بیل= بکرائی
بکسر با و سکون یاء مثناه تحتانیه و لام
لغت هندی است
ماهیت ان
ثمر درختی است هندی بقدر انار بزرکی و
بهی متوسط و پوست آن در خامی سبز و نرم و بعد از ان بسیار صلب و بعد رسیدن مائل بزردی
و بعضی زرد کم رنک و پوست آن اندک نازک که زود شکسته می کردد برسیدن ضربه و صدمه و
مغز آن اندک شیرین خوش طعم طیب الرائحه مائل بزردی و نرم و تخم آن در غلافهای طولانی
و در هر غلافی پنج و شش و یا زیاده بحسب خوبی و بدی نوع ثمر آن بالای آن تخم ها یعنی
در جوف غلاف آن رطوبتی لزج اندک تلخ با حدت و عفوصت و بالای آن غلافها و در بین آنها
و زیر پوست صلب مغز آن و ریشهای باریک نیز دارد که از پوست روئیده در جوف مغز آن نفوذ
کرده و بهترین آن آنست که بزرک و رسیده و پوست آن نازک و بسیار خوش بو و مغز آن بسیار
شیرین و خوشطعم و رائحه و بی عفوصت و تخمهای آن کم باشد یعنی آن غلافهای مذکوره کوچک
و از هم دور و بسهولت و بدون آنکه شکافته کردد و رطوبت لزجه آن بمغز آن سرایت نماید
و بد طعم کرداند جدا کردد و ریشهای آن نیز کم باشد که باسآنی توان از ان جدا نمود و
چون در آب حل نمایند و از صافی بکذرانند تمامی مغز آن از صافی بکذرد و ریشۀ کمی در
ان بماند و شربت آن محتاج بشیرینی از خارج برای نیکوئی طعم و شیرینی نباشد و اکر باشد
بقدر قلیلی شیرین کردد و آنچه بخلاف اوصاف مذکوره باشد زبون است و درخت آن بزرک تا
بقدر درخت کردکان و سیب و بزرکتر از ان نیز می شود و برک آن بزرک تر از برک سیب می
شود و فی الجمله شبیه بآن و چوب آن صلب و سنکین و کم ریشه
طبیعت پختۀ رسیدۀ شیرین آن
کرم در اول و خشک در دوم و نارس بسیار
خام آن سرد در دوم و نیم رس آن سرد در اول و خشک در دوم و با قوت قابضۀ حابسه
افعال و خواص آن
مقوی دماغ و قلب و کبد و معده و قابض و
حابس اسهال مزمن و قاطع لزوجات و حیض خواه مغز آن را بی شیرینی و یا با شیرینی بخورند
و یا شربت نموده یعنی در آب حلکرده با شیرینی و بی شیرینی بی کلاب و یا با کلاب بنوشند
المضار اکثار تناول آن مولد بواسیر و سدد خصوصا نیم رس آن و مصلح آن شکر نیم وزن آن
تا بوزن آن و نیم رس آن را چون بکل بکیرند و در زیر آتش طبخ دهند و از مغز پختۀ آن
مقدار سه چهار مثقال تا هشت مثقال و زیاده هم بحسب حاجت با هموزن آن شکر و یا نبات
و یا نیم وزن آن نیز بحسب حاجت ناشتا بخورند جهت حبس اسهال مزمن نافع و مجرب و روغن
تخم آن صاحب دستور الاطبا کفته که در کتب فارسی که در هندوستان تالیف شده خواص بسیار
برای آن نوشته اند اکر بتجربه مقرون آید از عجائب و نوادر خواهد بود طریق اخذ آن آنست
که بکیرند تخم آن را و بطریق پتال جنتر روغن آن را بکیرند و مدت نه ماه بخورند هر روز
مقدار یک دام آن را با آب مطبوخ هلیله و بلیله و آمله منقی از هریک سه عدد که در سه
پیاله آب جوش دهند تا یک پیاله بماند بنوشند عجائب و منافع بی شمار مشاهده نمایند و
نیز نوشته که بکیرند از هلیله و بلیله و آمله هریک یک توله و در آب بجوشانند و صاف
نمایند و یک تانک ازین روغن را بآن ممزوج نمایند و تا چهل روز بیاشامند
مخزن الادویه عقیلی خراسانی
//////////////
بکرایی (Aegle marmelos) (در متون طب سنتی
بیل) متعلق است به خانواده سداب و در هند، ایران، پاکستان و بنگلادش دیده شده است.
