بزرکتان
بفارسی بزرک نامند و بهندی السی و تیسی و از مطلق بزر و دهن
بزر مراد آن است آشامیدن آن مبهی و منعظ است و روغن آن ان شاء اللّه تعالی در حرف الکاف
مع التاء در کتان مذکور خواهد شد
مخزن الادویه عقیلی خراسانی
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Flax
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Flax
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Flax plant
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Kingdom:
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(unranked):
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(unranked):
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(unranked):
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Order:
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Family:
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Genus:
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Species:
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L. usitatissimum
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Linum crepitans (Boenn.) Dumort.
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Linum humile Mill.
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Linum indehiscens (Neilr.) Vavilov & Elladi
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Flax (also known
as common flax or linseed), Linum
usitatissimum, is a member of the genus Linum in the family Linaceae. It is a food and fiber
crop cultivated in cooler regions of the world. The textiles made from flax are
known in the Western countries as linen, and traditionally used
for bed sheets, underclothes, and table linen. The oil is known as linseed oil. In addition to
referring to the plant itself, the word "flax" may refer to the
unspun fibers of the flax plant. The plant species is known only as a
cultivated plant,[2] and appears to have
been domesticated just once from the wild species Linum bienne, called pale flax.[3]
Contents
Capsules
Flowers
Several
other species in the genus Linum are similar in appearance
to L. usitatissimum, cultivated flax, including some that have
similar blue flowers, and others with white, yellow, or red flowers.[4] Some of these are
perennial plants, unlike L. usitatissimum, which is an annual plant.
Cultivated
flax plants grow to 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) tall, with slender stems.
The leaves are glaucousgreen, slender lanceolate, 20–40 mm long, and
3 mm broad.
The flowers are pure pale blue,
15–25 mm in diameter, with five petals. The fruit is a round, drycapsule 5–9 mm in
diameter, containing several glossy brown seeds shaped like
an apple pip, 4–7 mm
long.
The
earliest evidence of humans using wild flax as a textile comes from the
present day Republic of Georgia, where spun, dyed, and
knotted wild flax fibers were found in Dzudzuana Cave and dated to
the Upper Paleolithic, 30,000 years ago.[5][6][7] Flax was first
domesticated in the Fertile Crescent region.[8] Evidence exists of
a domesticated oilseed flax with increased seed size by 9,000 years ago
from Tell
Ramad in Syria.[8] Use of the crop
steadily spread, reaching as far asSwitzerland and Germany by 5,000 years ago.[9] In China and India,
domesticated flax was cultivated also by at least 5,000 years ago.[10]
Flax
was extensively cultivated in ancient Egypt, where the temple walls
had paintings of flowering flax, and mummies were entombed in linen.[11] Egyptian priests
only wore linen, as flax was considered a symbol of purity.[12] Phoenicianstraded Egyptian linen
throughout the Mediterranean, and the Romans used it for
their sails.[13] As the Roman Empire declined, so did
flax production, butCharlemagne revived the crop in
the eighth century CE with laws designed to publicize the hygiene of linen textiles
and the health of linseed oil.[14] Eventually,Flanders became the major
center of the linen industry in the European Middle Ages.[14] In North America,
flax was introduced by the colonists and it flourished there,[15] but by the early
20th century, cheap cotton and rising farm
wages had caused production of flax to become concentrated in northern Russia,
which came to provide 90% of the world's output. Since then, flax has lost its
importance as a commercial crop, due to the easy
availability of more durable fibers.[16]
Flax
is grown for its oil, used as a nutritional
supplement, and as an ingredient in many wood-finishing products. Flax is
also grown as an ornamental plant in gardens. Flax
fibers are used to make linen. The Latin species name usitatissimummeans
"most useful".[17]
Flax
fibers are taken from the stem of the plant, and are two to three times as
strong as those of cotton. Additionally, flax fibers are naturally smooth and
straight. Europe and North America depended on flax for vegetable-based cloth
until the 19th century, when cotton overtook flax as the most common plant used
for making rag-based paper. Flax is grown on the Canadian prairies for linseed
oil, which is used as a drying oil in paints and varnishes and in products such
as linoleumand printing inks. In
India, flax seed oil is also known as alsi in Hindi and javas in
Marathi. It is mainly used in Savji curries such as
mutton curries.
Brown flaxseeds
Flaxseeds
occur in two basic varieties: brown and yellow or golden (also known as golden
linseeds).[18] Most types have
similar nutritional characteristics and equal numbers of short-chain omega-3 fatty acids. The exception is a type
of yellow flax called solin (trade name Linola), which has a completely
different oil profile and is very low in omega-3 FAs. Flaxseeds produce a vegetable oil known as flaxseed
oil or linseed
oil,
which is one of the oldest commercial oils. It is anedible oil obtained by expeller pressing, sometimes followed
by solvent extraction. Solvent-processed
flaxseed oil has been used for many centuries as a drying oilin painting and
varnishing.[19]
Although
brown flax can be consumed as readily as yellow, and has been for thousands of
years, its better-known uses are in paints, for fiber, and for cattle feed.
