بل . [ ب ِ ] (اِ) ثمری است که پوست این را «شل » خوانند و
شحم این را «بل » و تخم این را «تل ». (از الفاظ الادویه ). میوه ای هندی است مانند
قثاء کبر و گویند مانند انار است و گویند نار هندی است و گویند نار دشتی است و گویند
قثاء هندی و برّی است . پوست وی را «شل » خوانند و شحم وی را «بل » خوانند و حب وی
را «ثل » خوانند و محمد زکریا گوید: بل میوه ای از هندوستان است از درختی حاصل میشود
مثل درخت زردآلو، بهترین آن ، آن بود که شیرین باشد، درخت وی را حانا اقطی گویند.
(از اختیارات بدیعی ). گویند داروی هندی است و برخی گویند خیار دشتی را بل خوانند،
و گویند میوه ٔ او به کبر مشابهت دارد، و برخی گویند
به زنجبیل ماند. (از تذکره ٔ داود ضریر انطاکی
). به لغت هندی اسم خیار هندی است ، بزرگتر از خیار کبر و تخم او تلخ و مغزش چرب و
پوست ثمر سیاه و اندرون او سفید و مایل به زردی ، و مستعمل تخم اوست . و مؤلف اختیارات
بدیعی بل و شل و فل را اجزاء یک ثمر دانسته و نه چنانست . (از تحفه ٔ حکیم مؤمن ). خیاریست
هندوی . (ذخیره ٔ خوارزمشاهی در قراباذین ). نام میوه ایست
در هندوستان شبیه به بهی ایران و آنرا نار هندی نیز گویند و به شیرازی بل شیرین و به
عربی طرثوث خوانند. و بعضی گویند میوه ای باشد هندی به بزرگی آلوچه و درخت آن به درخت
زردآلو میماند. (برهان ). درختی است در هندوستان که میوه ای شبیه به آبی دارد. نار
هندی . بل شیرین . طرثوث . (فرهنگ فارسی معین ).
///////////////
بل
بفتح باء موحده و سکون لام کویند بلغت هندی اسم خیار هند است
بزرکتر از خیار کبیر و کویند بهندی آن را کچری و بلغت اهل بنکاله کر می نامند
ماهیت ان
آنچه حکیم میر محمد مومن نوشته که تخم آن تلخ و مغز آن چرب
و پوست ثمر آن سیاه و اندرون آن سفید مائل بزردی است مؤلف کوید هیأت کچری نه چنین است
بلکه تخم آن چنان است و پوست ثمر آن در خامی سبز و بعد رسیدن زرد مخطط بسبزی و بعضی
زرد یکرنک و لحم آن در خامی تلخ و بعد رسیدن اندک ترش می کردد و بسیار خوش بو می باشد
و جهت خوشبوئی آن را نزد خود نکاه می دارند و بجای دستنبویه است و نبات آن شبیه بنبات
خیار و شاخ های این باریکتر و برک این کوچکتر و نازک و نرم بی زغب
طبیعت تخم ان
در آخر دوم کرم و خشک و باقوت قابضه و لحم آن از ان کمتر
افعال و خواص آن
مقوی احشا و محلل صلابات عصب و جهت فالج و لقوه و سائر امراض
بلغمی و بواسیر و ریاح و رطوبات غریبه و با جوارشات جهت تحلیل ریاح و بواسیر و غیر
آن نافع و قابض طبع و مبهی و بخور آن جهت بواسیر بسیار مفید مقدار شربت آن تا یک مثقال
و مصدع محرورین مصلح آن کشنیز و لحم آن کویند بسیار محلل و هاضم است به حدی که چون
قدری از ان را با کوشت طبخ نمایند بزودی پخته و خوش بو و هاضم می کردد و معمول اکثر
طباخان اهل شاهجهان آباد است و بجهت انهضام طعام و تحلیل ریاح و قولنج ریحی بسیار نافع
و مجرب چون خشک نموده سفوف سازند و با اندک آب کرم بنوشند و یا با ادویۀ مناسبۀ دیکر
ترکیب نمایند از قبیل جوارشات و یا معاجین و یا سفوفات و غیرها و اسحق بن عمران نوشته
که بل دانۀ است سیاه در خلقت شبیه بدر و بزرکتر از ان سر آن تیز و در داخل آن مغزی
چرب و آن مستعمل
ص: 446
و از بلاد هند آورند و بعضی بیل را پوست آن دانسته و اقوال
دیکر نیز در ماهیت آن وارد است و بالجمله از ادویۀ مجهوله است و کچری معروف است و چنان
است که ذکر یافت و یحتمل که بیل خشک قطعه قطعه نموده باشد چنانچه معمول عطاران اهل
هند است که قطعه قطعه نموده خشک کرده می فروشند
مخزن الادویه عقیلی خراسانی
///////////////
کریلا. (اسم) [مٲخوذ از هندی]
(زیستشناسی) [karilā] میوۀ خوراکی گیاهی خزنده با گلهای زردرنگ که
بیشتر در هند میروید.