این گیاه در هند به صورت سنتی به عنوان دارو و غذا مورد استفاده قرار میگیرد. بکرایی
در ختچهای در اندازه متوسط است. خاردار و دارای برگهای مرکز نسبتاً دراز به طول
۵ سانتیمتراست و برگچههای آن ظاهر بیضوی نوک تیز نازک دارند. گلهای آن دارای مشخصات
کلی انواع Citvusها
و به رنگ سفید مایل به به سبز است. منشا اصلی آن در هند بوده است. در جنوب ایران نیز
وجود دارد میوه اش مدور به رنگ خاکستری گوشت دار و دارای طعم شیرین است. پوست بسیار
سفتی دارد بسیار خوشبو و طعم مطبوع دارد. مطالعات بر روی میوه بکرایی نشان داد روغنهای
ضروری آن بر ضد ۲۱ نوع باکتری مؤثر میباشد. در تحقیقی اثر کنسانتره آب میوه بکرایی
بر روی میزان گلوکز، کلسترول، تری گلیسرید، کرآتینین و فعالیت آنزیم سرم خون موشهای
صحرایی دیابتی اثرات کاهنده کنسانتره بکرایی بر میزان قند و چربی خون در موشهای دیابتی
مشاهده گردید. ریشه، دانه و میوه آن ارزش درمانی دارد. مغز آن شامل ترکیبات فعال از
جمله کارتنوئید، فنولیک، آلکالوئید، ترپنوئید است که علیه بیماریهای مزمن استفاده
میشوند. شامل ویتامینهای C,A، ویتامین، ریبوفلاوین، نیاسین است. همچنین برای درمان انگلهای روده
استفاده میشود. با کسب نتایج مطلوب و فراهم بودن شرایط تولید تجاری میتوان از عصاره
این میوه برای درمان انواع عفونتهای میکروبی قارچی و به عنوان نگهدارنده غذایی و مؤثر
در جلوگیری از سرطان و پیری زودرس استفاده نمود.
منابع[ویرایش]
Aegle marmelos, the bael
fruit herbcyclopedia.com
/////////////
به عربی قثاء هندي:
قثاء هندي[عدل]
Bael (Aegle marmelos) tree
at Narendrapur W IMG 4116.jpg
قثاء هندي (الاسم العلمي: Aegle marmelos)، هو نبات ينتمي إلى
سذابية (فصيلة: Rutaceae).
انظر أيضا[عدل]
قائمة نباتات مصر
مراجع[عدل]
مشاريع شقيقة شاهد في كومنز صور وملفات
عن: قثاء هندي مشاريع شقيقة توجد في ويكي أنواع معلومات أكثر حول: Aegle marmelos
أيقونة بوابةبوابة علم النبات
Ferns02.jpg هذه بذرة مقالة عن
نبات بحاجة للتوسيع. شارك في تحريرها.
تصنيفات: أشجار النيبالأشجار الهندأشجار
بورماسذابيةفواكه تنشأ في آسيانباتات الهندنباتات مستخدمة في الأيورفيدانباتات ميانمارنباتات
نيبال
/////////////
Aegle marmelos
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the bael tree. For
the Biblical demon, see Baal (demon). For the professional wrestler,
see Bael (wrestler).
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Bael
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A. marmelos
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Aegle
marmelos,
commonly known as bael (or bili[1] or bhel[2]), also Bengal
quince,[3] golden apple,[3] Japanese bitter
orange,[4] stone apple,
or wood apple, is a species of tree native to Bangladesh and India.
It is present throughout Southeast Asia as a naturalized species.[5] The tree is
considered to be sacred by Hindus. Its fruits are
used in traditional medicine and as a food throughout its range.[not verified in
body]
Contents
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The
tree is called "bael" (বেল) in Bengali, "belpatthar ka paid" और "बेल पत्र का
पेड़"inHindi "ಬಿಲ್ಪತ್ರೆ ಮರ" and the religious tree
"ಬಿಲ್ವ" or
"ಬಿಲ್ಪತ್ರೆ" in Kannada,
"vilvamaram" (வில்வமரம்) in Tamil, "beli" (බෙලි) in Sinhala. The fruits are known as ಬೇಲದ ಹಣ್ಣು(edible variety), ಬಿಲ್ವ (sacred variety) in Kannada, "bela" (ବେଲ) in Odia, and bilva and maredu (మారేడు) in Telugu. Billu (બિલ્લુ ) in Gujarati. It is called Sivadruma by
theHindus and is considered as a sacred
herb.
