مداخل مخزن الادویه عقیلی خراسانی (بیست و دوم) 3

جکی

بفتح جیم فارسی و کسر کاف مشدده و یا

ماهیت ان

ثمر درختی است هندی که بهندی و بنکالی کتهل* نامند و در بنکاله نسبت ببلاد دیکر وفور دارد و خوب می شود و درخت آن عظیم و بزرکتر از درخت کردکان و از درخت چنار کوچکتر و برک آن بزرکتر از برک نارنج و ترنج و در شکل شبیه بآن و اندک ضخیم تر از ان و چوب آن زرد رنک و کهنۀ سال خوردۀ آن زرد تیره مائل بسرخی و ثمر آن از تنۀ درخت و شاخهای آن برمیآید و آنچه نزدیکتر به بیخ آن باشد بهتر و شیرین تر می باشد و می کویند در زیرزمین از بیخ آن نیز برمیآید و آن بسیار شیرین و لذیذ و شاداب می باشد و ثمر آن در بزرکی و کوچکی مختلف می باشد کوچک آن تا یک آثار هندی و کمتر ازین نیز دیده شده و در ان دو سه دانه که بهندی کوره نامند می باشد و بزرک آن تا یک من هندی که دوازده من تبریزی است می شود و در ان صد عدد و زیاده هم کوره می باشد و پوست آن در خامی سبز و بعد رسیدن زرد و بعضی زرد و تیره مائل بسرخی و ناهموار و دانه دار و بر دانها کویا اندک خاری برآمده و هرچند دانهای آن درشت تر و بزرکتر باشد اغلب آنست که دانهای اندرون آن نیز بزرک تر و شیرین می باشد و هیأت کتهل درست مانند شکنبۀ حیوانی است که بر کردانیده خمل آن را بالا کرده جوف آن را مملو از چیزی کرده باشند و آن اصناف می باشد بعضی دانهای آن کوچک و نرم و بدبوی و این زبون ترین قسم آنست و بعضی دانهای آن متوسط و بعضی شیرین و بی ریشه و شاداب و شکننده و خشبو و این را کهاجه نامند و بعضی دانهای بسیار لطیف و بی ریشه و شاداب که در دهن آب می شود و اکر از جوف آن برآورند و زمانی بکذارند خودبخود کداخته آب می کردد و این بهترین اصناف است و زود هضم می کردد و کم نفخ و کتهلی که دانهای آن نرم و لزج باشد نفاخ و بطئ الهضم است و بین دانهای آن چیزهای اندک نازک طولانی متصل بدانۀ آن می باشد چهار تا شش که در بنکاله آن را چانپی نامند بعد برآوردن آنها را جدا نموده می خورند زیرا که آنها اندک صلب و ثقیل و نفاخ اند و مردم کم مایه آنها را نیز می خورند و نیز در جوف آن پردها و ریشها می باشد که از پوست آن روئیده و واسطه شده میان دانهای آن و تخم آنکه در جوف دانۀ آنست اندک صلب و بالای آن پوست نازکی و خام آن غیر مستعمل بلکه تخم آن را بآتش بریان کرده با نمک می خورند لذیذ می باشد و کویند مصلح و هاضم ثمر آنست و نیز مردم بنکاله تخم آن را در ماهی بطورد و پیازه و قورمۀ کوشت نیز می پزند خوب و لذیذ می باشد و چوبی که ثمر آن بدان بدرخت پیوسته و تا بوسط ثمر آن رسیده بسطبری انکشتی و تا بقبضۀ دستی است و بطول یک شبر تا بیک ذرع بحسب کوچکی و بزرکی ثمر آن و آنچه از ان در جوف ثمر است اندک نرم می باشد خصوص طرف اعلای آن و آن چوب را بهند و بنکاله موسلۀ کتهل نامند و بر اطراف آن و قریب بپوست آن خصوص محل اتصال آن بدرخت یتوع بسیار چسپنده لزجی می باشد که آن را بهندی لاسۀ کتهل نامند و بهرجا که برسد بدشواری از ان جدا می کردد و تا دست را بروغن چرب ننمایند خوب جدا نمی شود چنانچه شنیده شد که اهل هند و بنکاله نزدیک سر کتهل را در هنکام خامی که در ان وقت لاسۀ آن بسیار چسپنده می باشد بریده یا خراشیده و تیغ زده یتوع آن را کرفته بکاه آلوده خصوص بکاه برنج که بفارسی پبشال برنج و بهندی نروه کویند از ان آلوده آن کاه را در صحرا متصل کام که شیر می آید و آدم و کاو و بز و کوسپند را ضایع می کند پهن نموده طعم مثل بز و یا میش آنجا بسته در کمین بالای درخت می نشینند چون شیر بطمع طعمه داخل آن کردید کاه لاسه آلود بر دست و پای آن می چسپد برای جدا کردن آن از غصه دست ها را بر سر و صورت می مالد و بر سر و صورت می چسپد و چشم ها بند می شود بعد از ان از غصه می غلطد که در تمام بدن آن می چسپد که بدن آن بنظر نمی آید کویا تودۀ کاه می شود پس مردمان از درخت پائین آمده چوب های سنکین این قدر می زنند که بسهولت همه استخوان آن شکسته می میرد و نیز بهمین طور آهو و کوزن و دیکر حیوانات را زنده می کیرند و صیاد ان طیور بر سر نی ها نیز آلوده بآهستکی بپر طیور که بر اشجار نشسته باشند می رسانند بر آنها می چسپد پس آنها را می کیرند