فرهنگ لغت عمید
/////////////
خیار چنبر تلخ (نام علمی: Momordica
charantia) که با نام کدوی تلخ و یا خربزه تلخ هم شناخته میشود ، نام یک گونه
از تیره کدوییان است.این میوه در اوکیناوا در کشور ژاپن میروید و ثابت شده است که
خاصیت ضدسرطانی دارد و آب آن تا ۹۰ درصد سلولهای سرطانی را از بین میبرد.[۱]
//////////////
به عربی الخيار الكوري :
القرع المر نبات عشبي حولي زاحف يعرف علمياً باسم momordica
charantia ويعرف شعبياً بعدة أسماء مثل الكمثرى البلسمية و الخيار
الكوري، بالإنجليزية Bitter melon ويعد هذا من النباتات المشهورة
التي ثماره تشبه الكوسا أو الخيار ولكنه يبرز على سطحها الخارجي نتوءات كثيرة وتتميز
بمذاقها المر
مصادر[عدل]
http://www.alriyadh.com/538516
/////////////////
به عبری ملون، زیمرا، مآو:
מלון מר (שם מדעי: Momordica
charantia) הוא מין של מטפס טרופי וסובטרופי חד-שנתי ממשפחת הדלועיים, נפוץ כגידול
לשם פריו האכיל, אשר נחשב אחד מהמרירים שבפירות. מוצא הפרי אינו ידוע, אך הוא נפוץ
למדי בדרום ודרום-מזרח אסיה, סין, אפריקה והקריביים.
////////////
به کردی:
Gulxenderan
(mormordica charantia) riwekek ji malbata kundiran cucurbitaceae ye ku li cihên
tropîkal digihê. Lê Kurdistanê kêm be jî tê dîtin. Li hin deveran bi taybetî
zarok jê re xiyara gezende (gezokî), kundirê keran dibêjin.
Havînê
gupîk vedide. Gupîkên mê û nêr li ser heman qemçikê ne. Kulîlka wê zer e.
Fêkiya wê berê kesk e, giha rengê wê tirincî-sor dibe. Herikbara rehê wê tal e.
Rûyê fêkiyên wê pirtîkî, pizronekî ye. Dema digihê qalikên wê berepaş dikişin,
fêkiyan ên sor, spî, çakar (qehqeyî, kafêyî) xwe didin der. Pelên wê ji aliyê
mîneral, vîtamînan ve gelek dewlemend in. Kalsiyûm, hesin, fosfor, vîtamîna B
dihewînin.
////////////////
به اردو کریلا:
کریلا (حیاتیاتی نام:
Momordica charantia) ایک مشہور سبزی ہے جس کا شمار
کڑوی ترین سبزیوں میں ہوتا ہے مگر اس کے بے شمار طبی فوائد
ہیں۔ اس کی پیداوار جنوبی
ایشیاء، جنوب
مشرقی ایشیاء، چین اور افریقہ کے علاقوں میں ہوتی ہے۔
///////////
به پنجابی کریلا:
کریلا اک ویل آلا بوٹا تے سبزی اے جدے اتے کریلے لگدے نیں جناں سبزی لئی پکایا
جاندا اے ایدا سوبد کوڑا ہوندا اے۔ ایدے چھلڑ نوں سبزی وانگوں پکا کے کھائیدا اے۔۔
کریلا اک زمین تے رہن والی ویل اے جیہڑی 5 میٹر تک جاسکدی
اے۔ ایہ اپنے پتلے ٹنگنیاں نال درجے بوٹے اتے وی چڑھ جاندی اے۔ ایہدا فروٹ لما ہوندا اے تے چھلڑ تے تپھڑ دانے بنے ہوندے نیں تے ہر بوٹے تے وکھرے نر تے مادھ پھل کھڑدے نیں۔ ایس دا فروٹ پکن تے کھٹے رنگ دا ہوجاندا اے۔
//////////////
به سندی کریلو:
ڪريلو (سائنسي نالو: Momordica
charantia) هڪ مشهور سبزي آهي جنهن
جو شمار ڪوڙي ترين سبزين
۾ ٿيندو آهي پر
هن جا بيشمار طبي فائدا آهن۔ هن جي پوک ايشيا جي
ڪجھ ملڪن ۽ آفريڪا جي ڪجھ علائقن ۾ ٿيندي آهي۔
////////////
به آذری قدرت ناری:
Qüdrət
narı (lat. Momordica charantia) - balqabaqkimilər fəsiləsinin momordik cinsinə
aid bitki növü.