Golden flaxseeds
A
100-gram portion of ground flaxseed supplies about 534 calories, 41 g of
fat, 28 g of fiber, and 20 g of protein.[20]
Flaxseed sprouts are edible, with a
slightly spicy flavor. Excessive consumption of flaxseeds with inadequate water
can cause bowel obstruction.[21] In northern India,
flaxseed, called tisi or alsi, is traditionally
roasted, powdered, and eaten with boiled rice, a little water, and a little
salt.[22]
Whole
flaxseeds are chemically stable, but ground flaxseed can go rancid at room temperature
in as little as one week.[23] Refrigeration and
storage in sealed containers will keep ground flax from becoming rancid for a
longer period; under conditions similar to those found in commercial bakeries,
trained sensory panelists could not detect differences between bread made with
freshly ground flax and bread made with milled flax stored for four months at
room temperature.[24] Milled flax is
stable to oxidation when stored for nine months at room temperature if packed
immediately without exposure to air and light[25] and for 20 months
at ambient temperatures under warehouse conditions.
Three natural phenolic glucosides, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, p-coumaric acid glucoside, and ferulic acid glucoside, can be found in
commercial breads containing flaxseed.[26]
Flaxseed
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Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
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2,234 kJ
(534 kcal)
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28.88 g
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1.55 g
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27.3 g
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42.16 g
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3.663 g
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7.527 g
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28.730 g
22.8 g
5.9 g
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18.29 g
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(143%)
1.644 mg
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(13%)
0.161 mg
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(21%)
3.08 mg
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(20%)
0.985 mg
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(36%)
0.473 mg
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(0%)
0 μg
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(1%)
0.6 mg
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(26%)
255 mg
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(44%)
5.73 mg
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(110%)
392 mg
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(92%)
642 mg
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(17%)
813 mg
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(46%)
4.34 mg
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·
Units
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Percentages are roughly approximated usingUS recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database |
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In
a 100 gram serving, flaxseed contains high levels (> 19% of the Daily Value, DV) of protein, dietary fiber, several B vitamins, and dietary minerals.[27][28] Flaxseeds are
especially rich in thiamine, magnesium, andphosphorus (DVs above 90%).
As
a percentage of total fat, flaxseeds contain 54%
omega-3 fatty acids (mostly ALA), 18% omega-9 fatty acids (oleic acid), and 6% omega-6 fatty acids (linoleic acid); the seeds contain
9% saturated
fat,
including 5% aspalmitic
acid.[27][28] Flaxseed oil
contains 53% 18:3 omega-3 fatty acids (mostly ALA) and 13% 18:2 omega-6 fatty
acids.
Consuming
flaxseed or its derivatives reduced total and LDL-cholesterol in the blood, with
greater benefits in women and those with high cholesterol.[29]
Flaxseed
and its oil have repeatedly been demonstrated to be nontoxic and are generally recognized as safe for human
consumption.[30] Present in many
common foods and having low content in flax,[31] cyanogenicglycosides are nontoxic when
consumed in typical amounts, but may be toxic in large quantities from
consuming staple
foods such
as cassava.[32]Flaxseed has low
concentration of cyanogenic glycosides (0.48% in a sample of defatted dehusked
flaxseed meal), but these can be removed by special processing.[33]
Flax
fiber is extracted from the bastbeneath the surface of
the stem of the flax plant. Flax fiber is soft, lustrous, and flexible; bundles
of fiber have the appearance of blonde hair, hence the description
"flaxen". It is stronger than cotton fiber, but less elastic. The
best grades are used for linen fabrics such as damasks, lace, and sheeting. Coarser grades are used
for the manufacturing of twine and rope, and historically
for canvas and webbing equipment. Flax fiber is a raw
material used in the high-quality paper industry for the use of printed banknotes and rolling paper forcigarettes and tea bags.
The
use of flax fibers dates back tens of thousands of years and linen, a refined textile made
from flax fibers was widely worn by Sumerian priests over 4,000
years ago.[34] Industrial-scale
flax fiber processing existed in antiquity, with a bronze-age factory dedicated
to flax processing discovered in Euonymeia.[35]
Flax mills for spinning
flaxen yarn were invented
by John Kendrew and Thomas Porthouse of Darlington, England, in 1787.[36] New methods of
processing flax have led to renewed interest in the use of flax as an
industrial fiber.
 |
This section does not cite any sources. Please
help improve this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
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A flax field in bloom in northwestern North
Dakota in the United States
The soils most suitable for
flax, besides the alluvial kind, are
deep loamscontaining a large
proportion of organic
matter.
Flax is often found growing just above the waterline in cranberry bogs. Heavy clays are unsuitable, as
are soils of a gravelly or dry sandy nature. Farming
flax requires few fertilizers or pesticides. Within eight weeks of
sowing, the plant can reach 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) in height and grows
several centimeters per day under its optimal growth conditions, reaching
70–80 cm (28–31 in) within 50 days.
