ses, sex six hexagon, hexameter, sestet, sextuplets, sextillion
sept seven septet, septennial, septillion, September
oct eight octopus, octagon, octogenarian, octave, octillion, October
non nine nonagon, nonagenarian, nonillion
dec ten decimal, decade, decalogue, decimate, decillion, December
cent hundred centennial, century, centipede, centillion
mill, kilo thousand (10^3) millennium, kilobyte, kiloton
mega million (10^6) megabyte, megaton, megaflop, megawatt
giga billion (10^9) gigabyte, gigaflop, gigahertz, gigawatt
tera trillion (10^12) terabyte, teraflop, terawatt
peta quadrillion (10^15) petabyte
exa quintillion (10^18) exabyte
zetta sextillion (10^21) zettabyte
yotta septilion (10^24) yottabyte
milli thousandth (10^-3) millisecond, milligram, millivolt, milliwatt, millimeter, millipede
micro millionth (10^-6) microgram, microvolt, microwave, microsecond
nano billionth (10^-9) nanosecond, nanobucks, nanofarad, nanometer, nanomachine, nanotube, nanotechnology, nanogram, nanoscale
pico trillionth (10^-12) picofarad, picocurie, picogram, picomole, picosecond
femto quadrillionth (10^-15) femtosecond
atto quintillionth (10^-18) attosecond, attometer
zepto sextillionth (10^-21) zeptosecond
yocto septillionth (10^-24) yoctosecond

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Want to learn about the logical glue that holds language together and makes writing clear and flowing? Visit my Transitional Words and Phrases page. You will become a better writer if you learn to use transitions of thought and transitions of logic to make your writing coherent.
A Handful of Suffixes

Suffix Meaning Examples
able, ible able to be, capable of being pourable, drinkable, readable, washable, curable, visible, flexible, collectible
ance, ancy state of, process of performance, reliance, defiance, radiance, acceptance, ascendancy, discrepancy, infancy
ator one who does [the verb] terminator, culminator, agitator, instigator, generator, incubator, accelerator, invigorator, elevator

dom condition, office, state kingdom, freedom, wisdom, sheikdom, fiefdom, sheikdom
ee one who receives payee, mortgagee, employee, appointee, abductee, examinee, referee, refugee
er, or one who does [the verb] driver, hiker, reader, manager, polisher, speaker, counselor, author, creator, director, sculptor
ful filled with frightful, delightful, wonderful, cupful, wakeful, bashful, bountiful, beautiful, cheerful, colorful, dreadful, fateful
ify to make into purify, deify, simplify, clarify, petrify, reify, exemplify, pacify
ification process of making into purification, deification, simplifiction, clarification, petrification
ish the nature of, resembling Cornish, Irish, bookish, freakish, foolish, boorish, selfish, sluggish, priggish
ism doctrine, system, characteristic quality capitalism, heroism, optimism, skepticism, realism, patriotism, communism, idealism, conservatism
ist one who performs; an adherent of an ism tympanist, cellist, idealist, communist, realist, moralist, pharamacist, pragmatist
ize to make into rationalize, normalize, realize, capitalize, sterilize, dramatize, utilize, colorize
ization the process of making into rationalization, normalization, realization, capitalization, dramatization
less without, lacking loveless, fearless, worthless, nameless, baseless, bottomless, effortless, friendless, noiseless, harmless
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After you have mastered the word roots and prefixes from my main word roots pages, you can further satisfy you hunger for knowledge without needing to order up a double double hamburger from In-N-Out (a local hamburger and cheeseburger chain).
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Root or Prefix Meaning Example Words
agon to struggle agony, protagonist, antagonist, agony, agonize,
alg pain neuralgia, analgesic, nostalgic,
alter other alternative, alternator, alteration, altercation, alternate,
am friend amiable, amorous, amity, enamored, paramour, amicable
ambi both ambidextrous, ambivalent, ambiguous, ambient
anim alive animated, animal, inanimate, animator, anime, animation, reanimate
anthrop mankind anthropology, anthropomorphic, philanthrophy, misanthranthropology, anthropomorphic, philanthrophy, misanthropy
eu good, well euphoria, eulogy, euphemism, eugenics, eucalyptus, eukaryote, eurythmics, euthanasia
fore before, front forecast, forefather, foretaste, forehead, foreman, foreboding, forecastle, forearm, forebear, foreclose, foredoom, forego, forefoot, foreground, forehand, foreknowledge, foremost, foreordain, forerunner, foresee, foreshoren, foretell
ortho straight orthodontics, orthodox, orthopedic, orthoscopic, orthostatic
post after postscript, postconsumer, postdoctoral, posterior, postimpact, postfeminism, postgraduate, posthumous, postimpressionism, postlude, postmodernism, postpone, postproduction
pre before, in front of prefix, predict, prelude, predetermined, preamplifier, predestination, prebiotic, preclude, predate, predisposed, preempt, preference, prefigure, prefrontal, preheat, prehistory, presell, presumptuous, prevent, previous, pretext, pretentious, pretend
pro forward propel, proceed, produce, promote, project, proclaim, procession, profess, proffer, professor, proficient, profile, profound, profuse, progenitor, progress, prolapse, prolegomenon, prolific, prologue, prolong, pronation, pronounce, propellant, prophesy, prophecy, proponent, prorate, proscribe, prosecute, prospect, protect, protest, provide, provoke
proto first, earliest prototype, protoplasm, protohistory, protocol, protogalaxy, proton, prototypical, protozoa
quasi approximately, resembling, to some degree quasiperiodical, quasiparticle, quasi-governmental, quasi-scientific, quasi-judicial, quasi-stellar, quasi-public
ultra beyond, extremely ultraviolet, ultrasonic, ultramarine, ultrafine, ultrasensitive, ultrawide, ultrapure, ultraquiet
under beneath, below, too little undercoat, underwear, underestimate, underbid, underexpose, undercut, underclassmen, undernourished, underground, undersized, underhand, underlay, undermine, underneath, underpass, underpowered, underline, understand, undertake, undertone, undertow, undervalue, underwrite