Qüdrət
narı və ya Acı qovun (lat. Momordica charantia) - tropik iqlimi olan bölgələrdə,
Amazon hövzəsində, Şərqi Afrikada, Asiyada, Karib adalarında təbii şəkildə bitən,
Cənubi Amerikada və Uzaq Şərqdə isə qida və dərman bitkisi kimi kimi becərilən
bitki.
//////////////
به ترکی کودرت ناری:
Kudret narı (Momordica charantia), kabakgiller (Cucurbitaceae) familyasından tropik
iklim bölgelerinde yetişen gıda ve ilaç olarak kullanılan bitki türü.
/////////////
Momordica charantia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Bitter melon" redirects here.
For the plant called bitter melon in Australia, see Citrullus lanatus.
This article is about the plant. For the
state in India with a similar name, see Kerala.
Momordica charantia
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Order:
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M. charantia
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Momordica
charantia,
known as bitter melon, bitter gourd, bitter
squash, orbalsam-pear,[1] has names in other
languages which have entered English asloanwords, e.g. goya[2] from Okinawan and karela from Sanskrit.
It
is a tropical and subtropical vine of
the family Cucurbitaceae,
widely grown in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean for its edible fruit.
Its many varieties differ
substantially in the shape and bitterness of the fruit.
Contents
Ripe fruit
This herbaceous, tendril-bearing vine grows up to 5 m
(16 ft) in length. It bears simple, alternate leaves 4–12 cm
(1.6–4.7 in) across, with three to seven deeply separated lobes. Each
plant bears separate yellow male and
female flowers. In the Northern Hemisphere, flowering occurs during
June to July and fruiting during September to November.
The
fruit has a distinct warty exterior and an oblong shape. It is hollow in
cross-section, with a relatively thin layer of flesh surrounding a central seed
cavity filled with large, flat seeds and pith. The fruit is most often eaten
green, or as it is beginning to turn yellow. At this stage, the fruit's flesh
is crunchy and watery in texture, similar to cucumber, chayote or green bell pepper, but bitter. The skin is tender
and edible. Seeds and pith appear white in unripe fruits; they are not
intensely bitter and can be removed before cooking.
As
the fruit ripens, the flesh (rind) becomes somewhat tougher and more bitter,
and many consider it too distasteful to eat. On the other hand, the pith
becomes sweet and intensely red; it can be eaten uncooked in this state, and is
a popular ingredient in some Southeast Asian salads.
When
the fruit is fully ripe, it turns orange and mushy, and splits into segments
which curl back dramatically to expose seeds covered in bright red pulp.
Bitter
melon comes in a variety of shapes and sizes. The cultivar common in China is 20–30 cm
(7.9–11.8 in) long, oblong with bluntly tapering ends and pale green in
color, with a gently undulating, warty surface. The bitter melon more typical
of India has a narrower shape with pointed ends, and a surface covered with
jagged, triangular "teeth" and ridges. It is green to white in color.
Between these two extremes are any number of intermediate forms. Some bear
miniature fruit of only 6–10 cm (2.4–3.9 in) in length, which may be
served individually as stuffed vegetables. These miniature fruit are popular in
Bangladesh, India (common name 'Karela'), Pakistan, Nepal and other countries
in South Asia. The sub-continent variety is most popular in Bangladesh and
India.
