انبه ژاپنی یا ازگیل فرنگی (که در شمال ایران ا به
آن "انبوه" و به خطا "انبه" میگویند)[۱] به غلط از خانواده گلسرخیان از
سرده ازگیل‌ها هم‌خانواده
با سیب و گلابی گفته شده در
حالیکه این میوه برعکس بدون خزان است و نمی
تواند از خانواده ازگیل و سیب باشد. نام درست آن لوکات (loquat)است.این میوه با توجه به اقلیم شمال کشور، در این
ناحیه بسیار مورد توجه است،در زبان تالشی به آن
هَنبو ، اَنبوه یا اَمرِکا سِر و در زبان گیلکی به ان
انبوه یا انبه گفته میشود. دانه این میوه دارای حدود ۵ درصد پروتئین می‌باشد.مزه
آن تا زمانی که کامل رسیده باشد شیرین و ترش میشود.
تاریخچه[ویرایش]
منشأ ازگیل ژاپنی از جنوب چین است و از آنجا به ژاپن برده شده‌است (بیش از ۱۰۰۰ سال کشت).
نام کهن این میوه در چینی «لو کوآت» است به معنای نارنج سمار[۲] و در لاتین مدرن «اریو بوتریا جاپونیکا»
(اریو = پشم + بوتریاس =
خوشه انگور) خوانده میشود.[۳][۴][۵] نام دیگر آن آلوی شرقی، آلوی
چینی و آلوی ژاپنی است.[۶] این میوه در استان مازندران و
گیلان نیز کشت میشود و در زبان گیلکی بیه پس به آن انبه و
گیلکی بیه پیش انبوه نیز
میگویند و مازندرانی‌ها آن را اَزگیل ژاپنی می‌نامند. در دهه ۳۰ شمسی به این میوه
ثریا نیز گفته می‌شد. در فرهنگ دهخدا از
آن با عنوان انبهٔ ژاپنی . [اَم ْ ب َ/ب ِ ی ِ پ ُ] (ترکیب وصفی، اِ مرکب) یاد شده
که درختی زینتی است که میوهٔ مأکول دارد و در باغات مازندران و کرج جدیداً کاشته
شده‌است.[۷] جدیداً در مناطق مدیترانه ای
دلفارد جیرفت پرورش یافته‌است. متأسفانه این میوه به دلیل فرسودگی زود هنگام
قابلیت انبار و صادر کردن سختی
دارد.
ارزش غذایی[ویرایش]
|
ازگیل ژاپنی ، خام |
|
|
ارزش غذایی به ازای هر ۱۰۰ گرم (۳٫۵ اونس) |
|
|
۱۹۷
کیلوژول (۴۷ کیلوکالری) |
|
|
12.14 g |
|
|
1.7 g |
|
|
0.2 g |
|
|
0.43 g |
|
|
درصد ارزش روزانه |
|
|
۱۰٪ ۷۶
میکروگرم |
|
|
۲٪ ۰٫۰۱۹ میلی‌گرم |
|
|
۲٪ ۰٫۰۲۴ میلی‌گرم |
|
|
۱٪ ۰٫۱۸ میلی‌گرم |
|
|
۸٪ ۰٫۱ میلی‌گرم |
|
|
۴٪ ۱۴
میکروگرم |
|
|
۱٪ ۱
میلی‌گرم |
|
|
مقدار درصد ارزش روزانه |
|
|
۲٪ ۱۶
میلی‌گرم |
|
|
۲٪ ۰٫۲۸ میلی‌گرم |
|
|
۴٪ ۱۳
میلی‌گرم |
|
|
۷٪ ۰٫۱۴۸ میلی‌گرم |
|
|
۴٪ ۲۷
میلی‌گرم |
|
|
۶٪ ۲۶۶
میلی‌گرم |
|
|
۰٪ ۱
میلی‌گرم |
|
|
۱٪ ۰٫۰۵ میلی‌گرم |
|
|
|
|
|
·
یکاها ·
μg = میکروگرم •
mg = میلی‌گرم ·
IU = یکاهای
بین‌المللی |
|
|
†درصدهای تقریبی ارائه شده برای افراد
بزرگسال از روی مرجع مصرف رژیم غذایی هستند. |
|
منابع[ویرایش]
·
مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا. «Loquat». در دانشنامهٔ ویکی‌پدیای
انگلیسی، بازبینی‌شده در ۲۵ سپتامبر ۲۰۱۷.
