هرنوه
بفتح ها و سکون را و ضم نون و واو و ها
و آن را قرنوه نیز نامند
ماهیت آن
کفته اند ثمر درخت عود است کوچکتر از فلفل
و با اندک زردی و طعم آن تند و بوی آن خوش شبیه ببوی عود و از حوالی سنجر و عمان آورند
طبیعت آن
مرکب
القوی در دوم کرم و در خشکی معتدل
افعال و خواص آن
مفرح و محلل اعضاء الراس و الصدر و الغذاء
و النفض بخور آن مانع زکام و نزله و آشامیدن آن جهت اوجاع حلق و تفریح قلب و تقویت
و تلیین آن و اعانت بر هضم و تسخین کرده و مثانه و آشامیدن طبیخ آن مدر بول و بهترین
استعمال آن خائیدن آنست و کذاشتن میان متاع و جامه مانع کرم زدن آن و بیخ آن را چون
چهل روز میان شراب و یا سرکۀ نارس بکذارند بسیار سیاه می کردد به حدی که از عود هندی
تفرقه نتوان نمود مقدار شربت آن تا دو درهم بدل آن قاقله است
مخزن الادویه عقیلی خراسانی
////////////
هرنوه . [ هََ ن ُ وَ ] (اِ) میوه درخت عود است و آن کوچکتر از فلفل و به زردی مایل
است . بوی عود می کند. طبیخ وی بول را براند و سنگ مثانه را بریزاند. (برهان ). قرنوه
. (ابن بیطار). ابوسهل گوید: فاغره هندی است
و صحیح آن است که :آن دانه ای است که به فارغه شباهت دارد و خردتر از وی بود. پوست
او مانند فاغره شکافته شود، اما سخت تر از پوست فاغره بود... بوی او به بوی عود هندی
مشابه بود. (از ترجمه صیدنة). فرنوه . رجوع
به فرنوه شود.
/////////////
قَرنوه (اسم):
القَرْنُوَةُ : عُشْبَةٌ خضراءُ
غبراءُ على ساقٍ يَضْربُ ورقها إِلى الحمرة ، لها ثمرة كالسُّنبلة ، وهي مُرَّةٌ
يُدبغ بها الأَساقي ، القَرْنُوَةُ قرونٌ تنبت أَكبر من قرون الدُّجْر فيها حبٌّ أَكبر من
الحِمَّص ، فإِذا جُشَّ خرج أَصفر ، فَيُطْبَخ كما تُطْبخ الهريسة فيؤكل ؛
ويُدَّخر للشتاء
/////////////
اَختَری ،کوکبی یا میوه ستاره نام میوهای
استوایی از تیره ترشکیان (Oxalidaceae) . سرده ابن رُشدیها (Averrhoa) است .
این میوه بومی سریلانکا، هندوستان و اندونزی
است. اختری از خویشاوندان نزدیک میوه بیلیمبی است.
معرفی[ویرایش]
این میوه از میوههای مناطق گرمسیری میباشد.
رنگ آن سبز و گاهی زرد میباشد. پوست آن براق است. از انواعی که دارای نقطه یا خطهای
قهوهای میباشد، استفاده نکنید. استفاده کوکبی آسان است. نیاز به پوست کندن و جدا
کردن دانه ندارد. به آرامی تغییر رنگ میدهد. مزه بعضی از انواع آن ترش و برخی شیرین
میباشد. (مانند انگور پوست کلفت) شکل زیبایی دارد و وقتی آن را میبریم بسیار شبیه
ستاره می باشد. میتوان از آن در سالاد و برای تزئین غذاها استفاده کرد.
////////////
قس فاکهة النجمیه در عربی:
فاكهة النجمة
[عدل]
محتويات [أظهر]
نبذه عن الشجره التي تنتج فاكهة النجمه[عدل]
الاسم العلمي : Averrhoa carambola
العائلة : Oxalidaceae
الكرمبولا شجرة تزرع في المناطق الاستوائية
وشبه المدارية وهى بطيئة النمو تتكيف مع الجو الدافىء ولا تحتمل الاجواء الباردة وتنمو
تقريبا في جميع انواع التربة الا انها تنمو بشكل أفضل في التربة المالحة ويعتقد ان
جنوب شرق اسيا هو موطنها الاصلى
الشجرة متوسطة الحجم يصل ارتفاعها إلى
22-33 قدماً ، ذات جذع واحد أو جذوع متعددة . الأوراق مركبة ، تحمل كل ورقة 4-5 أزواج
من الوريقات الرمحيه المسحوبة القمة وهي لامعة بلون أخضر فاتح. الأزهار صغيرة الحجم
بنفسجيـة اللون . والثمار عنبية ذات شكل إهلييجى أو بيضوى يتراوح طولها بين 5-13سم
ذات لون أصفر باهت إلى غامق مقسمة إلى حوالى 5 مناطق بارزة (أجنحة) . وتكون الثمار
الناضجة شفافة عصيرية ذات طعم حلو مع حموضة مقبولة . عند تقطيع ثمار الكرمبولا من المنتصف،
تأخذ القطع شكل نجمة خماسية مكتملة، ولهذا اشتهرت تسميتها بفاكهة النجم.
