هرنوه
بفتح ها و سکون را و ضم نون و واو و ها
و آن را قرنوه نیز نامند
ماهیت آن
کفته اند ثمر درخت عود است کوچکتر از فلفل
و با اندک زردی و طعم آن تند و بوی آن خوش شبیه ببوی عود و از حوالی سنجر و عمان آورند
طبیعت آن
مرکب
القوی در دوم کرم و در خشکی معتدل
افعال و خواص آن
مفرح و محلل اعضاء الراس و الصدر و الغذاء
و النفض بخور آن مانع زکام و نزله و آشامیدن آن جهت اوجاع حلق و تفریح قلب و تقویت
و تلیین آن و اعانت بر هضم و تسخین کرده و مثانه و آشامیدن طبیخ آن مدر بول و بهترین
استعمال آن خائیدن آنست و کذاشتن میان متاع و جامه مانع کرم زدن آن و بیخ آن را چون
چهل روز میان شراب و یا سرکۀ نارس بکذارند بسیار سیاه می کردد به حدی که از عود هندی
تفرقه نتوان نمود مقدار شربت آن تا دو درهم بدل آن قاقله است
مخزن الادویه عقیلی خراسانی
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هرنوه . [ هََ ن ُ وَ ] (اِ) میوه ٔ درخت عود است و آن کوچکتر از
فلفل و به زردی مایل است . بوی عود می کند. طبیخ وی بول را براند و سنگ مثانه را بریزاند.
(برهان ). قرنوه . (ابن بیطار). ابوسهل گوید: فاغره ٔ هندی است و صحیح آن است که :آن
دانه ای است که به فارغه شباهت دارد و خردتر از وی بود. پوست او مانند فاغره شکافته
شود، اما سخت تر از پوست فاغره بود... بوی او به بوی عود هندی مشابه بود. (از ترجمه
ٔ صیدنة). فرنوه . رجوع به فرنوه
شود.
/////////////
قَرنوه (اسم):
القَرْنُوَةُ : عُشْبَةٌ خضراءُ
غبراءُ على ساقٍ يَضْربُ ورقها إِلى الحمرة ، لها ثمرة كالسُّنبلة ، وهي مُرَّةٌ
يُدبغ بها الأَساقي ، القَرْنُوَةُ قرونٌ تنبت أَكبر من قرون الدُّجْر فيها حبٌّ أَكبر من
الحِمَّص ، فإِذا جُشَّ خرج أَصفر ، فَيُطْبَخ كما تُطْبخ الهريسة فيؤكل ؛
ويُدَّخر للشتاء
/////////////
اَختَری ،کوکبی یا میوه ستاره نام میوه‌ای
استوایی از تیرهٔ ترشکیان (Oxalidaceae) . سردهٔ ابن رُشدی‌ها (Averrhoa) است .
این میوه بومی سری‌لانکا، هندوستان و اندونزی
است. اختری از خویشاوندان نزدیک میوه بیلیمبی است.
معرفی[ویرایش]
این میوه از میوه‌های مناطق گرمسیری می‌باشد.
رنگ آن سبز و گاهی زرد می‌باشد. پوست آن براق است. از انواعی که دارای نقطه یا خط‌های
قهوه‌ای می‌باشد، استفاده نکنید. استفادهٔ کوکبی آسان است. نیاز به پوست کندن و
جدا کردن دانه ندارد. به آرامی تغییر رنگ می‌دهد. مزهٔ بعضی از انواع آن ترش و برخی
شیرین می‌باشد. (مانند انگور پوست کلفت) شکل زیبایی دارد و وقتی آن را می‌بریم بسیار
شبیه ستاره می باشد. می‌توان از آن در سالاد و برای تزئین غذاها استفاده کرد.