Country
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Footnote
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368,300
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350,000
|
*
|
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230,000
|
*
|
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147,000
|
||
71,000
|
||
70,890
|
||
65,420
|
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64,000
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*
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51,100
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||
32,170
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||
World
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1,602,047
|
A
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No symbol = Official
data, * = Unofficial figure, A = Aggregate (may include official,
semi-official or estimated data)
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||
Maturation
Flax
is harvested for fiber production after about 100 days, or a month after the
plants flower and two weeks after the seed capsules form. The bases of the
plants begin to turn yellow. If the plants are still green, the seed will not
be useful, and the fiber will be underdeveloped. The fiber degrades once the
plants turn brown.
Flax
grown for seed is allowed to mature until the seed capsules are yellow and just
starting to split; it is then harvested in various ways. A combine harvester may either cut only
the heads of the plants, or the whole plant. These are then dried to extract
the seed. The amount of weeds in the straw affects its marketability, and this,
coupled with market prices, determines whether the farmer chooses to harvest
the flax straw. If the flax straw is not harvested, it is typically burned,
since the stalks are quite tough and decompose slowly (i.e., not in a
single season). Formed into windrows from the harvesting
process, the straw often clogs up tillage and planting equipment. Flax straw
that is not of sufficient quality for fiber uses can be baled to build shelters
for farm animals, or sold as biofuel, or removed from the field in the spring.[38]
De vlasoogst (1904) ("Flax
harvesting") painting by Emile Claus,Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium
Two
ways are used to harvest flax fiber, one involving mechanized equipment
(combines), and a second method, more manual and targeting maximum fiber
length.
The
mature plant is cut with mowing equipment, similar to hay harvesting, and raked
into windrows. When dried sufficiently, a combine then harvests the seeds similar
to wheat or oat harvesting.
The
plant is pulled up with the roots (not cut), so as to increase the fiber
length. After this, the flax is allowed to dry, the seeds are removed, and it
is then retted. Dependent upon climatic
conditions, characteristics of the sown flax and fields, the flax remains on
the ground between two weeks and two months for retting. As a result of
alternating rain and the sun, an enzymatic action degrades the pectins which
bind fibers to the straw. The farmers turn over the straw during retting to
evenly rett the stalks. When the straw is retted and sufficiently dry, it is
rolled up. It is then stored by farmers before extracting the fibers.
A hackle or heckle, a tool for threshing
flax and preparing the fiber
Threshing is the process of
removing the seeds from the rest of the plant. Separating the usable flax
fibers from other components requires pulling the stems through a hackle and/or
beating the plants to break them.
Flax
processing is divided into two parts: the first part is generally done by the
farmer, to bring the flax fiber into a fit state for general or common
purposes. This can be performed by three machines: one for threshing out the
seed, one for breaking and separating the straw (stem) from the fiber, and one
for further separating the broken straw and matter from the fiber.
The
second part of the process brings the flax into a state for the very finest
purposes, such as lace, cambric, damask, and very fine linen. This second part is
performed by a refining machine.
Stem cross-section, showing locations of
underlying tissues: Ep =epidermis; C = cortex; BF = bast fibers; P = phloem; X = xylem; Pi = pith
Before
the flax fibers can be spun into linen, they must be separated from the rest of
the stalk. The first step in this process is retting, which is the process of
rotting away the inner stalk, leaving the outer parts intact. At this point,
straw, or coarse outer stem (cortex and epidermis), is still remaining. To remove this, the
flax is "broken", the straw is broken up into small, short bits,
while the actual fiber is left unharmed. Scutching scrapes the outer
straw from the fiber. The stems are then pulled through "hackles",
which act like combs to remove the straw and some shorter fibers out of the
long fiber.
Several
methods are used for retting flax. It can be retted in a pond, stream, field or
tank. When the retting is complete, the bundles of flax feel soft and slimy,
and quite a few fibers are standing out from the stalks. When wrapped around a
finger, the inner woody part springs away from the fibers. Pond retting is the
fastest. It consists of placing the flax in a pool of water which will not
evaporate. It generally takes place in a shallow pool which will warm up
dramatically in the sun; the process may take from a few days to a few weeks.
Pond-retted flax is traditionally considered of lower quality, possibly because
the product can become dirty, and is easily over-retted, damaging the fiber.
This form of retting also produces quite an odor. Stream retting is similar to
pool retting, but the flax is submerged in bundles in a stream or river. This
generally takes two or three weeks longer than pond retting, but the end
product is less likely to be dirty, does not smell as bad, and because the
water is cooler, is less likely to be over-retted. Both pond and stream retting
were traditionally used less because they pollute the waters used for the
process.
In
field retting, the flax is laid out in a large field, and dew is allowed to
collect on it. This process normally takes a month or more, but is generally
considered to provide the highest quality flax fibers,[citation needed] and it produces the
least pollution.
Retting
can also be done in a plastic trash can or any type of water-tight container of
wood, concrete, earthenware, or plastic. Metal containers will not work, as an
acid is produced when retting, and it would corrode the metal. If the
water temperature is kept at 80 °F (27 °C), the retting process under
these conditions takes 4 or 5 days. If the water is any colder, it takes
longer. Scum collects at the top, and an odor is given off the same as in pond
retting. 'Enzymatic' retting of flax has been researched as a technique to
engineer fibers with specific properties.[39][40]
·
Breaking flax
·
Scutching flax
·
Heckling flax
·
Flax fiber in different
forms, before and after processing
Dressing
the flax is the process of removing the straw from the fibers. Dressing
consists of three steps: breaking, scutching, and heckling. The breaking breaks
up the straw. Some of the straw is scraped from the fibers in the scutching
process, and finally, the fiber is pulled through heckles to remove the last
bits of straw.
