Khollan Vafa : اخوان صفا

Allium ursinum, known as wild garlic, ramsons, cowleekes, cows's leek, cowleek, buckrams, broad-leaved garlic, wood garlic, bear leek, Eurasian wild garlic, onion grass, or bear's garlic, is a bulbous perennial flowering plant in the amaryllis family, Amaryllidaceae. It is native to Eurasia, where it grows in moist woodland.^[2] It is a wild relative of onion and garlic, all belonging to the same genus, Allium. There are two recognized subspecies: A. ursinum subsp. ursinum and A. ursinum subsp. ucrainicum.^[3]

Etymology

The Latin specific name ursinum translates to 'bear' and refers to the supposed fondness of the brown bear for the bulbs; folk tales describe the bears consuming them after awakening from hibernation.^[3] Another theory is that the "ursinum" may refer to Ursa Major, as A. ursinum was perhaps one of the most northerly distributed Allium species known to the ancient Greeks,^[3] though this hypothesis is disputed.^[4] Common names for the plant in many languages also make reference to bears.^[5]

Cows love to eat them, hence the modern vernacular name of cows's leek.^[6] In Devon, dairy farmers have occasionally had the milk of their herds rejected because of the garlic flavour imparted to it by the cows having grazed upon the plant.^[6]

Ramsons is from the Old English word hramsa, meaning "garlic". There is evidence it has been used in British cuisine since the Celtic Britons over 1,500 years ago.^[7]

Early healers among the Celts, Gaels, and Teutonic tribes and ancient Romans were familiar with the wild herb who called it herba salutaris, meaning 'healing herb'.^[7]

Description

Allium ursinum is a bulbous, perennial herbaceous monocot, that reproduces primarily by seed. The narrow bulbs are formed from a single leaf base^[8] and produce bright green entire, elliptical leaves up to 25 cm (10 in) long by 7 cm (3 in) wide with a petiole up to 20 cm (8 in) long.^[8] The inflorescence is an umbel of six to 20 white flowers, lacking the bulbils produced by some other Allium species such as Allium vineale (crow garlic) and Allium oleraceum (field garlic).^[9]^[8]^[10] The flowers are star-like with six white tepals, about 16–20 mm (5⁄8–13⁄16 in) in diameter, with stamens shorter than the perianth.^[8]

It flowers in the British Isles from April to June,^[8] starting before deciduous trees leaf in the spring. The flower stem is triangular in cross-section and the leaves are broadly lanceolate, similar to those of the toxic lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis).^[3]

Similarity to poisonous plants

Plants that may be mistaken for A. ursinum include lily of the valley, Colchicum autumnale, Arum maculatum, and Veratrum viride or Veratrum album,^[11] all of which are poisonous. In Europe, where ramsons are popularly harvested from the wild, people are regularly poisoned after mistakenly picking lily of the valley or Colchicum autumnale.^[12]

Grinding the leaves between the fingers and checking for a garlic-like smell can be helpful, but if the smell remains on the hands, one can mistake a subsequent poisonous plant for a safe one.^[12] When the leaves of A. ursinum and Arum maculatum first sprout, they look similar, but unfolded Arum maculatum leaves have irregular edges and many deep veins, while ramsons leaves are convex with a single main vein. The leaves of lily of the valley are in pairs, dull green, and come from a single reddish-purple stem, while the leaves of A. ursinum each have their own stem, are shiny when new, and are bright green.^[13]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to Europe and Asia, where it grows in moist woodland.^[2] It can be found in temperate Europe from Ireland east to the Caucasus.^{[citation needed]} It is common in much of the lowlands of the British Isles with the exception of the far north of Scotland, Orkney and Shetland.^[14] The ursinum subspecies is found in western and central Europe, while the ucrainicum subspecies is found in the east and southeast.^[3]

It grows in deciduous woodlands with moist soils, preferring slightly acidic conditions. In the British Isles, colonies are frequently associated with bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta), especially in ancient woodland. It is considered to be an ancient woodland indicator species.^[15]