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قس فاکهة النجمیه در عربی:
فاكهة النجمة
[عدل]
محتويات [أظهر]
نبذه عن الشجره التي تنتج فاكهة النجمه[عدل]
الاسم العلمي : Averrhoa carambola
العائلة : Oxalidaceae
الكرمبولا شجرة تزرع في المناطق الاستوائية
وشبه المدارية وهى بطيئة النمو تتكيف مع الجو الدافىء ولا تحتمل الاجواء الباردة وتنمو
تقريبا في جميع انواع التربة الا انها تنمو بشكل أفضل في التربة المالحة ويعتقد ان
جنوب شرق اسيا هو موطنها الاصلى
الشجرة متوسطة الحجم يصل ارتفاعها إلى
22-33 قدماً ، ذات جذع واحد أو جذوع متعددة . الأوراق مركبة ، تحمل كل ورقة 4-5 أزواج
من الوريقات الرمحيه المسحوبة القمة وهي لامعة بلون أخضر فاتح. الأزهار صغيرة الحجم
بنفسجيـة اللون . والثمار عنبية ذات شكل إهلييجى أو بيضوى يتراوح طولها بين 5-13سم
ذات لون أصفر باهت إلى غامق مقسمة إلى حوالى 5 مناطق بارزة (أجنحة) . وتكون الثمار
الناضجة شفافة عصيرية ذات طعم حلو مع حموضة مقبولة . عند تقطيع ثمار الكرمبولا من المنتصف،
تأخذ القطع شكل نجمة خماسية مكتملة، ولهذا اشتهرت تسميتها بفاكهة النجم.
فاكهة النجمة star fruit[عدل]
شجرة فاكهة النجمة هي شجرة بطيئة النمو
وتتكيف مع الطقس الدافيء
أما في الأجواء الباردة فيجب حمايتها من
الرياح بعمل حواجز ومصدات يتوقف نمو الشجرة عند حرارة 55 -66 ف
وقد تموت عند حرارة أقل من 28 ف
تحتاج إلى ضوء شمس كامل
تخصب من 4 -5 مرات في السنة
ملاحظة[عدل]
السقاية معتدلة والاسراف في الري وقت التزهير
يؤدي إلى عدم التلقيح والانتاج
الموطن الاصلي[عدل]
اكتشفت في أمريكا منذ 150 سنة
ويقال ان موطنها الأصلي هو بلدان :
ماليزيا - اندونيسيا - جنوب الصين
الفاكهة خالية من[عدل]
الدهون والصوديوم والكوليسترول
غنية بفيتامين سي
ما هي فاكهة النجمه[عدل]
هي فاكهة خفيفة الوزن أشبه بالفليفلة أو
الفلفل الرومي
ولكن في ماليزيا يصنعون منها عصيرا من
أروع العصائر التي قد تتذوقها في حياتك.. وحقيقة هي طعمها مثل أي فاكهة حمضية أو بالأحرى
مثل فاكهة الاناناس مع التفاح الأخضر ولكنها يوجد بها قليل من المرارة ..(مرارة الصبر..)
ويكون طعمها أكثر حلاوة كلما مال لونها إلى اللون الأصفر .. ولونها يأتي أصفر براقا
لامعاً محدد باللون الأخضر وهي نجمية الشكل مكونة من خمسة رؤس وحجمها ما بين 3 إلى
5 إنشات .. وتحتوي الحصة الواحدة منها على 40 كالوري فقط ..وهي تعتبر من المصادر الجيدة
لفيتامين A & C
..
فائدتها في معالجة الامراض[عدل]
يعتبر الحمض الأميني أرجنين أساسياً لتكاثر
الفيروسات والتي ينتج عنها أمراض معدية وعيوب خلقية والتي يمكن أن يكون لها علاقة بالسرطان
.. وهناك حمض أميني آخر يعرف باسم لايسن (Lysine) وهذا الحمض يثبط تكاثر الفيروس، ومن هنا نلاحظ
أن الناس يبحثون عن الغذاء الغني بحمض اللايسين والمنخفض في محتوى الأرجنين.
وثمرة النجمة تعتبر من النباتات التي لديها
نسبة عالية من اللايسين ولكن بها نسبة منخفضة من الارجنين وهي تشمل نسبة اللايسين إلى
الارجنين 4إلى 1..لذلك تفيد في علاج هذه الامراض وتثبيط نشاطها ..