Breaking
breaks up the straw into short segments.
Heckling is pulling the
fiber through various sizes of heckling combs or heckles. A
heckle is a bed of "nails"—sharp, long-tapered, tempered, polished
steel pins driven into wooden blocks at regular spacing.
_-_NARA_-_283899.jpg)
In
September 2009, it was reported that Canadian flax exports had been
contaminated by a deregistered genetically modified variety called
Triffid which had food and feed safety approval in Canada and the U.S.[41][42] However, Canadian
growers and the Flax Council of Canada raised concerns about the marketability
of this variety in Europe where a zero tolerance policy regarding
unapproved Genetically modified organisms exists.[43] Subsequently
deregistered in 2010 and never grown commercially in Canada or the U.S.,[44] Triffid stores were
destroyed, but future exports and further tests at the University of Saskatchewan proved that Triffid
persisted among flax crops, possibly affecting future varieties.[44] Canadian flaxseed
cultivars were reconstituted with Triffid-free seed used to plant the 2014
crop.[41] Laboratories are
certified to test for the presence of Triffid at a level of one seed in 10,000.[42]
Flax
is the emblem of Northern Ireland and displayed by
the Northern Ireland Assembly. In a coronet, it
appeared on the reverse of the British one-pound coin to represent
Northern Ireland on coins minted in 1986, 1991, and 2014. Flax also represents
Northern Ireland on the badge of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and on various
logos associated with it.
In
early tellings of the Sleeping Beauty tale, such as
"Sun, Moon, and Talia" by Giambattista Basile, the princess pricks her
finger not on a spindle, but on a sliver of flax, which is later sucked out by
her children conceived as she sleeps.
3.
Jump up^ Allaby, R.;
Peterson, G.; Merriwether, D.; Fu, Y.-B. (2005)."Evidence of the
domestication history of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) from genetic diversity of the sad2
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58–65.doi:10.1007/s00122-005-0103-3.
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(1990). "Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.): In Vitro
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21.
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and Oatmeal Cookies Made With Ground Flaxseed". Journal of the
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24.
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(April 2006). "Storage stability
of milled flaxseed". Retrieved 2008-04-24.
25.
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26.
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glucosides in bread containing flaxseed." C. Strandås, A. Kamal-Eldin, R.
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27.
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100 g of flaxseeds". Conde Nast for USDA National Nutrient
Database, version SR-21. 2015.
28.
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Danxia; Demark-Wahnefried, Wendy; Franco, Oscar H.; Lin, Xu (2009). "Meta-analysis of
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(27 March 2008), "The last straw:
nine ways to handle flax straw", The Western
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(2008). "Pectinolytic enzymes and retting". BioResources. 3 (1):
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(2001). "Processing techniques for improving enzyme-retting of
flax". Industrial Crops and Products. 13: 239–248.
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flush Triffid from system". The Western Producer.
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threatens flax industry". CBC News. 20 January 2010.
Retrieved 11 January 2016.
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&&&&&&&
بسباسه . [ ب َ س َ ] (معرب ، اِ) پسپاسه و بزباز درختی است در عرب مشهور،
به خورد مردم و ستور آید و مزه و بویش به مزه و بوی گزر ماند. (منتهی الارب ). معرب
بزباز*. به هندی جاوتری گویند. (غیاث ) (آنندراج ). به شیرازی بزباز گویند. (اختیارات
بدیعی ). درختی بود. (مهذب الاسماء). بزبار. (ناظم الاطباء). ابن ماسویه گوید پوست
کوزبو است . (ذخیره ٔ خوارزمشاهی ). بمعنی رافه باشد. (جهانگیری ). حرمل عربی است
. (مخزن الادویه ). پوست دوم جوزبو است . دارکیسه . جارکون . چارگون . (فرهنگ فارسی
معین ). قشرالعفص . جوز بویا. || گل درخت جوز بویا که سابقاً در تداوی مورد استعمال
داشته است . (فرهنگ فارسی معین ). گل درخت قرنفل است و میوه ٔ درخت قرنفل جوز بویاست
که آن را جوزالطیب نیز گویند (ابن بطوطه ). و رجوع به فهرست مخزن الادویه و ابن بیطار
و ترجمه ٔ فرانسوی آن ص 222 و نخبةالدهر ص 154 و تذکره ٔ داود ضریر انطاکی ص 77 و دزی
ج 1 و اختیارات بدیعی و بسباس شود.
*بزباز. [ ب َ ] (اِ) به عربی بسباسه خوانند و بعضی گویند پوست جوز است
و بعضی دیگر گویند شکوفه و گل و بهار جوز است . (برهان ) (آنندراج ) (از انجمن آرای
ناصری ). بسباسه که قشر دوم جوزبوا باشد. (ناظم الاطباء). بسباس . (شرفنامه ٔ منیری
). یک نوع دوائی است . (فرهنگ شعوری ) :
فلفل و میخک و بزباز و کبابه ٔ چینی
جوز بویا بود و هیل و قرنفل در کار.