Chinese variety
Indian variety
A small green bitter melon (front) and a
scoop of Okinawan stir-friedgōyā chanpurū (back)
Bitter gourd pods
boiled, drained, no salt |
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Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
|
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79 kJ
(19 kcal)
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4.32 g
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1.95 g
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2 g
|
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0.18 g
|
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0.84 g
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(1%)
6 μg
(1%)
68 μg
1323 μg
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(4%)
0.051 mg
|
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(4%)
0.053 mg
|
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(2%)
0.28 mg
|
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(4%)
0.193 mg
|
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(3%)
0.041 mg
|
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(13%)
51 μg
|
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(40%)
33 mg
|
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(1%)
0.14 mg
|
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(5%)
4.8 μg
|
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(1%)
9 mg
|
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(3%)
0.38 mg
|
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(5%)
16 mg
|
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(4%)
0.086 mg
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(5%)
36 mg
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(7%)
319 mg
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(0%)
6 mg
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(8%)
0.77 mg
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Other constituents
|
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Water
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93.95 g
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·
Units
·
μg = micrograms • mg
= milligrams
·
IU = International units
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Percentages are roughly approximated usingUS recommendations for
adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database |
Bitter
melon is generally consumed cooked in the green or early yellowing stage. The
young shoots and leaves of the bitter melon may also be eaten as greens.
In Chinese cuisine, bitter melon (‹Thetemplate Lang-zh is being considered for merging.› Chinese: 苦瓜, pinyin: kǔguā orkugua)
is valued for its bitter flavor, typically in stir-fries (often with pork and douchi), soups, dim sum, andherbal teas (See Gohyah tea). It has also been used in place
of hops as the bittering ingredient in some
beers in China and
Okinawa.[4]
Bitter
melon is very popular throughout India. In North Indian cuisine,
it is often served with yogurt on the side to offset the bitterness, used
in currysuch as sabzi or stuffed
with spices and then cooked in oil.
In South Indian cuisine,
it is used in the dishes thoran/thuvaran (mixed
with grated coconut), mezhukkupuratti (stir fried with
spices), theeyal (cooked with roasted coconut)
and pachadi (which is considered a
medicinal food fordiabetics). Other popular
recipes include preparations with curry, deep fried with peanuts or other
ground nuts, and Pachi Pulusu, a
soup with fried onions and other spices. In Tamil Nadu, where it is known
as paagarkaai orpavakai (பாகற்காய்) in Tamil,[5] a special
preparation called pagarkai pitla, a kind of sour koottu,
variety is very popular. Also popular is kattu pagarkkai, a curry
that involves stuffing with onions, cooked lentil and grated coconut mix, tied
with thread and fried in oil. In the Konkan region of Maharashtra, salt is
added to finely chopped bitter gourd, known as karle (कारले) inMarathi, and then it is squeezed, removing its
bitter juice to some extent. After frying this with different spices, the less
bitter and crispy preparation is served with grated coconut. In Kannada it is known as haagalakaayi.
In
northern India and Nepal, bitter melon, known as tite karela (तीते करेला) inNepali, is prepared as a fresh pickle. For
this, the vegetable is cut into cubes or slices, and sautéed with oil and a
sprinkle of water. When it is softened and reduced, it is crushed in a mortar with a few cloves of garlic, salt and a red or green pepper. It is
also eaten sautéed to
golden-brown, stuffed, or as a curry on its own or with potatoes.
In
Sri Lanka it is known as karavila (කරවිල) in Sinhala, and
is an ingredient in many different curry dishes (e.g., Karawila Curry and
Karawila Sambol) which are served mainly with rice in a main meal. Sometimes
large grated coconut pieces are added, which is more common in rural areas.
Karawila juice is also sometimes served there.
In
Pakistan, known as karela (کریلا)
in Urdu-speaking areas, and Bangladesh, known
as korola (করলা|করলা) in Bengali, bitter melon is often cooked with
onions, red chili powder, turmeric powder, salt, coriander powder, and a pinch of cuminseeds.
Another dish in Pakistan calls for whole, unpeeled bitter melon to be boiled
and then stuffed with cooked minced beef, served with either hot tandoori bread, naan, chappati, or with khichri (a mixture of lentils and
rice).