فاكهة النجمة star fruit[عدل]
شجرة فاكهة النجمة هي شجرة بطيئة النمو
وتتكيف مع الطقس الدافيء
أما في الأجواء الباردة فيجب حمايتها من
الرياح بعمل حواجز ومصدات يتوقف نمو الشجرة عند حرارة 55 -66 ف
وقد تموت عند حرارة أقل من 28 ف
تحتاج إلى ضوء شمس كامل
تخصب من 4 -5 مرات في السنة
ملاحظة[عدل]
السقاية معتدلة والاسراف في الري وقت التزهير
يؤدي إلى عدم التلقيح والانتاج
الموطن الاصلي[عدل]
اكتشفت في أمريكا منذ 150 سنة
ويقال ان موطنها الأصلي هو بلدان :
ماليزيا - اندونيسيا - جنوب الصين
الفاكهة خالية من[عدل]
الدهون والصوديوم والكوليسترول
غنية بفيتامين سي
ما هي فاكهة النجمه[عدل]
هي فاكهة خفيفة الوزن أشبه بالفليفلة أو
الفلفل الرومي
ولكن في ماليزيا يصنعون منها عصيرا من
أروع العصائر التي قد تتذوقها في حياتك.. وحقيقة هي طعمها مثل أي فاكهة حمضية أو بالأحرى
مثل فاكهة الاناناس مع التفاح الأخضر ولكنها يوجد بها قليل من المرارة ..(مرارة الصبر..)
ويكون طعمها أكثر حلاوة كلما مال لونها إلى اللون الأصفر .. ولونها يأتي أصفر براقا
لامعاً محدد باللون الأخضر وهي نجمية الشكل مكونة من خمسة رؤس وحجمها ما بين 3 إلى
5 إنشات .. وتحتوي الحصة الواحدة منها على 40 كالوري فقط ..وهي تعتبر من المصادر الجيدة
لفيتامين A & C
..
فائدتها في معالجة الامراض[عدل]
يعتبر الحمض الأميني أرجنين أساسياً لتكاثر
الفيروسات والتي ينتج عنها أمراض معدية وعيوب خلقية والتي يمكن أن يكون لها علاقة بالسرطان
.. وهناك حمض أميني آخر يعرف باسم لايسن (Lysine) وهذا الحمض يثبط تكاثر الفيروس، ومن هنا نلاحظ
أن الناس يبحثون عن الغذاء الغني بحمض اللايسين والمنخفض في محتوى الأرجنين.
وثمرة النجمة تعتبر من النباتات التي لديها
نسبة عالية من اللايسين ولكن بها نسبة منخفضة من الارجنين وهي تشمل نسبة اللايسين إلى
الارجنين 4إلى 1..لذلك تفيد في علاج هذه الامراض وتثبيط نشاطها ..
بعض استخداماتها[عدل]
هى تؤكل طازجة ، كما تستخدم في عمل العصير،
المربى ، الجلى ، المخللات وسلطة الفواكه ، وأيضاً تستعمل عصارة الثمار الحمضية في
تنظيف النحاس الأصفر وإزالة البقع من الملابس
///////////////
قس در دیوهی (مالدیوی):
ކާމަރަނގަ
ކާމަރަނގަ ފުރަތަމަ ހައްދާފައިވަނީ ދެކުނު އޭޝިޔާ އަދި އިރުމަތީ އޭޝިޔާގެ ގައުމު ތަކުގައެވެ. ޚާއްޞަކޮށް އޮޅުދޫ ކަރަ، ހިންދުސްތާން، އަދި މެލޭޝިޔާ އާއި އިންޑޮނޭޝިޔާ ފަދަ ގައުމު ތަކުގައެވެ. ނަމަވެސް މިހާރު ޕެރޫ، ބްރެޒިލް، ގާނާ، ގުޔާނާ، ފްރެންޗް ޕޮލީނީޝިއާ، އަދި ޓޯންގާ ގައި ވެސް ހައްދައެވެ. ވިޔަފާރީގެ އުސޫލުން އެމެރިކާގެ ފްލޮރިޑާ އަދި ހަވާއީ ގައި ވެސް ހައްދައެވެ. ކާމަރަނގަ އަކީ ބިލިމަގާއި ސިފައިގައި ވައްތަރު ގޮތެއް ހުންނަ ކާނާގެ ބާވަތެކެވެ.
///////////
قس بلمبینگ در باسای اندونزی:
Belimbing
/ Belimbing Manis adalah tumbuhan penghasil buah berbentuk khas yang berasal
dari Indonesia, India, dan Sri Langka. Saat ini, belimbing telah
tersebar ke penjuru Asia Tenggara, Republik Dominika, Brasil, Peru, Ghana, Guyana, Tonga, dan Polinesia. Usaha penanaman secara
komersial dilakukan di Amerika Serikat, yaitu di Florida Selatan dan Hawaii. Di Indonesia, buah ini
menjadi ikon kota
Depok,
Jawa Barat, sejak tahun 2007.
//////////
قس در عبری:
קרמבולה (שם מדעי: Averrhoa carambola. מכונה פרי כוכב
או כוכבית) הוא עץ פרי קטן עד בינוני, תדיר-ירק, מוצאו מהארצות הטרופיות של דרום-מזרח
אסיה. משתייך למשפחת החמציציים.
פרי הקרמבולה, על מגוון זניו,
נפוץ מאוד בארצות מוצאו ומשמש כפרי מאכל חשוב, בדרום סין ובצפון הודו, במאלאיה, בתאילנד,
בוייטנאם, בברזיל ובאיי הפיליפינים, ובארצות נוספות. בכל ארץ הוא זכה לשם ייחודי משלו.
פרי הקרמבולה נאכל בארצות אלה גם כפרי וגם כירק חמוץ ומשמש לעתים גם כירק לשימורים.