1.
↑ «نسخه
آرشیو شده». بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۶ دسامبر ۲۰۲۱. دریافت‌شده در ۲۴ آوریل ۲۰۲۲.
2.
↑ https://www.etymonline.com/word/loquat
3.
↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriobotrya
4.
↑ https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Eriobotrya
5.
↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=eMgaXGsBEWIC&pg=PA25&lpg=PA25&dq=Latin,+from+erio-+%2B+-botrya+(from+Greek+botrys+bunch+of+grapes)&source=bl&ots=ScMx9JL4Na&sig=GSJJ1idoq5fFreosSjlUB0rKo4g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjvvov87r3bAhXPYVAKHStgCb0Q6AEIOjAH#v=onepage&q=Latin%2C%20from%20erio-%20%2B%20-botrya%20(from%20Greek%20botrys%20bunch%20of%20grapes)&f=false
6.
↑ http://nassau.ifas.ufl.edu/horticulture/fruit/loquat.html
7.
↑ https://www.vajehyab.com/dehkhoda/انبه+ٔ+ژاپنی
|
|
این یک مقالهٔ
خرد میوه است. می‌توانید
با گسترش آن به ویکی‌پدیا
کمک کنید. |
·
این صفحه آخرین‌بار
در ۲۴ فوریهٔ ۲۰۲۴ ساعت ۲۱:۴۴ ویرایش شده‌است.
یکی از پرخاصی‍ت‌ترین و خوشمزه‌ترین میوه‌های کمتر شناخته شده در بین
ایرانیان ازگیل ژاپنی یا لوکوآت است. با اینکه لوکوآت در اکثر شهر‌های ایران
قابلیت کاشت و میوه‌دهی را دارد، کمتر کسی با این درخت شگفت‌انگیز آشناست. تاکنون
ازگیل ژاپنی در استان‌های شمالی کشور مانند گیلان و مازندران و مناطق دیگر از جمله
تهران، کرج، اصفهان، یاسوج، خوزستان و شیراز کاشته شده و به مرحله میوه‌دهی رسیده
است.
با توجه به اینکه فصل بهار زمان رسیدن و برداشت ازگیل ژاپنی است، لازم
دانستیم تا به فواید میوه و روش کاشت این درخت بپردازیم. ازگیل ژاپنی یا لوکوآت (Loquat) با نام علمی Eriobotrya
japonica از خانواده Rosaceae یک درختچه یا درخت همیشه
سبز و میوه‌دار است که در خاور دور به دلیل استفاده خوراکی از میوه و برگ آن به
عنوان چای کشت میشود.
این درخت امروز علاوه بر جنبه‌های تجاری به عنوان درخت زینتی در اکثر
مناطق معتدل یا نیمه گرمسیر دنیا شناخته شده است. طبق تحقیقات محققان زیست‌بوم
اصلی لوکوآت مناطق معتدل جنوبی کشور چین معرفی شده است. با این حال حدود ۱۰۰۰ سال است که این درخت در کشور ژاپن پرورش داده میشود. ازجمله نام‌های
دیگر درخت لوکوآت می‌توان به ازگیل ژاپنی، آلوچینی، آلو ژاپنی و خوشه انگور پشمی
اشاره کرد. در ایران و شمال کشور درخت لوکوآت به کونوس، کندس یا انبه محلی و در
مناطق دیگر به ازگیل معروف است.
مشخصات ظاهری درخت ازگیل ژاپنی
درخت ازگیل ژاپنی دارای تاجی گرد و شاخه‌های جانبی حول تنه اصلی است
که تا ارتفاع ۱۰ متر رشد می‌کند. به دلیل نازک بودن تنه
اصلی درخت و شکننده بودن شاخه‌ها ارتفاع و رشد درخت بیش از ۷ متر خطر شکستگی شاخه‌ها را در پی خواهد داشت. برگ‌های درخت لوکوآت
پهن و بیضی شکل، کشیده، رگه‌دار، حاشیه دندانه‌ای و پرز‌دار است. پرز‌ها سطح برگ و
میوه‌ها را پوشانده است. گل‌های درخت ازگیل ژاپنی معمولاً از اواخر پاییز تا اواسط
زمستان روی درخت ظاهر می‌شوند. بوی گل‌های این درخت مانند بوی روغن بادام تلخ است
که زنبور‌های عسل را به خود جذب می‌کند. میوه‌های تشکیل شده از اسفند ماه تا اواسط
بهار سبز رنگ و ترش‌مزه هستند.