A soft drink made from bitter melon
Bitter
melon, known as gōyā (ごーやー) in Okinawan, and nigauri (苦瓜) in Japanese(although the Okinawan word gōyā is
also used), is a significant ingredient in Okinawan cuisine, and is increasingly used
in Japanese cuisine beyond
that island. It is popularly credited with Okinawan life expectancies being
higher than the already long Japanese ones.[citation needed]
In Indonesian cuisine,
bitter melon, known as pare in Javanese and Indonesian,
is prepared in various dishes, such as gado-gado, and also stir fried, cooked in
coconut milk, or steamed.
In Vietnamese cuisine,
raw bitter melon slices known as mướp đắng or khổ qua inVietnamese,
eaten with dried meat floss
and bitter melon soup with shrimp are popular
dishes. Bitter melons stuffed with ground pork are served as a popular summer
soup in the south. It is also used as the main ingredient of "stewed
bitter melon". This dish is usually cooked for the Tết holiday, where its "bitter"
name is taken as a reminder of the poor living conditions experienced in the
past.
In Thai cuisine, the Chinese variety of green
bitter melon, mara (มะระ) in Thai, is prepared stuffed with minced pork and
garlic, in a clear broth. It is also served sliced, stir fried with garlic and
fish sauce until just tender.
In
the cuisine of the
Philippines, bitter melon, known as ampalaya in Filipino, and parya in Ilokano, may be stir-fried with ground beef
and oyster sauce, or
with eggs and diced tomato. The dish pinakbet, popular in the Ilocos region of Luzon,
consists mainly of bitter melons, eggplant, okra, string beans, tomatoes, lima
beans, and other various regional vegetables altogether stewed with a
little bagoong-based stock.
In Trinidad and Tobago bitter
melons, known as caraille or carilley, are usually
sautéed with onion, garlic and scotch bonnet pepper until
almost crisp.
They
are in use since a very long time in Hindu medicine or Ayurveda[citation needed]. Bitter melon has been
used in various Asian and African herbal medicine systems for a long time.[6][7][8] In Turkey, it has
been used as a folk remedy for a variety of ailments, particularly stomach
complaints.[9][10] In traditional medicine of
India different parts of the plant are used to relieve diabetes, as a stomachic, laxative, antibilious, emetic, anthelmintic agent, for the treatment
of cough, respiratory diseases, skin diseases,
wounds, ulcer, gout,
and rheumatism.[11]
Momordica
charantia has
a number of purported uses including cancer prevention, treatment of diabetes,
fever, HIV and AIDS, and infections.[12] While it has shown
some potential clinical activity in laboratory experiments, "further
studies are required to recommend its use".[12]
For
fever reduction and relief of menstrual problems, there is no scientific
research to back these claims.[12] For cancer
prevention, HIV and AIDS, and treatment of infections, there is preliminary
laboratory research, but no clinical studies in humans showing a benefit.[12]
With
regard to the use of Momordica charantia for diabetes, several
animal studies and small-scale human studies have demonstrated a hypoglycemic effect of concentrated
bitter melon extracts.[13][14][15] In addition, a 2014
review shows evidence that Momordica charantia, when consumed in
raw or juice form, can be efficacious in lowering blood glucoselevels.[16] However, multiple
reviews have found that Momordica charantia does not
significantly decrease fasting bloodglucose levels or A1c,
indicators of blood glucose control, when
taken in capsule or tablet form.[16][17] Momordica
charantia may be beneficial in diabetes, however the effects seem to
depend on how it is consumed.[16] More studies need
to be performed in order to verify this effect.[16] The Memorial
Sloan Kettering Cancer Center concludes that bitter melon
"cannot be recommended as a replacement therapy for insulin or
hypoglycemic drugs".[12]
Reported
side effects include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, hypoglycemia, urinary incontinence,
and chest pain. Symptoms were generally mild, did
not require treatment, and resolved with rest.[17]
Bitter
melon is contraindicated in pregnant women because it can induce bleeding,
contractions, and miscarriage.[12]
Plant
Leafbud
Leaves and Flower
Flowers
Female flower
Male flower
2 days old fruit with flower
3 days old fruit
10 days old fruit
Immature fruit
Unripe fruits
Seeds
Bitter melon plant growing in a container.
Commercial crop of bitter melon (Momordica
Charmantia) is grown ontrellises
made out of plastic netting.
Aloo karela bhaaji, bitter gourd and potato
dish, from India.