/////////////
قس بلیمبینگ در باسای جاوی:
Wit Blimbing asalé saka Indonésia, India, lan Sri Langka, sarta akèh ing laladan Asia
Kidul-Wétan, Républik
Dominika, Brasil, Peru, Ghana, Guyana, Tonga, lan Polinesia.[1] Blimbing ditandur kanthi komersial ing Amérika
Sarékat, ya iku ing Florida Kidul lan Hawaii.[1]
////////////
Averrhoa carambola is a species of tree in the family Oxalidaceae; it has a number of common names,
including carambola and starfruit.[1]
This evergreen tree is
native to Southeast Asia and the Indian Subcontinent.[2][3] A. carambola is a small tree
or shrub that grows 5–12 metres tall, with rose to red-purple flowers. The
flowers are small and bell-shaped, with five petals that have whitish edges.
The flowers are often produced year round under tropical conditions.
The tree is cultivated
in tropical and semitropical regions for its
edible fruits and for its
medicinal uses.
//////////////
Erodium laciniatum, Hambaz (حمباز ),Qarnawah ( قرنوة )
Geraniaceae,Erodium laciniatum, E pulverulentum, Hambaz ( حمباز ) ,Qarnawah (قرنوة ) , Cut leaved
crane's bill, Cut leaf stork's bill, Native and common ( Qat), Derivation of
the botanical name:
Erodium, Greek erodios, a heron; the carpels of these plants
resemble the head and beak of a heron.
///////////
///////////
نوک لکلکی هرز (نام علمی: Erodium cicutarium) نام یک گونه از سرده
نوک لک لکی است.
///////////
قس رقمه شوکرانیه در عربی:
الرقمة الشوكرانية
|
|
أزهار الرقمة الشوكرانية
|
|
رسم توضيحي لنبات الرقمة الشوكرانية
|
|
النطاق:
|
|
المملكة:
|
|
الفرقة العليا:
|
|
القسم:
|
|
الشعبة:
|
|
الشعيبة:
|
|
الطائفة:
|
|
الرتبة:
|
|
الفصيلة:
|
|
الجنس:
|
الرقمة Erodium
|
النوع:
|
الشوكرانية cicutarium
|
اسم علمي سابق
|
|
|
|
الرقمة
الشوكرانية (باللاتينية: Erodium cicutarium) نوع نباتي يتبع جنس الرقمة من الفصيلة الغرنوقية.[1]
- (باللاتينية: Geranium cicutarium L.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium aethiopicum (Lam.) Brumh. & Thell.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium arenarium Jord.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium ballii Jord.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium bipinnatum Willd.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium chaerophyllum (Cav.) Coss.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium danicum K. Larsen)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium glutinosum Dumort.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium jacquinianum Fisch. & al.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium marcuccii Parl.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium microphyllum Pomel)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium pilosum (Thuill.) Steud.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium pimpinellifolium (With.) Sibth.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium praecox (Cav.) Willd.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium primulaceum (Lange) Lange)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium sabulicola (Lange) Lange)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium salzmannii Delile)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium staphylinum Bertol.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium sublyratum Samp.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium tenuisectum Godr. & Gren.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium tocranum Guitt. & Le Houér.)
- (باللاتينية: Geranium aethiopicum Lam.)
- (باللاتينية: Geranium pilosum Thuill.)
- (باللاتينية: Geranium praecox Cav.)
2.
^ قاعدة البيانات
الأوروبية-المتوسطية للنباتات. خريطة
انتشار الرقمة الشوكرانية (بالإنكليزية). تاريخ الولوج
15 كانون الأول 2013.
///////////
قس سیکوتا دورنا اوْتو در آذری:
سیکوتا دورنا اوْتو (اینگیلیسجه: Erodium cicutarium، (فارسجا:نوک لکلکی
هرز)، (تورکجه:Sikuta durnaotu)، (عربجه:رقمة شوكرانية)، (فرانسهجه:Gewöhnlicher
Reiherschnabel)،
(آلمانجا:Gewöhnlicher Reiherschnabel)) بیر نؤع بیتکی.
///////////
قس لیلاکتومشوک در ازبکی:
Laylaktumshuq,
qoramashoq [Erodium cicutarium (L.) LʼHérit.] — yoronguldoshlar oilasiga mansub bir
yillik oʻt. Oʻrta Osiyo, Gʻarbiy Sibirda dasht, yaylov, togʻ yon bagʻirlarida, ekinlar orasida oʻsadi. Bargi choʻziq, patsimon, guli qizgʻish
pushti, 3—6 tadan toʻplangan. Bahordan kech kuzgacha gullaydi. Mevasi laylak
tumshugʻiga oʻxshash uzun (nomi shundan olingan). Tarkibida oshlovchi
moddalar bor. L.dan tabobatda ichki organlardan
qon ketishini toʻxtatishda foydalaniladi.[1]
/////////////
Erodium cicutarium
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Erodium cicutarium
|
|
Kingdom:
|
|
Clade:
|
|
Clade:
|
|
Clade:
|
|
Order:
|
|
Family:
|
|
Genus:
|
|
Species:
|
E. cicutarium
|
Geranium cicutarium L.
|
Erodium
cicutarium, also known as redstem filaree, redstem
stork's bill, common stork's-billor pinweed, is a
herbaceous annual – or in warm
climates, biennial – member of the
family Geraniaceae of flowering plants. It is native to
the Mediterranean Basin and was introduced
to North America in the eighteenth century,[1] where it has since
become invasive, particularly of the desertsand arid grasslands of the southwestern United States.[2]
Contents
[show]
The
plant is widespread across North America. The plant grows as an annual in the
northern half of North America. In the southern areas of North America, the
plant tends to grow as a biennial with a more erect habit and with much larger
leaves, flowers and fruits. It flowers from May until August. Common
stork's-bill can be found in bare, sandy, grassy places both inland and around
the coasts. It is a food plant for the larvae of the brown argus butterfly.