بسته به نوع اقلیم میوه‌های لوکوآت از فروردین تا خرداد به رنگ نارنجی
یا زرد تبدیل می‌شوند و قابل مصرف هستند. درون تمام میوه‌های درخت ازگیل ژاپنی ۱ تا ۵ هسته قهوه‌ای رنگ وجود دارد که تنها راه
تکثیر این درخت هستند. در ایران چندین نمونه لوکوآت پرورش داده میشود. برخی از
گونه‌ها میوه‌هایی گرد و جدا از هم دارند و گونه‌ای دیگر به صورت خوشه‌ای میوه می‌دهد.
لوکوآت گلابی شکل خوشه‌ای بسیار خوش طعم، کم هسته و زود‌رس است. طعم میوه لوکوآت بی‌نظیر
است. ترکیب طعم هلو، زردآلو، پرتغال و انبه در میوه ازگیل ژاپنی احساس میشود.
The loquat (Eriobotrya
japonica), called biwa in Japan,[2] is a
large evergreen shrub or tree grown
commercially for its orange fruit and for its leaves, which are used to
make herbal tea. It is also cultivated as an ornamental plant.
The
loquat is in the family Rosaceae and is native to the cooler hill regions of
south-central China.[3][4] In Japan,
the loquat has been grown for over 1,000 years. It has been introduced to
regions with subtropical to mild temperate climates throughout the world.[5][6]
Eriobotrya
japonica was formerly thought to be closely related to
the genus Mespilus and is
still sometimes mistakenly known as the Japanese medlar, which is
the name it takes in other European languages, such as níspero
japonés in Spanish or nespolo
giapponese in Italian. It is also known as Japanese
plum[7] and Chinese
plum.[8]
Etymology[edit]
|
Loquat |
||
|
Chinese name |
||
|
蘆橘 |
||
|
芦橘 |
||
|
||
|
Modern Chinese name |
||
|
枇杷 |
||
|
||
|
Japanese name |
||
|
枇杷 |
||
|
びわ |
||
|
||
The
name loquat derives from Cantonese lou4 gwat1 (Chinese: 盧橘; pinyin: lújú; lit. 'black
orange'). The phrase 'black orange' originally referred to unripened kumquats, which are dark green in color, but
the name was mistakenly applied to the loquat by the ancient Chinese poet Su Shi when he was residing in southern
China, and the mistake was widely taken up by the Cantonese region thereafter.[citation needed]
In
Louisiana, many refer to loquats as "misbeliefs" and they grow in
yards of homes.[9]
Description[edit]
A
loquat leaf, shown at a high magnification, illustrating the general appearance
of the leaf and the structure of the venation
E.
japonica is a large, evergreen shrub or
small tree, with a rounded crown, short trunk, and
woolly new twigs. The tree can grow to 5–10 metres (16–33 feet) tall but is
often smaller, about 3–4 m (10–13 ft). The fruit begins to ripen
during spring to summer, depending on the temperature in the area. The leaves are alternate, simple, 10–25
centimetres (4–10 inches) long, dark green, tough and leathery in texture, with
a serrated margin, and densely velvety-hairy below with thick yellow-brown
pubescence; the young leaves are also densely pubescent above, but this soon
rubs off.[10][11][12][13]
Fruit[edit]
Loquats
are unusual among fruit trees in that the flowers appear in the autumn or early
winter, and the fruits are ripe at any time from early spring to early summer.[14] The
flowers are 2 cm (3⁄4 in)
in diameter, white, with five petals, and produced in stiff panicles of three to ten flowers. The
flowers have a sweet, heady aroma that can be smelled from a distance.[citation needed]
Loquat fruits, growing in
clusters, are oval, rounded or pear-shaped, 3–5 cm (1+1⁄8–2 in)
long, with a smooth or downy, yellow or orange, sometimes red-blushed skin. The
succulent, tangy flesh is white, yellow, or orange and sweet to subacid or
acid, depending on the cultivar.[citation needed]
Each
fruit contains from one to ten ovules, with three to five being the most
common.[15] Several
ovules mature into large, brown seeds (with different numbers of seeds
appearing in each fruit on the same tree, usually between one and four).[citation needed]
·
Fruit structure
·
Ripe
single-seeded loquats
·
Duration: 15
seconds.0:15
Loquats
on the fruit tree
Taxonomy[edit]
|
|
This
section needs additional citations for verification. Please
help improve this
article by adding
citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced
material may be challenged and removed. (January 2021) (Learn
how and when to remove this template message) |
The
first European record of the species might have been in the 17th century
by Michał Boym, a
Polish jesuit, orientalist, politician, and missionary to China. He described
loquat in his Flora sinensis,
the first European natural history book about China.[16] The
common name for the fruit is from the Portuguese nêspera (from
the modified nespilus, originally mespilus, which
referred to the medlar), (José Pedro Machado, Dicionário Etimológico da Língua
Portuguesa, 1967). Since the first contact of the Portuguese with the Japanese
and Chinese dates also from the 16th century, possibly some were brought back
to Europe, as was likely the case with other species such as the
'Hachiya' persimmon variety.