Ecology

As its name suggests, A. ursinum is an important food for brown bears.^[16] The plant is also a favourite of wild boar.^{[citation needed]}

A. ursinum is the primary larval host plant for a specialised hoverfly, Portevinia maculata (ramsons hoverfly).^[17]

The flowers are pollinated by bees.^[18]

Uses

All parts of A. ursinum are edible. The leaves can be used as salad, herb,^[19] boiled as a vegetable,^[20] in soup, or as an ingredient for a sauce that may be a substitute for pesto in lieu of basil. Leaves are also often used to make garlic butter.^[21] In Ukraine and Russia the stems are preserved by salting and eaten as a salad. A variety of Cornish Yarg cheese has a rind coated in wild garlic leaves.^[22] The leaves can be pickled in the same way as Allium ochotense known as mountain garlic in Korea.^[23] The bulbs can be used similarly to garlic cloves, and the flowers are also edible. Parts of the plant can be used for preparing Van herbed cheese, a speciality of the Van province in Turkey.^{[citation needed]}

Popular dishes using the plant include pesto, soups, pasta, cheese, scones and Devonnaise.^{[citation needed]}

The leaves are also used as fodder. Cows that have fed on ramsons give milk that tastes slightly of garlic, and butter made from this milk used to be very popular in 19th-century Switzerland.^{[citation needed]}

The first evidence of the human use of A. ursinum comes from the Mesolithic settlement of Barkær (Denmark), where an impression of a leaf has been found. In the Swiss Neolithic settlement of Thayngen-Weier (Cortaillod culture), a high concentration of pollen from A. ursinum was found in the settlement layer, interpreted by some as evidence for use of the plant as fodder.^[24]

Herbal remedy

Allium ursinum has been credited with many medicinal qualities and is a popular homeopathic ingredient. It is often used for treating cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive problems, as well as for the sterilisation of wounds.^[25]