It
is a hairy, sticky annual. The stems bear bright pink flowers, which often have
dark spots on the bases. The flowers are arranged in a loose cluster and have
ten filaments – five of which are fertile – and five styles.[4] The leaves are
pinnate to pinnate-pinnatifid, and the long seed-pod, shaped like the bill of a
stork, bursts open in a spiral when ripe, sending the seeds (which have little
feathery parachutes attached) into the air.
Seed
launch is accomplished using a spring mechanism powered by shape changes as the
fruits dry.[5] The spiral shape of
the awn can unwind during daily changes in humidity, leading to self-burial of
the seeds once they are on the ground. The two tasks (springy launch and
self-burial) are accomplished with the same tissue (the awn), which is
hygroscopically active and warps upon wetting and also gives rise to the draggy
hairs on the awn.
Morphology of E. cicutarium
Flower
Leaf
Achenes
The
entire plant is edible with a flavor similar to sharp parsley if picked young.
According to John Lovell's Honey Plants of North America(1926),
"the pink flowers are a valuable source of honey (nectar), and also furnish
much pollen".[6] Among the Zuni people, a poultice of chewed root is
applied to sores and rashes and an infusion of the root is
taken for stomachache.[7]
/////////////
چوب آگار (انگلیسی: Agarwood) نوعی انگم درون چوب
درخت Aquilaria
و Gyrinops بومی آسیای جنوب شرقی است. در
بسیاری از فرهنگها برای عطر آن ارزش قائل هستند، و در نتیجه برای ساخت عود (چوب) و
عطر استفاده میشود.
/////////////
قس گاهارو در باسای جاوی و اندونزی:
Gaharu adalah kayu berwarna kehitaman dan mengandung resin khas yang dihasilkan oleh sejumlah spesies pohon dari marga/genus Aquilaria,
terutama A. malaccensis. Resin ini
digunakan dalam industri wangi-wangian (parfum dan setanggi) karena
berbau harum. Gaharu sejak awal era modern (2000 tahun yang lalu) telah menjadi
komoditi perdagangan dari Kepulauan Nusantara ke India, Persia, Jazirah Arab, serta Afrika Timur.
////////////
Agarwood
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cultivated aloes/agar wood
Agarwood or aloeswood is
a fragrant dark resinous wood used in
incense, perfume, and small carvings. It is formed in the heartwood of aquilaria trees when they
become infected with a type of mould. Prior to infection, the
heartwood is odourless, relatively light and pale coloured; however, as the
infection progresses, the tree produces a dark aromatic resin, called aloes or agar (as
well as gaharu, jinko, oud, or oodh;
not to be confused with bukhoor), in response to the
attack, which results in a very dense, dark, resin embedded heartwood. The
resin embedded wood is valued in many cultures for its distinctive fragrance,
and thus is used for incense and perfumes.
Uninfected aquilaria wood lacking the dark
resin
One
of the main reasons for the relative rarity and high cost of agarwood is the
depletion of the wild resource.[1] Since 1995 Aquilaria malaccensis, the primary source, has
been listed in Appendix
II (potentially threatened species) by the Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.[2] In 2004 all Aquilaria species
were listed in Appendix II; however, a number of countries have outstanding
reservations regarding that listing.[2]
First-grade
agarwood is one of the most expensive natural raw materials in the world,[citation needed]with 2010 prices for
superior pure material as high as US$100,000/kg, although in practice
adulteration of the wood and oil is common, allowing for prices as low as
US$100/kg.[3] A whole range of
qualities and products are on the market, varying in quality with geographical
location, botanical species, the age of the specific tree, cultural deposition
and the section of the tree where the piece of agarwood stems from.[4] Oud oil is
distilled from agarwood, and fetches high prices depending on the oil's purity.
The current global market for agarwood is estimated to be in the range of US$6
– 8 billion and is growing rapidly.[5]
Contents
[show]
The
odour of agarwood is complex and pleasing,[6] with few or no
similar natural analogues. In the perfume state, the scent is mainly
distinguished by a combination of "oriental-woody" and "very
soft fruity-floral" notes. The incense smoke is also characterized by a
"sweet-balsamic" note and "shades of vanilla and musk" and
amber (not to be confused with ambergris).[4] As a result,
agarwood and its essential oil gained great
cultural and religious significance in ancient civilizations around the world,
being mentioned throughout one of the world's oldest written texts – the Sanskrit Vedas from India.
As
early as the third century AD in ancient China, the chronicle Nan zhou yi wu
zhi (Strange things from the South) written by Wa Zhen of the
Eastern Wu
Dynasty mentioned
agarwood produced in the Rinan commandery, now Central Vietnam, and how people
collected it in the mountains.
Antique agarwood rosary with inlaid gold,
late Qing dynasty, China. Adilnor Collection, Sweden.
During
the sixth century AD in Japan, in the recordings of the Nihon Shoki (The Chronicles of
Japan) the second oldest book of classical Japanese history, mention is made of
a large piece of fragrant wood identified as agarwood. The source for this
piece of wood is claimed to be from Pursat, Cambodia (based on the smell
of the wood). The famous piece of wood still remains in Japan today and is
showcased less than 10 times per century at the Nara National Museum.