E.
japonica was again described in Europe by Carl Peter Thunberg,
as Mespilus japonica in 1780, and was relocated to the
genus Eriobotrya (from Greek εριο "wool" and βοτρυών
"cluster") by John Lindley, who published these changes in
1821.This fruit is also found in abundance in the north west Pakistan region.
The
most common variety in Portugal is the late-ripening 'Tanaka', where it is
popular in gardens and backyards, but not commercially produced. In northern
Portugal, it is also popularly called magnório or magnólio,
probably having to do with French botanist Pierre Magnol. In Spain, the fruits are
similarly called nísperos and are commercially exploited,
Spain being the second-largest producer worldwide, after China, with 41,487 t
annually, half of which is destined to export markets.
Distribution and
habitat[edit]
The
plant is originally from China, where related species can be found growing in
the wild.[17][18][19][20] It
has become naturalised in Georgia, Armenia, Afghanistan, Australia, Azerbaijan,
Bermuda, Brazil, Chile, Kenya, Lebanon, India, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, South
Africa, the whole Mediterranean Basin, Pakistan, New Zealand, Réunion, Tonga,
Central America, Mexico, South America, Israel, and warmer parts of the United
States (Hawaii, California, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida,
Georgia, and South Carolina).[citation needed]
Cultivation[edit]
History[edit]
The
plant has been cultivated in China for over 1,000 years. Chinese immigrants are
presumed to have carried the loquat to Hawaii and California.[21][22] It
has been cultivated in Japan for about 1,000 years and presumably the fruits
and seeds were brought back from China to Japan by the many Japanese scholars
visiting and studying in China during the Tang dynasty.
Over
800 loquat cultivars exist in
Asia. Self-fertile variants
include the 'Gold Nugget' and 'Mogi' cultivars.[5] The
loquat is easy to grow in subtropical to mild temperate climates, where it is
often primarily grown as an ornamental plant, especially for its
sweet-scented flowers, and secondarily for its delicious fruit. The boldly
textured foliage adds a tropical look to gardens, contrasting well with many
other plants.[citation needed]
·
On this cultivar
intended for home growing, the flowers open gradually, resulting in the fruit
following suit.
·
Fruit
·
Loquats and a
Mountain Bird, Southern Song Dynasty (1127–1279)
The
many named cultivars have orange or white flesh.[23] Some
cultivars are intended for home growing, where the flowers open gradually, thus
the fruit also ripens gradually, compared to the commercially grown species
where the flowers open almost simultaneously, and the whole tree's fruit also
ripen together.[citation needed]
China
is the biggest producer of loquat in the world, more than five times the
production of the second-largest producer, Spain, followed by Pakistan and
Turkey.[24] In
Europe, Spain is the main producer of loquat.[25]
In temperate climates, it is grown as an
ornamental with winter protection, as the fruits seldom ripen to an edible
state. In the United Kingdom, it has gained the Royal
Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[26][27]
In
the United States, the
loquat tree is hardy in USDA zones 8 and
above, and will flower only where winter temperatures do not fall below
30 °F or −1 °C. In such areas, the tree flowers in autumn and the
fruit ripens in late winter.[5] It
is popular in the southeastern
United States. In the United States, cultivation is typically within
the southeastern and temperate west coast regions.[28] The
one advantage the loquat has among others, though, is its fruit becomes
available in late April – early May around a time many other fruits are not
ready yet.[28][29][citation needed]
Loquats
have been reported to survive temperatures as cold as −11 °C (12 °F)
for short periods of time.[30][better source needed] The
loquat grows poorly if the temperature is "too tropical",[30] but
at what maximum temperature it can be cultivated is unclear.