بعض استخداماتها[عدل]
هى تؤكل طازجة ، كما تستخدم في عمل العصير،
المربى ، الجلى ، المخللات وسلطة الفواكه ، وأيضاً تستعمل عصارة الثمار الحمضية في
تنظيف النحاس الأصفر وإزالة البقع من الملابس
///////////////
قس در دیوهی (مالدیوی):
ކާމަރަނގަ
ކާމަރަނގަ ފުރަތަމަ ހައްދާފައިވަނީ ދެކުނު އޭޝިޔާ އަދި އިރުމަތީ އޭޝިޔާގެ ގައުމު ތަކުގައެވެ. ޚާއްޞަކޮށް އޮޅުދޫ ކަރަ، ހިންދުސްތާން، އަދި މެލޭޝިޔާ އާއި އިންޑޮނޭޝިޔާ ފަދަ ގައުމު ތަކުގައެވެ. ނަމަވެސް މިހާރު ޕެރޫ، ބްރެޒިލް، ގާނާ، ގުޔާނާ، ފްރެންޗް ޕޮލީނީޝިއާ، އަދި ޓޯންގާ ގައި ވެސް ހައްދައެވެ. ވިޔަފާރީގެ އުސޫލުން އެމެރިކާގެ ފްލޮރިޑާ އަދި ހަވާއީ ގައި ވެސް ހައްދައެވެ. ކާމަރަނގަ އަކީ ބިލިމަގާއި ސިފައިގައި ވައްތަރު ގޮތެއް ހުންނަ ކާނާގެ ބާވަތެކެވެ.
///////////
قس بلمبینگ در باسای اندونزی:
Belimbing
/ Belimbing Manis adalah tumbuhan penghasil buah berbentuk khas yang berasal
dari Indonesia, India, dan Sri Langka.
Saat ini, belimbing telah tersebar ke penjuru Asia
Tenggara, Republik Dominika, Brasil, Peru, Ghana, Guyana, Tonga, dan Polinesia.
Usaha penanaman secara komersial dilakukan di Amerika
Serikat, yaitu di Florida Selatan dan Hawaii. Di
Indonesia, buah ini menjadi ikon kota Depok,
Jawa Barat, sejak tahun 2007.
//////////
قس در عبری:
קרמבולה (שם מדעי: Averrhoa carambola. מכונה פרי כוכב
או כוכבית) הוא עץ פרי קטן עד בינוני, תדיר-ירק, מוצאו מהארצות הטרופיות של דרום-מזרח
אסיה. משתייך למשפחת החמציציים.
פרי הקרמבולה, על מגוון זניו,
נפוץ מאוד בארצות מוצאו ומשמש כפרי מאכל חשוב, בדרום סין ובצפון הודו, במאלאיה, בתאילנד,
בוייטנאם, בברזיל ובאיי הפיליפינים, ובארצות נוספות. בכל ארץ הוא זכה לשם ייחודי משלו.
פרי הקרמבולה נאכל בארצות אלה גם כפרי וגם כירק חמוץ ומשמש לעתים גם כירק לשימורים.
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قس بلیمبینگ در باسای جاوی:
Wit Blimbing asalé saka Indonésia, India, lan Sri Langka, sarta akèh ing laladan Asia
Kidul-Wétan, Républik
Dominika, Brasil, Peru, Ghana, Guyana, Tonga, lan Polinesia.[1] Blimbing ditandur kanthi komersial ing Amérika
Sarékat, ya iku ing Florida Kidul lan Hawaii.[1]
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Averrhoa carambola is a species of tree in the family Oxalidaceae;
it has a number of common names, including carambola and starfruit.[1]
This evergreen tree is
native to Southeast Asia and the Indian Subcontinent.[2][3] A. carambola is a small tree
or shrub that grows 5–12 metres tall, with rose to red-purple flowers. The
flowers are small and bell-shaped, with five petals that have whitish edges.
The flowers are often produced year round under tropical conditions.
The tree is cultivated
in tropical and semitropical regions for its edible
fruits and for its medicinal uses.
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Erodium laciniatum, Hambaz (حمباز ),Qarnawah ( قرنوة )
Geraniaceae,Erodium laciniatum, E pulverulentum, Hambaz ( حمباز ) ,Qarnawah (قرنوة ) , Cut leaved
crane's bill, Cut leaf stork's bill, Native and common ( Qat), Derivation of
the botanical name:
Erodium, Greek erodios, a heron; the carpels of these plants
resemble the head and beak of a heron.
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نوک لک‌لکی هرز (نام علمی: Erodium cicutarium) نام یک گونه از سرده
نوک لک لکی است.