Bitter gourd dish with sauce
Bitter gourd cleaned and sliced for cooking
An Indonesian-style bitter gourd dish,
cooked with sambal, onion, and red
bird's-eye chili peppers
Filipino ampalaya con carne with
egg, La Familia of Baliuag,Bulacan
Bitter gourd food supplement capsules
Bitter gourd fry with potato
2.
Jump up^ Tritten, Travis J. (March 9,
2011). "State Dept. official in Japan fired over alleged
derogatory remarks". Stars and Stripes.
Retrieved September 12, 2012.
3.
Jump up^ Bagchi, Indrani (11 April
2005). "Food for thought: Green 'karela' for Red
China". Times of India.
5.
Jump up^ Lim, T. K. (2013). Edible
medicinal and non-medicinal plants. Dordrecht: Springer.
pp. 331–332. ISBN 9789400717640.
6.
Jump up^ Grover, J. K.; Yadav, S. P.
(2004). "Pharmacological actions and potential uses of Momordica
charantia: A review". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 93 (1):
123–132. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.035. PMID 15182917.
7.
Jump up^ Beloin, N.; Gbeassor, M.;
Akpagana, K.; Hudson, J.; De Soussa, K.; Koumaglo, K.; Arnason, J. T. (2005).
"Ethnomedicinal uses of Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) in Togo and
relation to its phytochemistry and biological activity". Journal of
Ethnopharmacology. 96 (1–2): 49–55. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.08.009. PMID 15588650.
8.
Jump up^ Ananya Paul and Sarmistha Sen
Raychaudhuri (2010). "Medicinal uses and molecular identification of two Momordica charantia varieties
– a review" (PDF). Electronic Journal
of Biology. 6 (2): 43–51.
10.
Jump up^ Semiz, Asli; Sen, Alaattin
(February 2007). "Antioxidant and chemoprotective properties of
Momordica charantia L. (bitter melon) fruit extract". African
Journal of Biotechnology. 6 (3): 273–277.
11.
Jump up^ Wang, Limei; Waltenberger, Birgit;
Pferschy-Wenzig, Eva-Maria; Blunder, Martina; Liu, Xin; Malainer, Clemens;
Blazevic, Tina; Schwaiger, Stefan; Rollinger, Judith M.; Heiss, Elke H.;
Schuster, Daniela; Kopp, Brigitte; Bauer, Rudolf; Stuppner, Hermann; Dirsch,
Verena M.; Atanasov, Atanas G. (2014). "Natural product agonists of peroxisome
proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ): a review". Biochemical
Pharmacology. 92 (1): 73–89. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.018. PMC 4212005.PMID 25083916.
12.
^ Jump up to:a b c d e f "Bitter Melon". Memorial
Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
13.
Jump up^ Wang, B. L.; Zhang, W. J.; Zhao,
J; Wang, F. J.; Fan, L. Q.; Wu, Y. X.; Hu, Z. B. (2011). "Gene cloning and
expression of a novel hypoglycaemic peptide from Momordica charantia". Journal
of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 91 (13): 2443–8.doi:10.1002/jsfa.4485. PMID 21626510.
14.
Jump up^ Lo, H. Y.; Ho, T. Y.; Lin, C; Li,
C. C.; Hsiang, C. Y. (2013). "Momordica charantia and its novel
polypeptide regulate glucose homeostasis in mice via binding to insulin
receptor". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 61 (10):
2461–8.doi:10.1021/jf3042402. PMID 23414136.
15.
Jump up^ Chen, Q; Chan, L. L.; Li, E. T.
(2003). "Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) reduces adiposity, lowers
serum insulin and normalizes glucose tolerance in rats fed a high fat
diet". The Journal of Nutrition. 133 (4):
1088–93. PMID 12672924.
16.
^ Jump up to:a b c d Bachok,
M. F.; Yusof, B. N.; Ismail, A; Hamid, A. A. (2014). "Effectiveness of
traditional Malaysian vegetables (ulam) in modulating blood glucose
levels". Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition. 23 (3):
369–76. doi:10.6133/apjcn.2014.23.3.01
(inactive 2016-08-02). PMID 25164446.
17.
^ Jump up to:a b Ooi,
C. P.; Yassin, Z; Hamid, T. A. (2012). "Momordica charantia for type 2
diabetes mellitus". The Cochrane Library. 8 (8):
CD007845. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007845.pub3. PMID 22895968.
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