Agarwood’s
use as a medicinal product has been recorded in the Sahih Muslim, which dates back to
approximately the ninth century, and in the Ayurvedic medicinal text
the Susruta
Samhita.[7]
Starting
in 1580 after Nguyễn
Hoàng took
control over the central provinces of modern Vietnam, he encouraged trade with
other countries, specifically China and Japan. Agarwood was exported in three
varieties: Calambac (kỳ nam in Vietnamese), trầm hương (very similar but
slightly harder and slightly more abundant), and agarwood proper. A pound of
Calambac bought in Hội An for 15 taelscould be sold in Nagasaki for 600 taels. The Nguyễn Lords soon established
a Royal
Monopoly over
the sale of Calambac. This monopoly helped fund the Nguyễn state finances
during the early years of the Nguyen rule.[8]
Xuanzang's travelogues and
the Harshacharita, written in seventh
century AD in Northern India, mentions use of agarwood products such as
'Xasipat' (writing-material) and 'aloe-oil' in ancient Assam (Kamarupa). The
tradition of making writing materials from its bark still exists in Assam.
Aquilaria tree showing darker agarwood.
Poachers had scraped off the bark to allow the tree to become infected by
the ascomycetous mould.
Agarwood
is known under many names in different cultures:
·
In Cambodia, it is called
"chann crassna". The fragrance from this wood is called "khloem
chann" (ខ្លឹមចាន់) or
"khloem chann crassna". "khloem" is fragrance, "chann
crassna" is the tree species Aquilaria crassna in khmer
language.
·
In Bengali, agarwood is known as
"agor/agoro gach (আগর গাছ)" and the agarwood oil as "agor/agoro
attor (আগর আতর)".
·
It is known as chénxiāng (沉香) in Chinese, "Cham Heong"
in Cantonese, trầm hương[11] in Vietnamese, and jinkō (沈香) in Japanese; all meaning
"sinking incense" and alluding to its high density. In Japan, there
are several grades of jinkō, the highest of which is known as kyara (伽羅).[12]
·
Both agarwood and its
resin distillate/extracts are known as oud (عود)
in Arabic (literally
"rod/stick") and used to describe agarwood in Arab countries.[13] Western perfumers
also often use agarwood essential oil under the name "oud" or
"oudh".[14]
·
In Europe it was referred
to as Lignum aquila (eagle-wood) or Agilawood,
because of the similarity in sound of agila to gaharu.[15]
·
Another name is Lignum
aloes or Aloeswood. This is potentially confusing, since a genus Aloeexists (unrelated), which
has medicinal uses.[15]
·
In Tibetan it is known as ཨ་ག་རུ་ (a-ga-ru). There are
several varieties used in Tibetan Medicine: unique eaglewood: ཨར་བ་ཞིག་ (ar-ba-zhig); yellow
eaglewood: ཨ་ག་རུ་སེར་པོ་ (a-ga-ru ser-po), white eaglewood: ཨར་སྐྱ་ (ar-skya), and black
eaglewood: ཨར་ནག་(ar-nag).[16][17]
·
In Tamil it is called
"akil" (அகில்) though
what was referred in ancient Tamil literature could well be Excoecaria
agallocha.
·
In Myanmar (Burma) it is
known as "Thit Mhwae".
There
are seventeen species in the genus Aquilaria, large evergreens native
to southeast
Asia,
and nine are known to produce agar wood.[22] In theory agarwood
can be produced from all members; however, until recently it was primarily
produced from A. malaccensis. A. agallocha and A.
secundaria are synonyms for A. malaccensis.[1] A. crassna and A.
sinensis are the other two members of the genus that are usually
harvested. The gyrinops tree can also
produce agarwood.[23]
Steam distillation process used to
extract agarwood essential oils
Formation
of agar wood occurs in the trunk and roots of trees that have been penetrated
by a wood and oily resin feeding bug. The insect belongs to the family of
the Ambrosia beetle named Dinoplatypus Chevrolati (Gen.
Sc. Prof. Stephan-Alexander E.C. Peter, Lembah Sari National Park Mt. Rinjani
Lombok, Indonesia). A life-long infection may occur, and in response, the tree
produces a salutary self defense material to conceal damages or “infections".
While the unaffected wood of the tree is relatively light in colour, the resin
dramatically increases the mass and density of the affected wood, changing its
color from a pale beige to yellow, orange, red, dark brown or black. In natural
forests, only about 7 out of 100 Aquilaria trees of same species are infected
and produce aloes/agar wood. A common method in artificial forestry is to inoculate all the trees with
the fungus. It produces a "damage sap" and is scientifically referred
to as "fake" aloes/agar wood.[22] Oud oil can be
distilled from real (minimal 45+ years of naturally
(Dinoplatypus Chevrolati) fermenting due to its continuously
infection)aloes/agar wood status using steam, the total yield
of agar wood (Oud) oil for 70 kg of wood will not exceed 20 ml (Harris,
1995).
The
composition of agarwood oil is exceedingly complex with more than 150 compounds
identified so far.[3] At least 70 of
these are terpenoids which come in the
form of sesquiterpenes and chromones; no monoterpenes have been detected
at all. Other common classes of compounds include agarofurans, cadinanes, eudesmanes, valencanes and eremophilanes, guaianes, prezizanes, vetispiranes, simple volatile
aromatic compounds as well as a range of miscellaneous compounds.[3] The exact balance
of these materials will vary depending on the age and species of tree as well
as the exact details of the oil extraction process.