//////////////
بسباسه
بفتح اول و سکون سین مهمله و فتح باء موحده و الف و فتح سین
مهمله و حا در آخر لغت عربی است بفارسی بزباز و بهندی جاوتری نامند
ماهیت ان
پوست زیرین پوست خشبی جوزبوا است که بر بالای پوست صلب صدفی
آن پیچیده می باشد و بهترین آن اشقر مائل بسرخی تندبو تند طعم ضخیم تازۀ آنست که با
اندک قبضی باشد
طبیعت آن
در دوم کرم و خشک و کویند در اول کرم و در دوم خشک و اول اصح
است و با قوت قابضه و حرارت ملطفه و جوهر ارضیۀ غالبه
ص: 412
افعال و خواص آن
مفرح و مقوی معده و کبد و باه و منعظ و زیاده کنندۀ منی خصوصا
در بارد المزاج و هاضم و خوش بو کنندۀ دهان و مفتح سدد و مجفف رطوبات و محلل ریاح و
صلابات باطنی و خارجی غلیظ و جهت سلس البول حادث
از برودت و رطوبت و سحج و نفث الدم و قرحۀ امعا و جلب رطوبت
سینه و شش و اسهال کهنه و درد سپرز و منع ریختن فضلات بمعدۀ ضعیف و نشف رطوبت آن و
تقویت رحم و نشف رطوبت و خوشبوی آن و سعوط آن با آب کرم یا روغن بنفشه جهت درد سربارد
رطب حادث از ریاح غلیظه و طلای آن بر سر جهت دردسر و شقیقه و صرع و ضماد آن بتنهائی
و یا با ادویۀ مناسبه بر ناف و عانه و فقرات پائین ظهر جهت سلس البول و با برک مورد
جهت رفع بدبوئی زیر بغل و با سرکین بز و عسل جهت اورام صلبه و طلای آن با عسل در حمام
جهت درد پشت زن زائیده و ریاح نفاس مجرب و فرزجۀ آن بعد از ظهر معین بر حمل و با زعفران
منقی رحم و مصلح آن و مالیدن قیروطی آن بزیر ناف جهت سحج و قرحۀ امعا مفید و کویند
مضر جکر مصلح ان صمغ عربی و مصدع و مصلح آن کلاب مقدار شربت آن تا سه درهم بدل آن جوزبوا
است و در افعال قریب بآن است و لطیفتر از ان و جوارش و دوا و دهن و معجون آن در قرابادین
کبیر ذکر یافت
مخزن الادویه عقیلی خراسانی
///////////
درخت جوز بویا (نام علمی: Myristica
fragrans)
یا درخت جوز هندی درختی از جنس درختان همیشه‌سبز است. از دانه‌ای که درون هستهٔ میوهٔ
آن قرار دارد، به‌عنوان ادویه و طعم‌دهندهٔ غذا استفاده می‌شود. به این دانه، جوز هندی
گفته می‌شود. هر دانه را از خارج، پوسته سختی به رنگ قهوه‌ای متمایل به خاکستری در
برمی‌گیرد و شیارهای عمیقی دارد که با جدا کردن این پوسته، دانه آن ظاهر می‌شود.
//////////////
به عربی جوز الطیب العطری:
جوز الطيب العطري (الاسم العلمي:Myristica
fragrans)
هي نوع نباتي يتبع جنس جوزة الطيب من الفصيلة الطيبية.[1][2][3]
وتسمى في العراق باسم جوزبوا.، هي بذور تفيد في تنشيط الدورة الدموية.
وتقلل التهاب المفاصل ولاسيما المصاحبة بالنقرس. ويتجنب زيتها مرضى القلب والحوامل
والأطفال أقل من 5 سنوات. تفيد في الناحية الجنسية. وتناولها بكميات كبيرة تسبب الهلوسة
وزغللة العين. وبها مادة مريستيسين لها قدرة علي عبور المشيمة للحامل مما يزيد ضربات
قلب الجنين.