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قس رقمه شوکرانیه در عربی:
رقمة شوكرانية[عدل]
الرقمة الشوكرانية
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أزهار الرقمة الشوكرانية
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رسم توضيحي لنبات الرقمة الشوكرانية
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النطاق:
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المملكة:
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الفرقة العليا:
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القسم:
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الشعبة:
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الشعيبة:
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الطائفة:
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الرتبة:
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الفصيلة:
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الجنس:
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الرقمة Erodium
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النوع:
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الشوكرانية cicutarium
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اسم علمي سابق
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Geranium
cicutarium
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الرقمة
الشوكرانية (باللاتينية: Erodium cicutarium) نوع نباتي يتبع جنس الرقمة من الفصيلة الغرنوقية.[1]
الموئل
والانتشار[عدل]
مرادفات للاسم
العلمي[عدل]
- (باللاتينية: Geranium
cicutarium L.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium
aethiopicum (Lam.) Brumh. & Thell.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium
arenarium Jord.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium ballii
Jord.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium
bipinnatum Willd.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium
chaerophyllum (Cav.) Coss.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium
danicum K. Larsen)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium
glutinosum Dumort.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium
jacquinianum Fisch. & al.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium
marcuccii Parl.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium
microphyllum Pomel)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium
pilosum (Thuill.) Steud.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium
pimpinellifolium (With.) Sibth.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium
praecox (Cav.) Willd.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium
primulaceum (Lange) Lange)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium
sabulicola (Lange) Lange)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium
salzmannii Delile)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium
staphylinum Bertol.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium
sublyratum Samp.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium
tenuisectum Godr. & Gren.)
- (باللاتينية: Erodium
tocranum Guitt. & Le Houér.)
- (باللاتينية: Geranium
aethiopicum Lam.)
- (باللاتينية: Geranium
pilosum Thuill.)
- (باللاتينية: Geranium
praecox Cav.)
مراجع[عدل]
2.
^ قاعدة البيانات
الأوروبية-المتوسطية للنباتات. خريطة
انتشار الرقمة الشوكرانية (بالإنكليزية). تاريخ الولوج 15 كانون الأول 2013.
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قس سیکوتا دورنا اوْتو در آذری:
سیکوتا دورنا اوْتو (اینگیلیسجه: Erodium cicutarium، (فارسجا:نوک لک‌لکی
هرز)، (تورکجه:Sikuta durnaotu)، (عربجه:رقمة شوكرانية)، (فرانسه‌جه:Gewöhnlicher
Reiherschnabel)،
(آلمانجا:Gewöhnlicher Reiherschnabel)) بیر نؤع بیتکی.
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قس لیلاکتومشوک در ازبکی:
Laylaktumshuq,
qoramashoq [Erodium cicutarium (L.) LʼHérit.] — yoronguldoshlar oilasiga mansub bir
yillik oʻt. Oʻrta Osiyo, Gʻarbiy Sibirda dasht, yaylov, togʻ yon bagʻirlarida, ekinlar orasida oʻsadi. Bargi choʻziq, patsimon, guli qizgʻish
pushti, 3—6 tadan toʻplangan. Bahordan kech kuzgacha gullaydi. Mevasi laylak
tumshugʻiga oʻxshash uzun (nomi shundan olingan). Tarkibida oshlovchi
moddalar bor. L.dan tabobatda ichki organlardan
qon ketishini toʻxtatishda foydalaniladi.[1]
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Erodium cicutarium
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Erodium cicutarium
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Kingdom:
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Clade:
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Clade:
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Clade:
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Order:
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Family:
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Genus:
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Species:
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E. cicutarium
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Geranium cicutarium L.
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Erodium
cicutarium, also known as redstem filaree, redstem
stork's bill, common stork's-billor pinweed, is a
herbaceous annual – or in
warm climates, biennial –
member of the family Geraniaceae of flowering plants. It is native to the Mediterranean Basin and
was introduced to North America in the eighteenth century,[1] where it has since
become invasive, particularly of the desertsand arid grasslands of the southwestern
United States.[2]
Contents
[show]
The
plant is widespread across North America. The plant grows as an annual in the
northern half of North America. In the southern areas of North America, the
plant tends to grow as a biennial with a more erect habit and with much larger
leaves, flowers and fruits. It flowers from May until August. Common
stork's-bill can be found in bare, sandy, grassy places both inland and around
the coasts. It is a food plant for the larvae of the brown argus butterfly.