طبیعت ثمر ان

در آخر دوم کرم و در اول آن خشک و با رطوبت فضلیه

افعال و خواص آن

مبهی و منعظ و ممسک و نفاخ و بطئ الهضم و ثقیل و مفسد خون و مولد خون غلیظ سوداوی و امراض حادث از ان و مصلح آن نمک و موز و آب سرد بالای آن خوردن و در بعضی امزجه با کره تازه خوردن و مربا و حلوای آن نیز بسیار لذیذ می کردد و لیکن باید که اندک نیمرس و بی ریشه باشد که آن را مربا پزند و یا حلوا سازند و قدری مشک و زعفران با کلاب سوده در آخر داخل نمایند و ضماد چوب میل آن یعنی موسلۀ آن را چون بسوزانند و بتنهائی و یا با فضلۀ کبوتر و اندک آهک منفجر کنندۀ دمامیل و اورام و مقرح جلد است و کویند که از خواص آنست در خانۀ که باشد مار در آن خانه داخل نمی شود و چندان اصلی ندارد و چون بر برک ازک آن روغن کاو تازه بمالند و بر زخم کهر کهره که از قروح ساعیه است مکرر بندند ان شاء اللّه تعالی ملتئم کردد

مخزن الادویه عقیلی خراسانی

*کتهل . [ ] (هندی ، اِ) اسم هندی رصاص ابیض است . (تحفه ٔ حکیم مؤمن ). درختی است هندی که از ثمره ٔ آن نان پزند. (ناظم الاطباء).

//////////////

جک‌فروت (به انگلیسی: Jackfruit) (در متون طب سنتی جکی، کتهل) درختی است که بیشتر در مناطق جنوبی و جنوب شرقی آسیا و همچنین در قسمت شرقی آفریقا یافت می‌شود. میوه‌های آن سبزرنگ، آبدار و معطر و جزو بزرگترین میوه‌های جهان و بزرگ‌ترین میوه درختی با بیشینه وزن ۴۵ کیلوگرم، هستند.[۱] وزن معمول میوه‌های این درخت به بیش از ۱۸ کیلوگرم و درازای آن‌ها به بیش از ۶۰ سانتی‌متر می‌رسد.[۲] جک فروت سرشار از پروتئین، پتاسیم و ویتامین ب است. یک نصف لیوان آن در حدود ۹۵ کالری انرژی دارد. میوه‌های آن به‌صورت پخته یا خام مصرف می‌شوند. دانه‌های آن نیز به صورت پخته در مناطق محلی خورده می‌شوند.[۱] در پایین آوردن فشار خون مفید است.

برگ‌های درخت براق هستند و ۱۵ تا ۲۰ سانتی‌متر طول دارند.[۲] درخت جک‌فروت در مناطق گرمسیری رشد می‌کند.