·
Aquilaria acuminata,
found in Papua New Guinea, Indonesia & Philippines
·
Aquilaria baillonil,
found in Thailand and Cambodia
·
Aquilaria baneonsis,
found in Vietnam
·
Aquilaria brachyantha,
found in Malaysia
·
Aquilaria cumingiana,
found in Indonesia and Malaysia
|
·
Aquilaria grandiflora,
found in China
|
Overharvesting and habitat loss threatens some
populations of agarwood-producing species. Concern over the impact of the
global demand for agarwood has thus led to the inclusion of the main taxa
on CITES Appendix II, which
requires that international trade in agarwood be monitored. Monitoring is
conducted by London based TRAFFIC (a joint WWF and IUCN programme). CITES
also provides that international trade in agarwood be subject to controls
designed to ensure that harvest and exports are not to the detriment of the
survival of the species in the wild.
In
addition, agarwood plantations have been established in a number of countries,
and reintroduced into countries such as Malaysia and Sri Lanka as commercial
plantation crops. The success of these plantation depends on the stimulation of
agarwood production in the trees. Numerous inoculation techniques have been
developed, with varying degrees of success.[22]
2.
^ Jump up to:a b CITES (25 April 2005)
"Notification to the Parties" No. 2005/0025. (PDF) . Retrieved on
2013-07-22.
3.
^ Jump up to:a b c Naef, Regula
(March 2010). "The volatile and semi-volatile constituents of agarwood,
the infected heartwood of Aquilaria species: a review". Flavour and
Fragrance Journal. 26 (2): 73–87. doi:10.1002/ffj.2034.
4.
^ Jump up to:a b Dinah Jung, The Value of Agarwood:
Reflections upon its use and history in South Yemen, Universitätsbibliothel,
Universität Heidelberg, 30 May 2011, (PDF) p. 4.
5.
Jump up^ International Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, ISSN 2305-0330, Volume 2, Issue 1:
January 2013)
6.
Jump up^ International
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, ISSN 2305-0330, Volume 2, Issue 1:
January 2013)
8.
Jump up^ Li, Tana
(1998) Nguyễn Cochinchina: southern Vietnam in the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries, Southeast Asia Program Publications, Ithaca, New
York, p. 79, ISBN 0-87727-722-2
9.
Jump up^ Pusey, Edward
Bouverie (1885) Daniel the Prophet: Nine Lectures, Delivered in the
Divinity School of the University of Oxford Funk & Wagnalls, New
York, p. 515, OCLC 5577227
10.
Jump up^ "Aguru" Archived 7 June 2010 at
the Wayback
Machine.
in Sanskrit Dictionary from Bhaktivedanta VedaBase Network
11.
Jump up^ Thứ Hai (9 April 2006)
"kỳ nam và trầm hương" Tuổi Trẻ Online. Tuoitre.com.vn.
Retrieved on 2013-07-22.
12.
Jump up^ Morita, Kiyoko
(1999). The Book of Incense: Enjoying the Traditional Art of Japanese
Scents. Kodansha USA. ISBN 4770023898.
13.
Jump up^ Burfield, Tony (2005) "Agarwood Trading" Archived 1 April 2010 at
the Wayback
Machine. The
Cropwatch Files, Cropwatch
14.
Jump up^ Branch, Nathan (30
May 2009) "Dawn Spencer
Hurwitz Oude Arabique (extrait)" (fashion and fragrance reviews)
15.
^ Jump up to:a b c Yule, Henry and
Burnell, Arther Coke (1903) "Eaglewood" Hobson-Jobson: A
Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms,
Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive (2nd edition)
John Murray, London, p. 335, OCLC 33186146
16.
Jump up^ Parfionovitch,
Yuri; Dorje, Gyurme and Meyer, Fernand (1992) Tibetan medical
paintings: illustrations to the Blue beryl treatise of Sangye Gyamtso
(1653–1705) (English edition of Tibetan text & paintings) (2
volumes) Serindia, London, ISBN 0-906026-26-1
17.
Jump up^ Aromatics, an
encyclopedia. 2010. Please note: due to the method of assigning names to
medicinal botanicals used in Tibet, it must be considered that woods with
similar medicinal properties are named as varieties of the same medicine, and
not according to anything akin to the nomenclature of Western botany. Tibetan
botanical taxonomy is still in the earliest stage: "white aloeswood"
actually refers to the non-aromatic portions of the Indian sandalwood tree;
"yellow aloeswood" refers to the scented heartwood of Santalum album.
Unique aloeswood is the highest grade of Aquilaria agallocha resin,
known in English as Agallochum, while "black aloeswood" is the
resin infused wood of the same tree; "brown aloeswood" is actually
the scented wood of several Dalbergia species from India and Bhutan.
18.
Jump up^ Panda, H. (1
January 2009). Aromatic Plants
Cultivation, Processing And Uses. National Institute Of
Industrial Re. p. 182. ISBN 978-81-7833-057-0. Retrieved 8
October 2010.
21.
Jump up^ Hkum, Seng Hkum N
and Maodee, M. (July 2005) "Marketing and
Domestication of NTFPs in North Phonsali Three Districts" NPADP Presentation,
NTFP MIS Workshop Luangprabang, North Phongsali Alternative Development
Project, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
22.
^ Jump up to:a b c d Ng, L.T.; Chang
Y.S.; Kadir, A.A. (1997). "A review on agar (gaharu) producing Aquilaria
species". Journal of Tropical Forest Products. 2 (2):
272–285.