It
is a hairy, sticky annual. The stems bear bright pink flowers, which often have
dark spots on the bases. The flowers are arranged in a loose cluster and have
ten filaments – five of which are fertile – and five styles.[4] The leaves are
pinnate to pinnate-pinnatifid, and the long seed-pod, shaped like the bill of a
stork, bursts open in a spiral when ripe, sending the seeds (which have little
feathery parachutes attached) into the air.
Seed
launch is accomplished using a spring mechanism powered by shape changes as the
fruits dry.[5] The spiral shape of
the awn can unwind during daily changes in humidity, leading to self-burial of
the seeds once they are on the ground. The two tasks (springy launch and
self-burial) are accomplished with the same tissue (the awn), which is
hygroscopically active and warps upon wetting and also gives rise to the draggy
hairs on the awn.
Morphology of E. cicutarium
Flower
Leaf
Achenes
The
entire plant is edible with a flavor similar to sharp parsley if picked young.
According to John Lovell's Honey Plants of North America(1926),
"the pink flowers are a valuable source of honey (nectar), and also
furnish much pollen".[6] Among the Zuni people, a poultice of chewed root is applied to
sores and rashes and an infusion of the root
is taken for stomachache.[7]
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چوب آگار (انگلیسی: Agarwood) نوعی انگم درون چوب
درخت Aquilaria
و Gyrinops بومی آسیای جنوب شرقی است. در
بسیاری از فرهنگ‌ها برای عطر آن ارزش قائل هستند، و در نتیجه برای ساخت عود (چوب) و
عطر استفاده می‌شود.
/////////////
قس گاهارو در باسای جاوی و اندونزی:
Gaharu adalah kayu berwarna kehitaman dan mengandung resin khas yang dihasilkan oleh sejumlah spesies pohon dari marga/genus Aquilaria,
terutama A. malaccensis. Resin ini digunakan
dalam industri wangi-wangian (parfum dan setanggi) karena
berbau harum. Gaharu sejak awal era modern (2000 tahun yang lalu) telah menjadi
komoditi perdagangan dari Kepulauan Nusantara ke India, Persia, Jazirah Arab, serta Afrika Timur.
////////////
Agarwood
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Aloes" redirects here. For other
uses, see aloe (disambiguation).
Cultivated aloes/agar wood
Agarwood or aloeswood is
a fragrant dark resinous wood used in incense, perfume,
and small carvings. It is formed in the heartwood of aquilaria trees when they become infected
with a type of mould. Prior to infection, the heartwood is
odourless, relatively light and pale coloured; however, as the infection
progresses, the tree produces a dark aromatic resin, called aloes or agar (as
well as gaharu, jinko, oud, or oodh;
not to be confused with bukhoor), in response to
the attack, which results in a very dense, dark, resin embedded heartwood. The
resin embedded wood is valued in many cultures for its distinctive fragrance,
and thus is used for incense and perfumes.
Uninfected aquilaria wood lacking the dark
resin
One
of the main reasons for the relative rarity and high cost of agarwood is the
depletion of the wild resource.[1] Since 1995 Aquilaria malaccensis,
the primary source, has been listed in Appendix II (potentially threatened species) by
the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
of Wild Fauna and Flora.[2] In 2004 all Aquilaria species
were listed in Appendix II; however, a number of countries have outstanding reservations
regarding that listing.[2]
First-grade
agarwood is one of the most expensive natural raw materials in the world,[citation needed]with 2010 prices for
superior pure material as high as US$100,000/kg, although in practice
adulteration of the wood and oil is common, allowing for prices as low as
US$100/kg.[3] A whole range of
qualities and products are on the market, varying in quality with geographical
location, botanical species, the age of the specific tree, cultural deposition
and the section of the tree where the piece of agarwood stems from.[4] Oud oil is
distilled from agarwood, and fetches high prices depending on the oil's purity.