Gallery

Flower bud

Young flowers

Fruit with seeds

Ramsons in a forest

References

Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
GRIN-CA Archived 2019-01-12 at the Wayback Machine, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Sobolewska, Danuta; Podolak, Irma; Makowska-Wąs, Justyna (2015). "Allium ursinum: botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological overview". Phytochemistry Reviews. 14 (1): 81–97. Bibcode:2015PChRv..14...81S. doi:10.1007/s11101-013-9334-0. ISSN 1568-7767. PMC 4352197. PMID 25774103.
Kolosova, Valeria; Svanberg, Ingvar; Kalle, Raivo; Strecker, Lisa; Özkan, Ayşe Mine Gençler; Pieroni, Andrea; Cianfaglione, Kevin; Molnár, Zsolt; Papp, Nora; Łuczaj, Łukasz; Dimitrova, Dessislava (2017-02-21). "The bear in Eurasian plant names: motivations and models". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 13 (1): 14. doi:10.1186/s13002-016-0132-9. ISSN 1746-4269. PMC 5320662. PMID 28222790.
"Ramsons names - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
"Home". Forager's Calendar. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
"Foraging focus: wild garlic". www.foragingcoursecompany.co.uk. 2022-03-28. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
Clapham, A.R.; Tutin, T.G.; Warburg, E.F. (1981). Excursion Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 394. ISBN 0-521-23290-2.
Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain. Reader's Digest. 1981. p. 383. ISBN 978-0-276-00217-5.
Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p. 902. ISBN 978-0-521-70772-5.
Gilotta, Irene; Brvar, Miran (2010). "Accidental poisoning with Veratrum album mistaken for wild garlic (Allium ursinum)". Clinical Toxicology. 48 (9): 949–952. doi:10.3109/15563650.2010.533675. ISSN 1556-3650. PMID 21171854. S2CID 207657813.
Risk of mix-up with bear's garlic - BfR warns pickers about fatal consequences of mistaking free-growing poisonous plants for bear's garlic, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment; 2005
Blamey, M.; Fitter, R.; Fitter, A (2003). Wild flowers of Britain and Ireland: The Complete Guide to the British and Irish Flora. London: A & C Black. p. 320. ISBN 978-1-4081-7950-5.
"BSBI map Allium ursinum". Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland.
British Wildlife - April 1999 - Francis Rose, Indicators of ancient woodland: The use of vascular plants in evaluating ancient woods for nature conservation, p. 246 Archived 2011-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
Kusak, Josip; Huber, Djuro (1998). "Brown Bear Habitat Quality in Gorski Kotar, Croatia". Ursus. 10: 281–291. ISSN 1537-6176. JSTOR 3873137.
"Nature Spot - Portevinia maculata". Archived from the original on 2021-09-24. Retrieved 2018-10-17.
Woodland Trust - Ramsons
Johannes Seidemann (2005). World spice plants. Springer. p. 27. ISBN 978-3-540-22279-8. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
Institut Fur Pflanzengenetik Und Kulturpflanzenforschung Gatersleben (COR) (11 May 2001). Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops: (Except Ornamentals). Springer. pp. 2251–. ISBN 978-3-540-41017-1. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
"Wild Garlic – What You Need to Know – Obey Your Hunger".
"British Cheese Board - Lynher Farms & Dairies: Cornish Yarg". Archived from the original on 2019-04-22. Retrieved 2013-05-06.
Koch, Matthias; Hosono, Ryusei. "Pickled Mountain Garlic Korean Vegetarian Sidedish Recipe ✪ Japanese & Korean Recipes". Asiatischer Foodblog RyuKoch.com. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
Kühn, Marlu; Maier, Ursula; Herbig, Christoph; Ismail-Meyer, Kristin; Bailly, Matthieu Le; Wick, Lucia (2013-02-01). "Methods for the examination of cattle, sheep and goat dung in prehistoric wetland settlements with examples of the sites Alleshausen-Täschenwiesen and Alleshausen-Grundwiesen (around cal 2900 BC) at Lake Federsee, south-west Germany". Environmental Archaeology. 18 (1): 43–57. Bibcode:2013EnvAr..18...43K. doi:10.1179/1461410313Z.00000000017. ISSN 1461-4103. S2CID 140699993.
Sobolewska, Danuta; Podolak, Irma; Makowska-Wąs, Justyna (December 25, 2013). "Allium ursinum: botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological overview". Phytochemistry Reviews. 14 (1): 81–97. Bibcode:2015PChRv..14...81S. doi:10.1007/s11101-013-9334-0. PMC 4352197. PMID 25774103.

External links

Tutin, T.G. 1957. Biological flora of the British Isles: Allium ursinum. Journal of Ecology 45(3) pp.1003-1010.
Ramsons at Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages
Data related to Allium ursinum at Wikispecies
"Allium ursinum". Plants for a Future.

[1] Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

[GRIN-2] GRIN-CA Archived 2019-01-12 at the Wayback Machine, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

[Sobolewska-2015-3] Sobolewska, Danuta; Podolak, Irma; Makowska-Wąs, Justyna (2015). "Allium ursinum: botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological overview". Phytochemistry Reviews. 14 (1): 81–97. Bibcode:2015PChRv..14...81S. doi:10.1007/s11101-013-9334-0. ISSN 1568-7767. PMC 4352197. PMID 25774103.

[4] Kolosova, Valeria; Svanberg, Ingvar; Kalle, Raivo; Strecker, Lisa; Özkan, Ayşe Mine Gençler; Pieroni, Andrea; Cianfaglione, Kevin; Molnár, Zsolt; Papp, Nora; Łuczaj, Łukasz; Dimitrova, Dessislava (2017-02-21). "The bear in Eurasian plant names: motivations and models". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 13 (1): 14. doi:10.1186/s13002-016-0132-9. ISSN 1746-4269. PMC 5320662. PMID 28222790.

[5] "Ramsons names - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org. Retrieved 2021-02-17.

[Home-6] "Home". Forager's Calendar. Retrieved 2022-07-28.