///////////
به اردو جائفل:
علم نباتیات میں جائفل پودوں کی ایک جنس (genus) کا
نام ہے جس میں کئی اقسام کی انواع (species) شامل
ہوتی ہیں ، جبکہ وہ عام بیج جسکو عموما پکوان میں استعمال کیا جاتا ہے اسکا مکمل نام
جائفل طیب (Myristica fragrance) ہے
جو کہ بذات خود جنسِ جائفل کا ایک رکن ہے۔
جائفل طیب کے پودے میں موجود بیج پر سرخ چھال سے جاوتری اور اسی بیچ کے
خول کے اندر موجود عجمہ (kernel) سے
جائفل حاصل ہوتا ہے۔
جائفل طیب ایک ایسا پودہ ہے جس سے دو مشہور حکمت کی ادویات اور دو مشہور
غذائی زائقے یعنی جائفل اور جاوتری حاصل ہوتے ہیں۔ اس پودے کو جائفل طیب کہنے کی وجہ
مندرجہ بالا دو اجزاء سے حاصل ہونے والی خشبو ہے طیب کا مفہوم خشبودار کا ہوتا ہے انگریزی
میں اسکو Myristica fragrans
کہا جاتا ہے اور یہاں بھی fragrans کا مطلب خشبو
یا طیب ہے جبکہ myristica
کا مفہوم ایک روغن یا مالش کرنے والی شے کا ہے کیونکہ اس پودے سے حاصل
ہونے والے تیل یا روغن کو ادویاتی مالش کے طور پر بھی استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔ مندرجہ
بالا وضاحت کے بعد اگر دیکھا جاۓ تو Myristica
fragrans
کے لیے جائفل طیب کے بجاۓ مروخ طیب درست متبادل اصطلاح بنتی ہے لیکن
چونکہ مروخ کی نسبت جائفل کا لفظ اتنا اہم اور مشہور ہے کہ اگر اسی کو جنس کے نام کے
طور پر اختیار کرلیا جاۓ تو کچھ غلط نہ ہوگا مزید یہ کہ اس جنس کے پودے اسقدر مماثل
ہیں کہ انکو جائفل کے زمرے میں بخوبی اور بلاابہام رکھا جاسکتا ہے۔ اسی وجہ سے یہاں
Myristica fragrans
نامی نوع کے لیے جائفل طیب کا لفظ منتخب کیا گیا ہے۔
اس پودے کا یہ بیج 20 تا 30 ملی میٹر لمبا اور 15 تا 18 ملی میٹر چوڑا
ہوتا ہے، وزن میں یہ تقریباًًًًًًًًً 5 تا 10 گرام ہوتا ہے۔ اور جیسا کہ دائیں جانب
تصویر میں دیکھا جاسکتا ہے کہ اس بیج کے اندر جو عجمہ یا kernel ہوتا ہے اس
کو جائفل کہتے ہیں جبکہ اس بیج کے اوپر ایک سرخ رنگ کی چھال غلاف کی مانند لپٹی ہوتی
ہے جو کہ اسکے گرد ایک تھیلہ سا بنا دیتی ہے اور اس ہی کو جاوتری کہا جاتا ہے، اس قسم
کی چھال جو کہ کسی بیج کے اوپر تھیلے کی طرح سے چڑھی ہوئی ہو اسے مجففہ (arillus) کہا
جاتا ہے ، اس قسم کا مجففہ پھول کر گودہ بھی بنا سکتا ہے اور یا پر چھال نما بی ہوسکتا
ہے لہذا جائفل کے بیج پر لپٹی ہوئی یہ جاوتری بھی دراصل ایک قسم کا مجففہ ہی ہے۔
//////////////
Myristica fragrans
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Myristica fragrans
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M. fragrans
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Myristica
fragrans is
an evergreen tree indigenous to the Moluccas (or Spice Islands)
of Indonesia. It is important as the main source of the spices nutmeg and mace.[2] It is widely grown
across the tropics including Guangdong and Yunnan in China, Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Grenada in the
Caribbean, Kerala in India, Sri Lanka and South America.[2][3]
Contents
Myristica
fragrans is
a small evergreen tree, usually 5–13 m (16–43 ft) tall, but
occasionally reaching 20 m (66 ft). The alternately arranged leaves
are dark green,5–15 cm (2.0–5.9 in) long by 2–7 cm
(0.8–2.8 in) wide with petioles about 1 cm
(0.4 in) long. The species is dioecious, i.e. "male"
or staminate flowers and
"female" or carpellate flowers are borne
on different plants, although occasional individuals produce both kinds of
flower. The flowers are bell-shaped, pale yellow and somewhat waxy and fleshy.
Staminate flowers are arranged in groups of one to ten, each 5–7 mm
(0.2–0.3 in) long; carpellate flowers are in smaller groups, one to three,
and somewhat longer, up to 10 mm (0.4 in) long.[4]
Carpellate
trees produce smooth yellow ovoid or pear-shaped fruits, 6–9 cm
(2.4–3.5 in) long with a diameter of 3.5–5 cm (1.4–2.0 in). The
fruit has a fleshy husk. When ripe the husk splits into two halves along a
ridge running the length of the fruit. Inside is a purple-brown shiny seed,
2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) long by about 2 cm (0.8 in) across,
with a red or crimson covering (an aril). The seed is the source
ofnutmeg, the aril the source
of mace.[2][4]
Myristica
fragrans was
given a binomial name by the Dutch botanist Maartyn Houttuyn in 1774. It had
earlier been described by Georg Eberhard Rumphius, among others.[5] The specific
epithetfragrans means "fragrant".[6]
The
unusual nature of Myristica fragrans was used as a MacGuffin in the 55th episode
(3rd season, Episode 7) ofElementary, titled "The
Adventure of the Nutmeg Concoction".[citation needed]
2.
^ Jump up to:a b c "Myristica fragrans Houttuyn", Flora of China,
eFloras.org, retrieved 2014-06-07
3.
Jump up^ "Myristica fragrans Houtt.", Germplasm
Resources Information Network (GRIN) online database, retrieved 2014-06-07
4.
^ Jump up to:a b Orwa, C.; Mutua,
A.; Kindt, R.; Jamnadass, R. & Simons, A. (2009), "Myristica
fragrans", Agroforestree Database: a
tree reference and selection guide (version 4.0),
retrieved 2014-06-07
6.