Bili tree
Bael
is the only member of the monotypic genus Aegle.[5] It is a mid-sized,
slender, aromatic, armed, gum-bearing tree growing up to 18 meters tall. It has
a leaf with three leaflets.[citation needed]
A ripe bael fruit in India
Bael fruit
The
bael fruit has a smooth, woody shell with a green, gray, or yellow peel. It takes about 11 months to ripen on the
tree and can reach the size of a large grapefruit orpomelo, and some are even larger. The shell is
so hard it must be cracked with ahammer or machete. The fibrous yellow pulp is very
aromatic. It has been described as tasting of marmalade and smelling of roses. Boning
(2006) indicates that the flavor is "sweet, aromatic and pleasant,
although tangy and slightly astringent in some varieties. It resembles a
marmalade made, in part, with citrus and, in part, with tamarind."[6] Numerous hairy
seeds are encapsulated in a slimymucilage.
This section does not cite any sources. Please
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Bael
is a native of India and is found widely in Asia, in northern, central, eastern
and southern parts of India, as well as in Sri Lanka, Pakistan, southern Nepal, Sri Lanka, Burma,Bangladesh, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand.[citation needed] It is widely found
in Indian Siva temples.[citation needed] It occurs in dry forests on hills and plains.[citation needed] It is cultivated
throughout India, as well as in Sri Lanka, the northern Malay Peninsula, Java, Timor Leste, the Philippines, and Fiji.
It has a reputation in India for being able to
grow in places that other trees cannot. It copes with a wide range of soil
conditions (pH range 5-10), is tolerant of
waterlogging and has an unusually wide temperature tolerance (from -7 °C
to 48 °C). It requires a pronounced dry season to give fruit.
This
tree is a larval foodplant for the following two
Indian Swallowtail butterflies, the Lime butterfly Papilio demoleus, and the Common
Mormon: Papilio polytes.
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The
fruits can be eaten either freshly from trees or after being dried. If fresh, the juice is strained and sweetened to make adrink similar
to lemonade. It can be made into sharbat (Hindi/Urdu) or Bela pana (Odia: ବେଲ ପଣା), a very popular summer
drink in almost every household. The Drink is especially significant on the
Odiya New Year (Pana Sankranti) which is in April. Bela Pana made in Odisha has
fresh cheese, milk, water, fruit pulp, sugar, crushed black pepper, ice or bæl
pana(Bengali: বেল পানা), a drink made of the
pulp with water, sugar, and citron juice, mixed,
left to stand a few hours, strained, and put on ice. One large bæl fruit may
yield five or six liters of sharbat. If the fruit is to be dried, it is usually
sliced and sun-dried. The hard leathery slices are then immersed in water. The leaves and
small shoots are eaten as salad greens.