The current global market for agarwood is estimated to be in the range of US$6
– 8 billion and is growing rapidly.[5]
Contents
[show]
The
odour of agarwood is complex and pleasing,[6] with few or no
similar natural analogues. In the perfume state, the scent is mainly
distinguished by a combination of "oriental-woody" and "very
soft fruity-floral" notes. The incense smoke is also characterized by a
"sweet-balsamic" note and "shades of vanilla and musk" and
amber (not to be confused with ambergris).[4] As a result,
agarwood and its essential oil gained
great cultural and religious significance in ancient civilizations around the
world, being mentioned throughout one of the world's oldest written texts –
the Sanskrit Vedas from India.
As
early as the third century AD in ancient China, the chronicle Nan zhou yi wu zhi (Strange
things from the South) written by Wa Zhen of the Eastern Wu Dynasty mentioned agarwood produced in
the Rinan commandery, now Central Vietnam, and how people collected it in the
mountains.
Antique agarwood rosary with inlaid gold,
late Qing dynasty, China. Adilnor Collection, Sweden.
During
the sixth century AD in Japan, in the recordings of the Nihon Shoki (The Chronicles of Japan)
the second oldest book of classical Japanese history, mention is made of a large
piece of fragrant wood identified as agarwood. The source for this piece of
wood is claimed to be from Pursat, Cambodia (based on the smell of
the wood). The famous piece of wood still remains in Japan today and is
showcased less than 10 times per century at the Nara National Museum.
Agarwood’s
use as a medicinal product has been recorded in the Sahih Muslim, which dates back to
approximately the ninth century, and in the Ayurvedic medicinal text the Susruta Samhita.[7]
Starting
in 1580 after Nguyễn Hoàng took
control over the central provinces of modern Vietnam, he encouraged trade with
other countries, specifically China and Japan. Agarwood was exported in three
varieties: Calambac (kỳ nam in Vietnamese), trầm hương (very similar but
slightly harder and slightly more abundant), and agarwood proper. A pound of
Calambac bought in Hội An for 15 taelscould
be sold in Nagasaki for
600 taels. The Nguyễn Lords soon
established a Royal Monopoly over
the sale of Calambac. This monopoly helped fund the Nguyễn state finances
during the early years of the Nguyen rule.[8]
Xuanzang's travelogues and the Harshacharita, written in seventh century
AD in Northern India, mentions use of agarwood products such as 'Xasipat'
(writing-material) and 'aloe-oil' in ancient Assam (Kamarupa).
The tradition of making writing materials from its bark still exists in Assam.
Aquilaria tree showing darker agarwood.
Poachers had scraped off the bark to allow the tree to become infected by
the ascomycetous mould.
Agarwood
is known under many names in different cultures:
·
In Cambodia, it is called "chann
crassna". The fragrance from this wood is called "khloem chann"
(ខ្លឹមចាន់) or "khloem chann
crassna". "khloem" is fragrance, "chann crassna" is
the tree species Aquilaria crassna in khmer language.
·
In Bengali, agarwood is known as "agor/agoro
gach (আগর গাছ)" and the agarwood oil as "agor/agoro attor (আগর আতর)".
·
It is known as chénxiāng (沉香) in Chinese, "Cham Heong" in Cantonese, trầm hương[11] in Vietnamese,
and jinkō (沈香) in Japanese; all meaning "sinking
incense" and alluding to its high density. In Japan, there are several
grades of jinkō, the highest of which is known as kyara (伽羅).[12]
·
Both agarwood and its
resin distillate/extracts are known as oud (عود)
in Arabic (literally
"rod/stick") and used to describe agarwood in Arab countries.[13] Western perfumers
also often use agarwood essential oil under the name "oud" or
"oudh".[14]
·
In Europe it was referred
to as Lignum aquila (eagle-wood) or Agilawood,
because of the similarity in sound of agila to gaharu.[15]
·
Another name is Lignum
aloes or Aloeswood. This is potentially confusing, since a genus Aloeexists
(unrelated), which has medicinal uses.[15]
·
In Tibetan it is known as ཨ་ག་རུ་ (a-ga-ru). There are
several varieties used in Tibetan Medicine: unique eaglewood: ཨར་བ་ཞིག་ (ar-ba-zhig); yellow
eaglewood: ཨ་ག་རུ་སེར་པོ་ (a-ga-ru ser-po), white eaglewood: ཨར་སྐྱ་ (ar-skya), and black
eaglewood: ཨར་ནག་(ar-nag).[16][17]
·
In Tamil it is called "akil" (அகில்) though what was referred
in ancient Tamil literature could well be Excoecaria agallocha.