23.
Jump up^ The genus
Gyrinops, is closely related to Aquilaria and in the past all species were
considered to belong to Aquilaria. Blanchette, Robert A. (2006) "Cultivated Agarwood
– Training programs and Research in Papua New Guinea", Forest Pathology and
Wood Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology,
University of Minnesota
&&&&&&&
هرفروری
بفتح ها و سکون را و فتح فا و کسر راء
مهمله و سکون واو و کسر راء مهمله و یا لغت هندی است
ماهیت آن
ثمر درخت هندی است بزرک و شاخ آن انبوه
و برک آن طولانی اندک عریض املس غیر مشرف و سبز شکفته در شاخهای باریک و در دو صف مقابل
بهم و کل آن بسیار ریزه صندلی رنک و ثمر آن مدور شش پهلو و ترش و در خامی سبز و بعد
رسیدن زردرنک می کردد و آن را می خورند خام و پخته و مخلل آن را نیز ترتیب می دهند
طبیعت آن
سرد و تر در سوم
افعال و خواص آن
قامع صفرا و مسکن غلیان خون و حرارت و
مولد بلغم است
مخزن الادویه عقیلی خراسانی
/////////////
چیکو نام یکی از میوههای گرمسیری با پوستی قهوهای و
مزهای شیرین است. مزه آن نوعی شیرینی خاص است اما اگر میوه آن نرسیده باشد همچون
خرمالو بسیار گس میباشد.. درخت چیکو، ساپودیلا نام دارد و صمغ آن درخت که پیشتر برای
درست کردن سقِّز (آدامس) بکار میرفت چیکل نام دارد. چیکو بومی منطقه یوکاتان است. همچنین درخت چیکو در
استانهای سیستان و بلوچستان و هرمزگان کشت شده و شرایط آب و هوایی
ومحیطی لازم برای رشد را دارد.در حال حاضر چیکو یکی از میوه های مورد علاقه ی مردم
چابهار و سیستان و بلوچستانی ها است.
//////////
قس
سبوتة مألوفة (الاسم العلمي:Manilkara zapota) هي نوع من النباتات يتبع جنس السبوتة من الفصيلة السبوتية[1][2]. وأيضا تعرف باسمسابوديلا,[3] شجرة دائمة الاخضرار ذات عمر طويل
موطنها جنوب المكسيك, أمريكا الوسطي و منطقة البحر الكاريبي.[4] وهي تنمو بشكل طبيعي علي
سواحل ولاية يوكاتان في منطقة بيئية تسمي بيتينيس
مانجروفيس حيث تنمو كنوع شجرة فرعية،[5] واستقدمت إلى الفليبين وقت الاحتلال الإسباني، و تزرع بكميات هائلة في تايلاند, الهند, ماليزيا, اندونيسيا, بنغلاديش, المكسيك وفي المناطق الجنوبية من باكستان.
اسم سبوتة "zapota" يأتي من أصول لغات ناواتل عن طريق الكلمة الإسبانية zapote تلفظ إسباني: /sa'pote/."
Fruit, cross-section
محتويات
[أظهر]
Fruit & Spice Park,
Homestead, Florida. (1 of 4)
Fruit & Spice Park,
Homestead, Florida. (2 of 4)
Fruit & Spice Park, Homestead,
Florida. (3 of 4)
Fruit & Spice Park,
Homestead, Florida. (4 of 4)
هناك دراسات تفيد أن مواداً مستخلصة
من أوراق هذه الشجرة أظهرت تأثيراً مضاداً للسكري ومضاداً للتأكسد ومخفض
للكوليسترول عند تجربته على الجرذان.[6]
مقتطفات الأسيتون من البذور أظهرت
تأثيرات مضادة للجراثيم كبيرة ضد سلالات الزائفة الزيتية (بالإنجليزية: Pseudomonas oleovorans) وضمة الكوليرا (بالإنجليزية: Vibrio cholerae).[7]
- Achradelpha mammosa(L.) O.F.Cook
- Achras breviloba (Gilly)
Lundell
- Achras calderonii (Gilly)
Lundell
- Achras conzattii (Gilly)
Lundell
- Achras coriacea Lundell
- Achras cosaguico La Llave
- Achras dactylina Lundell
- Achras gaumeri (Gilly) Lundell
- Achras latiloba Lundell
- Achras lobulata (Lundell)
Lundell
- Achras lucuma Blanco
- Achras mammosa L. nom. illeg.
- Achras meridionalis (Gilly)
Lundell
- Achras occidentalis Cels ex
Ten.
- Achras paludosa Lundell
- Achras petenensis(Lundell)
Lundell
- Achras rojasii (Gilly) Lundell
- Achras sapatilla J.Paul
& W.Arnold
- Achras sapota f. aspermaM.Gómez
- Achras sapota var.candollei Pierre
- Achras sapota var.globosa Stokes
- Achras sapota var. lobata(A.DC.)
Pierre
- Achras sapota var. ovalisStokes
- Achras sapota var.pedicellaris Pierre
- Achras sapota var.sphaerica (A.DC.)
Pierre
- Achras striata (Gilly) Lundell
- Achras tabogaensis (Gilly)
Lundell
- Achras tainteriana Lundell
- Achras tchicomame Perr.
- Achras verrucosa Stokes
- Achras zapota L.
- Achras zapota var. majorJacq.
- Achras zapota var.zapotilla Jacq.
- Achras zapotilla (Jacq.)
Nutt.
- Calocarpum mammosum(L.) Pierre
- Calospermum mammosum (L.)