[Company-7] "Foraging focus: wild garlic". www.foragingcoursecompany.co.uk. 2022-03-28. Retrieved 2022-07-28.

[CTW-8] Clapham, A.R.; Tutin, T.G.; Warburg, E.F. (1981). Excursion Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 394. ISBN 0-521-23290-2.

[9] Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain. Reader's Digest. 1981. p. 383. ISBN 978-0-276-00217-5.

[Stace-10] Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p. 902. ISBN 978-0-521-70772-5.

[Gilotta-11] Gilotta, Irene; Brvar, Miran (2010). "Accidental poisoning with Veratrum album mistaken for wild garlic (Allium ursinum)". Clinical Toxicology. 48 (9): 949–952. doi:10.3109/15563650.2010.533675. ISSN 1556-3650. PMID 21171854. S2CID 207657813.

[GFIRA-12] Risk of mix-up with bear's garlic - BfR warns pickers about fatal consequences of mistaking free-growing poisonous plants for bear's garlic, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment; 2005

[Blamey-13] Blamey, M.; Fitter, R.; Fitter, A (2003). Wild flowers of Britain and Ireland: The Complete Guide to the British and Irish Flora. London: A & C Black. p. 320. ISBN 978-1-4081-7950-5.

[BSBImap-14] "BSBI map Allium ursinum". Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland.

[15] British Wildlife - April 1999 - Francis Rose, Indicators of ancient woodland: The use of vascular plants in evaluating ancient woods for nature conservation, p. 246 Archived 2011-10-05 at the Wayback Machine

[16] Kusak, Josip; Huber, Djuro (1998). "Brown Bear Habitat Quality in Gorski Kotar, Croatia". Ursus. 10: 281–291. ISSN 1537-6176. JSTOR 3873137.

[17] "Nature Spot - Portevinia maculata". Archived from the original on 2021-09-24. Retrieved 2018-10-17.

[18] Woodland Trust - Ramsons

[Seidemann2005-19] Johannes Seidemann (2005). World spice plants. Springer. p. 27. ISBN 978-3-540-22279-8. Retrieved 13 April 2011.

[(COR)2001-20] Institut Fur Pflanzengenetik Und Kulturpflanzenforschung Gatersleben (COR) (11 May 2001). Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops: (Except Ornamentals). Springer. pp. 2251–. ISBN 978-3-540-41017-1. Retrieved 13 April 2011.

[21] "Wild Garlic – What You Need to Know – Obey Your Hunger".

[22] "British Cheese Board - Lynher Farms & Dairies: Cornish Yarg". Archived from the original on 2019-04-22. Retrieved 2013-05-06.

[23] Koch, Matthias; Hosono, Ryusei. "Pickled Mountain Garlic Korean Vegetarian Sidedish Recipe ✪ Japanese & Korean Recipes". Asiatischer Foodblog RyuKoch.com. Retrieved 2020-12-29.

[24] Kühn, Marlu; Maier, Ursula; Herbig, Christoph; Ismail-Meyer, Kristin; Bailly, Matthieu Le; Wick, Lucia (2013-02-01). "Methods for the examination of cattle, sheep and goat dung in prehistoric wetland settlements with examples of the sites Alleshausen-Täschenwiesen and Alleshausen-Grundwiesen (around cal 2900 BC) at Lake Federsee, south-west Germany". Environmental Archaeology. 18 (1): 43–57. Bibcode:2013EnvAr..18...43K. doi:10.1179/1461410313Z.00000000017. ISSN 1461-4103. S2CID 140699993.

[25] Sobolewska, Danuta; Podolak, Irma; Makowska-Wąs, Justyna (December 25, 2013). "Allium ursinum: botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological overview". Phytochemistry Reviews. 14 (1): 81–97. Bibcode:2015PChRv..14...81S. doi:10.1007/s11101-013-9334-0. PMC 4352197. PMID 25774103.

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Khollan Vafa : اخوان صفا

۱۴۰۴ بهمن ۲۲, چهارشنبه