This section needs additional citations to secondary or
tertiary sources such as review articles, monographs, or
textbooks. Please add references to provide context and establish notability
for any primary
research articles cited. (January 2016)
|
Aegeline
(N-[2-hydroxy-2(4-methoxyphenyl) ethyl]-3-phenyl-2-propenamide) is a known
constituent of the bael leaf and consumed as a dietary supplement for a variety
of purposes.[7][8][9][10] In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration(FDA), other federal regulators, and local health
officials, investigated an outbreak of 97 persons with acute nonviral hepatitis
that first emerged in Hawaii. Seventy-two of these persons had reported using
the dietary supplement OxyElite
Pro, produced by USPlabs.[11] FDA had previously
taken action against an earlier formulation of OxyElite Pro because it
contained dimethylamylamine (DMAA),
a stimulant that FDA had determined to be an adulterant when included in
dietary supplements and that they determined can cause high blood pressure and
lead to heart attacks, seizures, psychiatric disorders, and death.[12] USPlabs
subsequently reformulated this product and another product called VERSA-1 by
replacing DMAA with aegeline, without informing FDA or submitting the required
safety data for a new dietary ingredient.[12]
Doctors
at the Liver Center at The Queen's
Medical Center investigating the first cases in Hawai'i
reported that between May and September 2013, eight previously healthy
individuals presented themselves at their center suffering with drug-induced
liver injury.[13] All of these
patients had been using the reformulated OxyELITE Pro, which they had purchased
from a variety of sources, and which had different lot numbers and expiration
dates, at doses within the manufacturer's recommendation.[13] Three of these
patients developed fulminant liver failure, two underwent urgent liver
transplantation, and one died.[13] The number of such
cases would ultimately rise to 43 in Hawai'i.[12][13] In January 2014,
leaders from the Queen's Liver Center informed state lawmakers that they were
almost certain that aegeline was the agent responsible for these cases.[14]
On
November 17, 2015, FDA announced that the U.S. Department
of Justice was criminally charging USPlabs and several of its
corporate affiliates and officers with eleven counts of charges related to the
sale of those products.[15] The charges
surrounded an alleged conspiracy to import ingredients from China using false
certificates of analysis and labeling, and lying about the ingredients' source
and nature after inclusion in their products.[15] The various
defendants surrendered or were apprehended by the United
States Marshals Service, and FDA and special agents from the U.S. Internal Revenue
Service seized assets including investment accounts, real
estate, and luxury and sports cars.[15] This capped a
yearlong sweep of potentially unsafe or tainted supplements that resulted in
civil injunctions and criminal actions against 117 manufacturers and/or
distributors of dietary supplements and products falsely marketed as such but
containing banned or unauthorized ingredients.[15]
Bael leaves used in worship of alingam - icon of Shiva.
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Besides
medicinal use, the plant and its leaves and fruit are of religious importance.
For instance, in Hinduism, the leaves of the plant are being offered to Gods as
part of prayers.[16][17] The tree is in fact
regarded as one of the sacred trees of Indian heritage.[18] As such, the fruit
is used in religious rituals. For instance, in Hinduismthe tree is sacred,[citation needed] and many Hindus
have bael trees in their gardens.[citation needed] It is used in the
worship of Shiva, who is said to favour the leaves, where
the tri-foliate form of leaves symbolize the trident that Shiva holds in his right
hand.[citation needed] The fruits were
used in place of coconuts before
large-scale rail transportation became available, and is said to resemble a
skull with a white, bone-like outer shell and a soft inner part, so it is
sometimes called "seer phael" (head-fruit).[according
to whom?][citation needed] However, it is
quite likely that this term was coined from the Sanskrit term
"ShreePhala",[according
to whom?][speculation?] which is a common
name for this fruit.[citation needed] The Shree Suktam of
the RigVeda refers to it as being the tree
associated with Lakshmi,[citation needed]which could also be the
reason why it is called 'ShreePhala'.[speculation?][citation needed] The RigVeda states:
...
tava vrikshotha bilvah / tasya phalaani tapasaa nudantu maayaantraayaashcha
baahyaa alakshmih.[this quote needs a
citation] [... and your tree is bilva / may the
fruits of that do away with poverty in me, spiritual and material, both within
and without.][citation needed]
The
hymn is in praise of Lakshmi, the Hindu goddess of wealth, beauty and all
things auspicious.[citation needed]
This section cites its sources but its page references ranges
are too broad. Page ranges should be limited to one or two pages when
possible. You can help to improve it by introducing citations
that are more precise. (January
2016) (Learn
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In
the traditional practice of the HIndu and Buddhist religions by Newari culture of Nepal,
the bael tree is part of a fertilityritual for girls known
as the Bel baha. Girls are "married" to
the bael fruit; as long as the fruit is kept safe and never cracks, the girl
can never become widowed, even if her human husband dies. This is seen to be
protection against the social disdain suffered by widows in the Newari
community.[19]
·
South-East Asia
·
Thai: มะตูม: rtgs: matum, IPA: [ma.tūːm] (tree:
ต้นมะตูม IPA: [tôn.ma.tūːm];
fruit ลูกมะตูมIPA: [lûːk.ma.tūːm] )
·
Tetum (Timor
Leste): Aidila tuku/Aidila fatuk
·
South Asia
·
Kannada: ಬೇಲದ ಹಣ್ಣು ('belada hannu',
edible variety)
·
Kannada: ಬಿಲ್ವಪತ್ರೆ ಮರ ('bilvapatre mara',
the sacred variety tree)
·
Konkani: gorakamli
·
Sindhi: ڪاٺ
گدرو
·
Sir Phal (old Hindi)
2.