·
In Myanmar (Burma) it is
known as "Thit Mhwae".
There
are seventeen species in the genus Aquilaria, large evergreens native
to southeast Asia,
and nine are known to produce agar wood.[22] In theory agarwood
can be produced from all members; however, until recently it was primarily
produced from A. malaccensis. A. agallocha and A.
secundaria are synonyms for A. malaccensis.[1] A. crassna and A.
sinensis are the other two members of the genus that are usually
harvested. The gyrinops tree can
also produce agarwood.[23]
Steam distillation process
used to extract agarwood essential oils
Formation
of agar wood occurs in the trunk and roots of trees that have been penetrated
by a wood and oily resin feeding bug. The insect belongs to the family of
the Ambrosia beetle named Dinoplatypus Chevrolati (Gen.
Sc. Prof. Stephan-Alexander E.C. Peter, Lembah Sari National Park Mt. Rinjani
Lombok, Indonesia). A life-long infection may occur, and in response, the tree
produces a salutary self defense material to conceal damages or
“infections". While the unaffected wood of the tree is relatively light in
colour, the resin dramatically increases the mass and density of the affected
wood, changing its color from a pale beige to yellow, orange, red, dark brown
or black. In natural forests, only about 7 out of 100 Aquilaria trees of same
species are infected and produce aloes/agar wood. A common method in artificial
forestry is to inoculate all the
trees with the fungus. It produces a "damage sap" and is
scientifically referred to as "fake" aloes/agar wood.[22] Oud oil can be
distilled from real (minimal 45+ years of naturally
(Dinoplatypus Chevrolati) fermenting due to its continuously
infection)aloes/agar wood status using steam, the total yield
of agar wood (Oud) oil for 70 kg of wood will not exceed 20 ml (Harris,
1995).
The
composition of agarwood oil is exceedingly complex with more than 150 compounds
identified so far.[3] At least 70 of
these are terpenoids which
come in the form of sesquiterpenes and chromones; no monoterpenes have been detected at all.
Other common classes of compounds include agarofurans, cadinanes, eudesmanes, valencanes and eremophilanes, guaianes, prezizanes, vetispiranes,
simple volatile aromatic compounds as well as a range of miscellaneous
compounds.[3] The exact balance
of these materials will vary depending on the age and species of tree as well
as the exact details of the oil extraction process.
|
·
Aquilaria acuminata,
found in Papua New Guinea, Indonesia & Philippines
·
Aquilaria baillonil,
found in Thailand and Cambodia
·
Aquilaria baneonsis,
found in Vietnam
·
Aquilaria brachyantha,
found in Malaysia
·
Aquilaria cumingiana,
found in Indonesia and Malaysia
|
·
Aquilaria grandiflora,
found in China
|
Sri
Lankan "agarwood" is known as Wala Patta and
is of the Gyrinops walla species.
Overharvesting and habitat loss threatens some populations of
agarwood-producing species. Concern over the impact of the global demand for
agarwood has thus led to the inclusion of the main taxa on CITES Appendix
II, which requires that international trade in agarwood be monitored.
Monitoring is conducted by London based TRAFFIC (a
joint WWF and IUCN programme).
CITES also provides that international trade in agarwood be subject to controls
designed to ensure that harvest and exports are not to the detriment of the
survival of the species in the wild.
In
addition, agarwood plantations have been established in a number of countries,
and reintroduced into countries such as Malaysia and Sri Lanka as commercial
plantation crops. The success of these plantation depends on the stimulation of
agarwood production in the trees. Numerous inoculation techniques have been
developed, with varying degrees of success.[22]
1.
^ Jump up to:a b Broad, S.
(1995) "Agarwood harvesting in Vietnam" TRAFFIC Bulletin 15:96
2.
^ Jump up to:a b CITES
(25 April 2005) "Notification to the Parties" No. 2005/0025.
(PDF) . Retrieved on 2013-07-22.
3.
^ Jump up to:a b c Naef,
Regula (March 2010). "The volatile and semi-volatile constituents of
agarwood, the infected heartwood of Aquilaria species: a
review". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 26 (2):
73–87. doi:10.1002/ffj.2034.