Jump up^ Hyam, R. &
Pankhurst, R.J. (1995), Plants and their names : a concise
dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 198,ISBN 978-0-19-866189-4
&&&&&&&
بستان افروز. [ ب ُ اَ ](اِ مرکب ) بوستان افروز. گلی است سرخ رنگ و بی
بوی که آن را تاج خروس و گل یوسف نیز گویند و بعضی اسپرغم را که ضیمران باشد بستان
افروز میگویند و بجای فا، بای فارسی هم آمده است . (برهان ). سرخ مرد یا سرخ مرز یا
گل یوسف . (سروری ). گل تاج خروس که بعضی اهل هند آن را کلغا گویند. (غیاث ). نام گلی
است سرخ رنگ که به تاج خروس اشتهار دارد. (انجمن آرا). گلی است سرخ که خوشبو نیست و
نام دیگرش تاج خروس است . (فرهنگ نظام ). نام گلی است سرخ رنگ که به تاج خروس اشتهار
دارد و مرادف چمن افروز باشد. (از آنندراج ). گل تاج خروس . (رشیدی ).نام گلی است سرخ
رنگ به تاج خروسک اشتهار دارد. (جهانگیری ). تاج خروس گیاهی است که گلش مثل گوشت سر
خروس است . عبهر. (منتهی الارب ). گل حلوا. (تحفه ٔ حکیم مؤمن ). اهل بغداد او را
باین اسم خوانند و در میافارقین او را زینةالریاحین گویند و در بعضی مواضع داح نیز
گویند. و عرب هر چیزی را که بصورت نیکو بود داح و داحه گویند و او نوعیست از بقله یمانی
. (ترجمه ٔ صیدنه ابوریحان ). و رجوع به فهرست مخزن الادویه ص 139 و ابن بیطار ص
94 و ترجمه ٔ فرانسوی آن ص 225 شود :
گر نخواهی بدم سرد صبا درگیرد
در شبستان چمن شعله ٔ بستان افروز.
سیف اسفرنگ .
//////////////
بستان افرور
ص: 413
بضم با و سکون سین مهمله و فتح تاء مثناه فوقانیه و الف و
نون و فتح همزه و سکون فا و ضم راء مهمله و سکون واو و زای معجمه لغت فارسی است و بعربی
حمق بسنانی و زینه الریاحین و داح نیز کویند جهت آنکه بسیار خوش منظر است و هر کیاه
خوش منظر را عرب داح کویند و بفارسی تاج خروس و کل حلوا و کل یوسف و بهندی نوع صغیر
آن را کوکنی و کبیر آن را جمادهاری نامند و آن غیر حماحم است که حبق نبطی باشد چه حماحم
برک آن عریض تر و بالوان و ساق آن سرخ و نبات آن قویتر و بزرکتر و کم کل می باشد و
بستان افروز برک آن سبز و ریزه و پر کل و کل آن سرخ مائل به بنفشی و بی رائحه و تخم
آن ریزه و سیاه و براق
طبیعت مجموع آن
سرد و خشک و قابض و رادع
افعال و خواص آن
آشامیدن آب معصور آن مقدار یک اوقیه و نیم و بدستور آب مطبوخ
آن با حلاب و سکنجبین جهت رفع حرارت معده و جکر و سدۀ سپرز و رفع سمیت خانق النمر نافع
و جرم آن ثقیل و مصلح آن سکنجبین مقدار شربت از آب آن تا یک اوقیه و نیم بدل آن حماحم
و تخم آن جهت اسهال نائب مناب تخم بارتنک و چون بکوبند و در یکرطل شیر بخیسانند و شب
در مهتاب بکذارند و صبح بنوشند و مداومت بران کنند سه روز یا زیاده جهت رفع حرقه البول
و بول الدم مجرب مقدار شربت آن دو مثقال
ص: 414
مخزن الادویه عقیلی خراسانی
////////////////
تاج خروس سرده‌ای از گیاهان گلدار است که دارای ۶۰ گونه متفاوت می‌باشد.
گل‌های این گیاه به رنگ‌های بنفش، قرمز و زرد است. بسیاری از اعضای این سرده ویژگی‌ها
و کاربردهای مشابهی با اعضای سرده سلوسیا دارند. گیاهِ تاج خروس باید در معرض نورِ
کامل خورشید قرار بگیرد و خاکش نیز باید ماسه‌ای، زهکش و غنی باشد.[۱]
اگرچه چندین گونه در این سرده علف هرز محسوب می‌شوند، مردم در سراسر دنیا
از گونه‌های این سرده به عنوان سبزی، غلات و گیاه زینتی استفاده می‌کنند. [۲] سرشار
از مواد معدنی مانند کلسیم، پتاسیم، آهن، مس، منیزیم، فسفر و منگنز است. میزان مناسب
پروتئین و لیزین موجود در این گیاه برای سلامت موها و ناخن‌ها مفید است. گیاه تاج خروس
باعث کاهش کلسترول شده و به این ترتیب خطر سکته‌ی قلبی و بیماری‌های قلبی عروقی را
کاهش می‌دهد. برخی گونه های تاج خروس نیز به عنوان گیاه زینتی شناخته می شوند.[۳]
//////////////
به عربی:
القُطَيفة[1][2] أو سالف العروس[3] (باللاتينية: Amaranthus) جنس
نباتي يتبع الفصيلة القطيفية. يضم جنس القطيفة حوالي 60 نوعاً من النباتات.