Altitude
is an important factor to consider, as well. Loquats grow naturally from 900 to
2,000 m (3,000 to 7,000 ft).[30] The
right altitudes varies depending on the temperature or how close it is to the
equator. This contributes to why higher altitudes in China or the Andes
Mountains make excellent cultivating spots.[30][31]
China
is a major country where loquats grow natively and wild in forests around the
mountains. Loquats are cultivated on around 120,000 hectares (300,000 acres)
with hundreds of different varieties.[28]
In
Russia, loquat produces fruits in subtropical and near-subtropical areas (Gelendzhik, Sochi),
as well as in subtropical areas of Georgia.
In
Canada, it can be found growing in Vancouver, though it does not produce fruit.
More frost-resistant varieties grow and produce fruit in Sidney, British
Columbia, though not every year.
Loquat
grows differently in tropical climates, typically blooming two or three times a
year.[29] Loquats
usually mature 90 days after the bloom.[29]
Uses[edit]
Nutrition[edit]
|
Loquats, raw |
|
|
Nutritional value
per 100 g (3.5 oz) |
|
|
197 kJ (47 kcal) |
|
|
12.14 g |
|
|
1.7 g |
|
|
0.2 g |
|
|
0.43 g |
|
|
Quantity %DV† |
|
|
10% 76 μg |
|
|
2% 0.019 mg |
|
|
2% 0.024 mg |
|
|
1% 0.18 mg |
|
|
8% 0.1 mg |
|
|
4% 14 μg |
|
|
1% 1 mg |
|
|
Quantity %DV† |
|
|
2% 16 mg |
|
|
2% 0.28 mg |
|
|
4% 13 mg |
|
|
7% 0.148 mg |
|
|
4% 27 mg |
|
|
9% 266 mg |
|
|
0% 1 mg |
|
|
1% 0.05 mg |
|
|
|
|
|
†Percentages
estimated using US recommendations for
adults.[32] |
|
The
loquat is low in sodium and high in vitamin A, vitamin B6, dietary fiber, potassium, and manganese.[33]
Like
most related plants, the seeds (pips) and young
leaves of the plant are slightly poisonous, containing small amounts of
cyanogenic glycosides (including amygdalin) which release cyanide when digested, though the low
concentration and bitter flavour normally prevent enough being eaten to cause
harm.[citation needed]
Culinary[edit]
The
loquat has high sugar, acid, and pectin contents.[34] It
is eaten as a fresh fruit and mixes well with other fruits in fresh fruit
salads or fruit cups. The fruit is also commonly used to make jam, jelly, and chutney, and is often served poached in light
syrup. Firm, slightly immature fruits are best for making pies or tarts,[citation needed] while
the fruits are the sweetest when soft and orange.[citation needed] The
fruit is sometimes canned or processed into confections. The waste ratio is 30%
or more, due to the seed size.[citation needed]
The
loquat can also be used in juices or smoothies. In South American countries
such as Ecuador, the loquat can be used for batidos, where they are mixed with milk,
ice, or other fruits.[30][28][35]
An
American writer calls the loquat's flavor "floral" with hints of
apricot and peach,[36] with
the fruit's natural sweetness contributing to its popularity.[36]
Loquats
are used commonly as a natural sweetener for many different types of food, and
are used to make marmalade and jelly in various locales.[36][failed verification] Many
people use loquats to create sauces and other juices, since the acidity goes
well with the sweetness, another reason why they are popular for making pies
and other pastries.[36][failed verification][35]
Loquats
are often eaten as a fresh fruit, but need to have the seeds removed to be
ready to eat. The seeds not only take up a great deal of space relative to the
size of the fruit (cf. avocado), but also are slightly poisonous in
large quantities.[29] The
fruit is often peeled, but the peel is edible and not overly thick.