Jump up^ Wilder, G.P. (1907), Fruits
of the Hawaiian Islands, Hawaiian Gazette, ISBN 9781465583093
3.
^ Jump up to:a b "Taxonomy - GRIN-Global Web v 1.9.4.2". ars-grin.gov.
Retrieved 20 January 2016.
5.
^ Jump up to:a b "Bael". purdue.edu. Retrieved 20
January 2016.
6.
Jump up^ Boning, Charles (2006). Florida's
Best Fruiting Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Sarasota,
Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. p. 35.
7.
Jump up^ Riyanto, S; Sukari MA; Rahmani M;
et al. (2001). "Alkaloids from Aegle marmelos (Rutacea).". Malaysian
J Anal Sci. 7. 2: 463–465.
8.
Jump up^ Lanjhiyana, S; Patra KC; Ahirwar
D; et al. (2012). "A validated HPTLC method for simultaneous estimation of
two marker compounds in Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr., (Rutaceae) root bark.". Der
Pharm Lett. 4. 1: 92–97.
9.
Jump up^ Govindachari, TR; Premila MS
(1983). "Some alkaloids from Aegle marmelos.". Phytochem. 22. 3:
755–757.
10.
Jump up^ Sharma, BR; Rattan RK; Sharma P
(1981). "Marmeline, an alkaloid, and other components of unripe fruits of
Aegle marmelos".Phytochem. 20. 11:
2606–2607.
11.
Jump up^ "FDA Investigation Summary: Acute Hepatitis
Illnesses Linked to Certain OxyElite Pro Products". US Food and
Drug Administration. July 30, 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
12.
^ Jump up to:a b c "OxyElite Pro Supplements Recalled".
US Food and Drug Administration. November 18, 2013. Retrieved 19 November2015.
13.
^ Jump up to:a b c d Roytman
MM, Pörzgen P, Lee CL, Huddleston L, Kuo TT, Bryant-Greenwood P, Wong LL, Tsai
N (August 2014). "Outbreak of severe hepatitis linked to weight-loss
supplement OxyELITE Pro". Am J Gastroenterol. 109 (8):
1296–8.doi:10.1038/ajg.2014.159. PMID 25091255.
14.
Jump up^ Daysong, Rick (January 28, 2014). "EXCLUSIVE: Months after recall, new OxyElite Pro
illnesses reported". Hawaii News Now. Retrieved 19
November 2015.
15.
^ Jump up to:a b c d "FDA takes action to protect consumers from
potentially dangerous dietary supplements". US Food and Drug
Administration. November 17, 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
16.
Jump up^ Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam,
ed. India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information
and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 79.
17.
Jump up^ Wilkins, W.J. (2003). Hindu
Mythology. New Delhi: D.K. Printworld (P) Limited. p. 470. ISBN 81-246-0234-4.
19.
Jump up^ Gutschow, Niels; Michaels, Axel
& Bau, Christian (2008). "The Girl's Hindu Marriage to the Bel Fruit:
Ihi and The Girl's Buddhist Marriage to the Bel Fruit: Ihi". Growing
Up—Hindu and Buddhist Initiation Ritual among Newar Children in Bhaktapur,
Nepal. Wiesbaden, GER: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 93–173. ISBN 3447057521.
H.K.Bakhru
(1997). Foods that Heal. The Natural Way to Good Health. Orient
Paperbacks. ISBN 81-222-0033-8.
Wikimedia Commons has media
related to Aegle
marmelos.
|
·
Chisholm, Hugh,
ed. (1911). "Bael Fruit". Encyclopædia
Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University
Press.
·
Caldecott, Todd (2006). Ayurveda:
The Divine Science of Life. Elsevier/Mosby. ISBN 0-7234-3410-7.Contains a detailed
monograph on Aegle marmelos (Bilwa) as well as a discussion of
health benefits and usage in clinical practice.
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