من أنواعها[عدل]
القطيفة بيضاء الثمار (باللاتينية: Amaranthus
leucocarpus)
القطيفة ثلاثية الألوان (باللاتينية: Amaranthus
tricolor)
القطيفة الدموية (باللاتينية: Amaranthus
cruentus)
القطيفة الشائكة (باللاتينية: Amaranthus
spinosus)
القطيفة شبه الغضروفية (باللاتينية: Amaranthus
hypochondriacus)
القطيفة العثكولية (باللاتينية: Amaranthus
paniculatus)
القطيفة الغامضة (باللاتينية: Amaranthus
dubius)
معلومات عن نبات القطيفة: القطيفة هو جنس من الزهور التي تعرف أيضا باسم
"الحب يموت نازفا". و كانت تستخدم في العصور الوسطى لوقف النزيف.
Amaranthus، التي تعرف باسم قطيفة هو جنس عالمي من الأعشاب.
وتم التعرف على ما يقرب من 60 نوعا مع النورات (بداية تفتح الأزهار) وأوراق الشجر وتتراوح
بين الألوان البنفسجي والأحمر والذهبى. و كل هذه الأنواع تشترك في العديد من الخصائص
والأستخدامات ارتباطا وثيقا مع جنس نبات Celosia. على
الرغم من ذلك تعتبر العديد من أنواعها غالبا من الأعشاب الضارة. الناس في جميع أنحاء
العالم يقدرون قيمة القطيفة مثل اوراق الخضار, الحبوب، ونباتات الزينة.
الجذر النهائي من كلمة "القطيفة" هو ἀμάραντος في اليونانية
[1] (amarantos)، "مبتدع"، مع الكلمة اليونانية التي
ἄνθος
و"زهرة" (anthos)، وعرفتها
العولمة باسم "amaranth." ولكن الأصل والبديل القديم هو "amarant".
تعتبر القطيفة من النباتات الطبية وأيضا تمتلك شكل رائع الجمال والوان
مختلفة زاهية.
المراجع[عدل]
^ معجم أغروفوك. قُطَيفة. تاريخ الولوج 25 تموز 2012.
^ قاموس علم النبات الطبي. تاريخ الولوج 3 كانون الأول 2011.
^ البعلبكي، منير (1991). "القَطيفة؛ سالف العروس". موسوعة
المورد. موسوعة شبكة المعرفة الريفية. اطلع عليه بتاريخ نيسان 2013.
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به عبری:
יַרְבּוּז (בלועזית: אמרנט או אמרנטוס; שם מדעי:
Amaranthus) הוא סוג של צמח עשבוני בעל תפרחות דמויות שיבולת, הנפוץ בכל רחבי
הגלובוס. רבים ממיני הירבוז נחשבים לעשבים שוטים, אך מינים רבים משמשים כצמחי תועלת,
כמקורות למזון (בעיקר זרעים ועלים), כצמחי מרפא, להפקת צבע ולנוי.
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به آذری قره تره:
Qaratərə,
pəncər (lat. Amaranthus)[1] – pəncərkimilər fəsiləsinə aid bitki cinsi.[2]
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به ترکی:
Amaranthus, Amaranthaceae familyasından yaklaşık altmış türü bilinen,
süs bitkisi olduğu kadar tohumları yenebilen, renkleri koyu mordan kırmızıya ve altın rengine kadar değişiklik gösteren
bir bitki cinsi. Celosia(horozibiği) cinsi ile
yakın akraba olan bu cins birçok ortak özelliğe sahiptir.
Birçok türü ot sayılsa da
dünyanın birçok yerinde yaprakları sebze kendisi süs bitkisi ve tohumları da tahıl sayılır. Rengârenk çiçeklerinden boya
yapılabilir. Çabuk üreyen ve bakım gerektirmeyen, kolay hasta olmayan dayanıklı
bir bitkidir.
Hem yaprakları hem de siyah
benekli küçük sarı tohumları yenebildiği gibi, kurutulan tohumları öğütülerek
ekmek yapımında kullanılabilir. Azteklerin başlıca tahıllarından olan Amaranth bol
liflidir ve yüksek protein içerir.
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Amaranth
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Amaranthus
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Amaranthus, collectively known
as amaranth,[1] is a cosmopolitan genus ofannual or short-lived perennial plants. Some amaranth species are cultivated asleaf vegetables, pseudocereals, and ornamental plants. Most of the species
fromAmaranthus are summer annual weeds and are commonly referred to
aspigweed.[2] Catkin-like cymes of densely packed flowers grow in
summer or autumn.[3] Approximately 60 species are recognized, with inflorescences and foliage ranging from purple and
red to green or gold. Members of this genus share many characteristics and uses
with members of the closely related genus Celosia.