·
Ripe and unripe
loquats
·
Loquat on plate
Alcoholic
beverages[edit]
Loquats
can also be used to make light wine. They are fermented into a fruit wine,
sometimes using just crystal sugar and white liquor.[citation needed]
The
liquor nespolino is
made from the seeds,[37] reminiscent
of nocino and amaretto,[citation needed] both
prepared from nuts and apricot kernels. Both the loquat seeds and the apricot
kernels contain cyanogenic glycosides, but the drinks are prepared from
varieties that contain only small quantities (such as 'Mogi' and 'Tanaka'[38]),
so the risk of cyanide poisoning is minimal.[citation needed]
Other
uses[edit]
Some
other uses for loquat include making animal feed and medicine to counter
vomiting and thirst.[29] The
loquat's wood is used as an alternative to pear wood and works well to make
rulers/other writing instruments.[29] The
loquat's flowers are used to make perfume in Europe, although its yield is
considered low. Powdered loquat leaves are also used to treat diarrhea,
depression, and to help counteract alcoholic intoxication.[29]
In culture[edit]
The
loquat was often mentioned in medieval Chinese literature, such as the poems
of Li Bai. Its original name is no longer used in
most Chinese dialects and has been replaced by pipa (枇杷),
which is a reference to the fruit's visual resemblance to a miniature pipa lute.
Because
of its golden colour, the pipa represents gold and wealth in
China. It is often one in a bowl or composite of fruits and vegetables (such as
spring onions, artemisia leaves, pomegranates, kumquats, etc.) to represent
auspicious wishes or the Five Prosperities or wurui (五瑞).[39]
References[edit]
1.
^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant
Species". Retrieved 13 April 2014.
2.
^ McKirdy,
Andrew (June 6, 2019). "Chiba loquat grower loves his work, but frets over
the future of the biwa business". Japan Times.
Retrieved January 24, 2024.
3.
^ "Loquat Fact Sheet". UC Davis
College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences.
4.
^ "Flora of China". efloras.org.
5.
^ Jump up to:a b c Staub,
Jack (2008). 75 Remarkable Fruits For Your Garden. Gibbs
Smith. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-4236-0881-3.
6.
^ "Eriobotrya
japonica (Thunb.) Lindl". gbif.org. Retrieved 27
April 2020.
7.
^ "Japanese Plum / Loquat". University
of Florida, Nassau County Extension, Horticulture. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
8.
^ Hunt,
Linda M.; Arar, Nedal Hamdi; Akana. Laurie L. (2000). "Herbs, Prayer, and Insulin Use of Medical and
Alternative Treatments by a Group of Mexican American Diabetes Patients". The
Journal of Family Practice. 49 (3): 216–23. PMID 10735480.
Archived from the original on 2013-06-29.
9.
^ Bir,
Sara (2018). The Fruit Forager's Companion: Ferments, Desserts, Main
Dishes, and More from Your Neighborhood and Beyond. White River Junction,
Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60358-716-7. OCLC 1005602236.
10. ^ Lindley,
John (1821). "Eriobotrya japonica". Transactions
of the Linnean Society of London. 13 (1): 102.
11. ^ Thunberg,
Carl Peter (1780). "Mespilus japonica". Nova Acta Regiae
Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis. 3: 208.
12. ^ Ascherson,
Paul Friedrich August; Schweinfurth, Georg August (1887). "Photinia
japonica". Illustration de la Flore d'Égypte. 73.
13. ^ Davidse,
G.; Sousa Sánchez, M.; Knapp, S.; Chiang Cabrera, F., eds. (2014). Saururaceae
a Zygophyllaceae. Flora Mesoamericana. Vol. 2. Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de México. ISBN 978-968-36-3309-5.
14. ^ "Loquat
– Fruit Facts". California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc.
Retrieved 1 April 2017.
15. ^ "Loquat". Hort.purdue.edu.
Retrieved 8 May 2013.
16. ^ Kajdański,
Edward (1999). Michał Boym: ambasador Państwa Środka (in Polish).
Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza. p. 183. ISBN 83-05-13096-7.
17. ^ "Loquat, production and market" (PDF).
First international symposium on loquat. Zaragoza : CIHEAM Options
Méditerranéennes. Archived from the original (PDF) on
2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-04-19.
18. ^ Lin,
S.; Sharpe, R. H.; Janick, J. (1999). "Loquat: Botany and Horticulture" (PDF). Horticultural
Reviews. 23: 235–6.
19. ^ Li, G.
F.; Zhang, Z. K.; Lin, S. Q. "Origin
and Evolution of Eriobotrya". ISHS Acta Horticulturae 887: III
International Symposium on Loquat.