Pierre
- Gambeya mammosa (L.)
Pierre
- Lucuma mammosa (L.) C.F.Gaertn.
- Lucuma zapota (L.) Urb.
- Lucuma zapota var. anguaiRojas
Acosta
- Manilkara achras (Mill.)
Fosberg
- Manilkara breviloba Gilly
- Manilkara calderonii Gilly
- Manilkara conzattii Gilly
- Manilkara gaumeri Gilly
- Manilkara grisebachii(Pierre)
Dubard
- Manilkara meridionalisGilly
- Manilkara rojasii Gilly
- Manilkara sapota (L.) Van
Royen
- Manilkara striata Gilly
- Manilkara tabogaensisGilly
- Manilkara zapotilla (Jacq.)
Gilly
- Manilkariopsis lobulataLundell
- Manilkariopsis meridionalis (Gilly)
Lundell
- Manilkariopsis petenensisLundell
- Manilkariopsis rojasii(Gilly)
Lundell
- Manilkariopsis striata(Gilly)
Lundell
- Manilkariopsis tabogaensis (Gilly)
Lundell
- Mimusops grisebachiiPierre
- Nispero achras (Mill.) Aubrév.
- Pouteria mammosa (L.)
Cronquist
- Sapota achras Mill.
- Sapota zapotilla (Jacq.)
Coville ex Safford
- Vitellaria mammosa (L.)
Radlk.
3.
^ Morton, J.
(1987). "Sapodilla". In Julia F. Morton. Fruits of Warm Climates. Florida Flair
Books, Miami, FL. صفحات 393–398.
4.
^ "Manilkara zapota (L.)
P. Royen". Germplasm Resources Information Network.
United States Department of Agriculture. 1995-11-16. اطلع عليه بتاريخ2010-04-30.
5.
^ World
Wildlife Fund. eds. Mark McGinley, C.Michael Hogan & C. Cleveland.
2010. Petenes mangroves. Encyclopedia of Earth.
National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
6.
^ Fayek NM,
Monem AR, Mossa MY, Meselhy MR, Shazly AH (2012). "Chemical and biological
study of Manilkara zapota (L.) Van Royen leaves (Sapotaceae)
cultivated in Egypt.". Pharmacognosy Res. 4 (2):
85–91. PMID 22518080. doi:10.4103/0974-8490.94723.
7.
^ Kothari V,
Seshadri S (2010). "In vitro antibacterial activity in seed extracts
of Manilkara zapota, Anona squamosa, and Tamarindus
indica.". Biol Res. 43(2): 165–8. PMID 21031260. doi:10.4067/S0716-97602010000200003.
/////////////
قس در دیودهی(مالدیوی):
ސަބުދެލި(ސައިންޓިފިކް ނަން: Manilkara zapota)ނުވަތަ (އިނގިރޭސި ބަހުން: Sapodilla)އަކީ ގަހެއްގައި އަޅާ ފޮނިމޭވާ އެކެވެ.
މި ދޮންވީމާ ފުށްގޮތެއް ހުރެއެވެ. މީގެ ބޭރުތޮށި ހުންނަނީ ވިލާތު އަލުވީގެ ތޮށީގައި
ހުންނަ ކުލަޔާ ގާތް ކުލައެއްގައެވެ. ސަބުދެލި ގަސް ފުރަތަމަ ފެނުނީ މެކްސިކޯ އިންނެވެ.
އެއަށްފަހު ފިލިޕީންސް އިންނެވެ. ސަބުދެލި ގަހަކީ 40-30 މީޓަރުގެ އުސްމިނަށް ހެދޭ ގަހެކެވެ.
ސަބުދެލީގެ ތަފާތު ވައްތަރު ތައް ހުރެއެވެ. ބައެއް ވައްތަރުގެ ސަބުދެލި ހުންނަނީ ވަށްކޮށެވެ.
އަނެއް ބައި ވައްތަރު ހުންނަނީ ދިގުކޮށެވެ. ވަށް ސަބުދެލީގެ ވަށަމިނުގައި 8-4 ސމ ވަރު
ހުރެއެވެ. އަދި ސަބުދެލީގެ އެތެރޭގައި 10-2 ވަރަކަށް އޮށް ހުރެއެވެ
//////////
قس ساوو مانیلا در باسای اندونزی:
Sawo
manila (Manilkara
zapota) adalah pohon buah yang berumur panjang. Pohon dan buahnya dikenal
dengan beberapa nama seperti sawo (Ind., Jw.), sauh atau sauh
manila, atau ciku (Mly.).
Nama-namanya
dalam berbagai bahasa: tsiko (Filipina), ciku (Malaysia), chikoo atau sapota (India), sofeda(Bangladesh), xa pô chê atau hồng
xiêm (Vietnam), rata-mi (Sri Lanka), lamoot (ละมุด) di Thailand, Laos dan Kamboja, níspero (Venezuela), sugardilly (Kep. Bahama), naseberry (Hindia Barat), sapote (Nicaragua), sapoti(Brasil), sapotillier (bahasa Perancis) dan sapodilla (bahasa Inggris).
///////////////
قس ساوو در باسای جاوی:
Sawo (Manilkara
zapota) iku woh-wohan ijo langgeng sing
umuré dawa. Sawo uga bisa diarani neesbery|neesbery utawa
sapodilas|sapodilas[1]. Wit
sawo akèh ditandur ing Nagara India, Sri Lanka, Filipina, Meksiko, Venezuela, Guatemala,
lan Amérika
Tengah. Ing Indonésia,
lumrahé s