4.
^ Jump up to:a b Dinah
Jung, The Value of Agarwood: Reflections upon its use and
history in South Yemen, Universitätsbibliothel, Universität
Heidelberg, 30 May 2011, (PDF) p. 4.
5.
Jump up^ International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences,
ISSN 2305-0330, Volume 2, Issue 1: January 2013)
6.
Jump up^ International Journal of Pharmaceutical
and Life Sciences, ISSN 2305-0330, Volume 2, Issue 1: January 2013)
8.
Jump up^ Li, Tana (1998) Nguyễn
Cochinchina: southern Vietnam in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,
Southeast Asia Program Publications, Ithaca, New York, p. 79, ISBN 0-87727-722-2
9.
Jump up^ Pusey, Edward Bouverie (1885) Daniel
the Prophet: Nine Lectures, Delivered in the Divinity School of the University
of Oxford Funk & Wagnalls, New York, p. 515, OCLC 5577227
10.
Jump up^ "Aguru" Archived 7 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. in Sanskrit Dictionary from
Bhaktivedanta VedaBase Network
11.
Jump up^ Thứ Hai (9 April 2006) "kỳ nam và trầm hương"
Tuổi Trẻ Online. Tuoitre.com.vn. Retrieved on 2013-07-22.
12.
Jump up^ Morita, Kiyoko (1999). The
Book of Incense: Enjoying the Traditional Art of Japanese Scents. Kodansha
USA. ISBN 4770023898.
13.
Jump up^ Burfield, Tony (2005) "Agarwood
Trading" Archived 1 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine. The Cropwatch Files,
Cropwatch
14.
Jump up^ Branch, Nathan (30 May 2009) "Dawn Spencer Hurwitz Oude Arabique (extrait)" (fashion
and fragrance reviews)
15.
^ Jump up to:a b c Yule,
Henry and Burnell, Arther Coke (1903) "Eaglewood" Hobson-Jobson:
A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms,
Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive (2nd edition)
John Murray, London, p. 335, OCLC 33186146
16.
Jump up^ Parfionovitch, Yuri; Dorje, Gyurme
and Meyer, Fernand (1992) Tibetan medical paintings: illustrations to
the Blue beryl treatise of Sangye Gyamtso (1653–1705) (English edition
of Tibetan text & paintings) (2 volumes) Serindia, London, ISBN 0-906026-26-1
17.
Jump up^ Aromatics, an encyclopedia. 2010.
Please note: due to the method of assigning names to medicinal botanicals used
in Tibet, it must be considered that woods with similar medicinal properties
are named as varieties of the same medicine, and not according to anything akin
to the nomenclature of Western botany. Tibetan botanical taxonomy is still in
the earliest stage: "white aloeswood" actually refers to the
non-aromatic portions of the Indian sandalwood tree; "yellow
aloeswood" refers to the scented heartwood of Santalum album. Unique
aloeswood is the highest grade of Aquilaria agallocha resin, known in
English as Agallochum, while "black aloeswood" is the resin
infused wood of the same tree; "brown aloeswood" is actually the
scented wood of several Dalbergia species from India and Bhutan.
18.
Jump up^ Panda, H. (1 January 2009). Aromatic Plants Cultivation, Processing And Uses.
National Institute Of Industrial Re. p. 182. ISBN 978-81-7833-057-0.
Retrieved 8 October 2010.
21.
Jump up^ Hkum, Seng Hkum N and Maodee, M.
(July 2005) "Marketing and Domestication of NTFPs in North
Phonsali Three Districts" NPADP Presentation, NTFP MIS
Workshop Luangprabang, North Phongsali Alternative Development Project, United
Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
22.
^ Jump up to:a b c d Ng,
L.T.; Chang Y.S.; Kadir, A.A. (1997). "A review on agar (gaharu) producing
Aquilaria species". Journal of Tropical Forest Products. 2 (2):
272–285.
23.
Jump up^ The genus Gyrinops, is closely
related to Aquilaria and in the past all species were considered to belong to
Aquilaria. Blanchette, Robert A. (2006) "Cultivated Agarwood – Training programs and
Research in Papua New Guinea", Forest Pathology and Wood
Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, University of
Minnesota