20. ^ Zhang,
H. Z.; Peng, S. A.; Cai, L. H.; Fang, D. Q. (1990). "The germplasm resources of the genus Eriobotrya
with special reference on the origin of E. japonica Lindl". Acta
Horticulturae Sinica (1 ed.). 17: 5–12. Archived
from the original on 2015-04-27.
Retrieved 2015-04-19.
21. ^ Biota of North America Project, Eriobotrya
japonica. bonap.net (2014)
22. ^ loquat, Eriobotrya japonica Archived 2016-03-12 at the Wayback Machine. Weeds of Australia,
Queensland Biosecurity Edition
23. ^ "LOQUAT Fruit Facts". Crfg.org.
Archived from the original on 24 October 2012.
Retrieved 19 July 2018.
24. ^ Caballero,
P.; Zamudio, María (2003). "Loquat, production and market". Options
Méditerranéennes: Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens. 58.
25. ^ "Agroalimentación. El cultivo del Níspero". canales.hoy.es.
Retrieved 19 July 2018.
26. ^ "RHS Plant Selector Eriobotrya japonica (F) AGM /
RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
27. ^ "AGM Plants – Ornamental" (PDF).
Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 36. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
28. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "Market Watch: Above the ocean in Malibu, a rare
orchard of loquats". Los Angeles Times. 2012-05-11.
Retrieved 2020-11-23.
29. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g "Loquat". www.hort.purdue.edu.
Retrieved 2020-11-23.
30. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e "Loquat: A Fruit Tree Adaptable to Many
Locations". ECHOcommunity. Retrieved 2020-11-23.
31. ^ "Agroalimentación. El cultivo del Níspero". canales.hoy.es.
Retrieved 19 July 2018.
32. ^ United
States Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Service
(2019). "FoodData
Central". Retrieved 2024-03-18.
33. ^ "Wolfram-Alpha:
Making the world's knowledge computable". Wolframalpha.com.
Retrieved 19 July 2018.
34. ^ California
Rare Fruit Growers (1997). "Loquat". Archived from the
original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
35. ^ Jump up to:a b "Ecuadorian Typical Food Restaurants direcotry in
Quito, El Crater, El Nispero, el Pajonal, la Cueva del Oso and other Quito
Ecuador typical food restaurant". www.getquitoecuador.com.
Retrieved 2020-11-23.
36. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "The
loquat, San Francisco's secret fruit, is hidden in plain sight". Mission
Local. 2020-08-22. Retrieved 2020-12-13.
37. ^ "World News – Eriobotrya_japonica". Cosplaxy.com.
Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
Retrieved 8 May 2013.
38. ^ Siddiq,
Muhammad (2012). Tropical and Subtropical Fruits: Postharvest Physiology,
Processing and Packaging. Wiley. pp. 1140–. ISBN 978-1-118-32411-0.
39. ^ Welch,
Patricia Bjaaland (2008). Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual
Imagery. Singapore: Tuttle. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-0-8048-3864-1.
External links[edit]
Look up loquat in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Loquat
— Eriobotrya japonica.
·
Botanical and Horticultural Information on the Loquat (Traditional
Chinese).
·
Badenes,
M.L.; Canyamas, T.; Llácer, G.; Martínez, J.; Romero, C.; Soriano, J.M.
(2003). "Genetic diversity in european collection of loquat
(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.)". Acta
Horticulturae. 620 (620): 169–174. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.620.17.
·
"Loquat Fruit Facts". California
Rare Fruit Growers. Archived from the
original on 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2004-03-29.
·
"Loquat". Purdue University Center
for New Crops & Plant Products.
·
"Loquat
Growing in the Florida Home Landscape". IFAS Extension.
University of Florida.
·
"Eriobotrya japonica". Manual
of the Alien Plants of Belgium. 2016-05-09.
|
Eriobotrya
japonica |
·
Wikispecies: Rhaphiolepis
bibas ·
AoFP: 207 ·
APDB: 84227 ·
Calflora: 8718 ·
iNaturalist: 76949 ·
NZOR: 5eb50af0-a6d1-443e-bfeb-810a4f5d195c ·
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:724793-1 |
|
Mespilus
japonica |
·
APDB: 182101 |
·
This page was last edited on 4
February 2024, at 06:47 (UTC).