ویکی

///////////

به عربی جاکیه:

جاك فروت أو الكاكايا أو الجاكا أو الجاكية أو الجاكويرا أو خبزية متغايرة الاوراق (الاسم العلمي:Artocarpus heterophyllus) هي نوع من النباتات يتبع جنس الخبزية من الفصيلة التوتية[1]. هي أكبر شجرة تحمل فاكهة في العالم ,يصل وزنها إلى 80 رطلا.إنها ثمرة ضخمة,شوكية وبيضاوية يعتقد أنها كانت أول شجرة نامية في الغابات الهندية المطيرة.أكبر إنتاجها تحدث في المناخ الإستوائي أو القريب من الإستوائي.لون الثمرة من الخارج أخضر أو أصفر عندما تنضج,والداخل يتألف من بصيلة صفراء صالحة للأكل .نكهتها تشبه خليط من الموز والمانجو والاناناس داخلها بذور ناعمة ,بيضاوية ,لونها بني خفيف.حتى البذور هي من أفضل أجزاء الثمرة,ففيها قيمة غذائية عالية.يمكن تمييز أنواع الكاكايا حسب خصائص لب الثمرة. تحتوي هذه الثمرة على الإيسوفلافون ,مضادات الأكسدة,والمغذيات النباتية,كاها تحتوي على خصائص تحارب السرطان.يقال أن جذور الكاكايا جيدة في علاج عدد من المشكلات الجلدية. الكاكايا أكبر فاكهة في العالم.[2]

محتويات  [أظهر]

الموطن[عدل]

موطن شجرة الكاكايا هي بلاد الآسيوية إذ تنمو في الهند واندونيسيا وسريلانكا وبنغلاديش وارخبيل الملايو وفي جميع البلدان الاستوائية. لكنها وجدت بعيدا ناحية بلاد أخرى مثل: جامايكا ,ترينيدا وتوبوغو وبلاد أخرى.[2] وتزرع في بعض البلدان العربية في السعودية في محافظة جازان وفي سلطنة عمان في محافظة ظفار وذالك لتاثرهما بخط الاستواء

أنظر أيضاً[عدل]

الخبزية

قائمة أنواع الخبزية

الوصلات الخارجية[عدل]

Artocarpus heterophillus

مراجع[عدل]

^ موقع لائحة النباتات (بالإنكليزية) The Plant List خبزية متغايرة الاوراق تاريخ الولوج 28 كانون الأول 2013

^ تعدى إلى الأعلى ل: أ ب الصحة نت الكاكايا تاريخ الولوج 4 كانون الثاني 2014

مشاريع شقيقة في كومنز صور وملفات عن: جاكية

▼ ع ن ت

أنواع الخبزية

خبزية تايلندية  · خبزية حلقية  · خبزية ريشية المقاطع  · خبزية زرقاء  · خبزية سامة  · خبزية سنانية الأوراق  · خبزية سوداء الأوراق  · خبزية سومطرية  · خبزية صغيرة الأزهار  · خبزية صفراء الثمار  · خبزية صلبة  · خبزية طويلة الأوراق  · خبزية عالية  · خبزية قنابية  · خبزية كاملة  · خبزية كبيرة الثمار  · خبزية متسلقة  · خبزية متغايرة الاوراق  · خبزية محدبة الأوراق  · خبزية مرنة  · خبزية وودية  ·

معرفات الأصنوفة        

موسوعة الحياة: 596411 GBIF: 2984565 PlantList: kew-2653982 Tropicos: 21300871 ITIS: 184183 ncbi: 3489 IPNO: 850389-1 GRIN: ps://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=70095 FOC: 200006337 PLANTS: ARHE2

أيقونة بوابةبوابة علم النبات أيقونة بوابةبوابة مطاعم وطعام أيقونة بوابةبوابة علم الأحياء

Ferns02.jpg هذه بذرة مقالة عن نبات بحاجة للتوسيع. شارك في تحريرها.

تصنيفات: أنواع نباتيةتوتيةخبزياويةخبزيةرموز بنغلاديش الوطنيةزراعة إستوائيةزراعة استوائيةفاكهةفاكهة استوائيةفواكه تنشأ في آسيامطبخ برازيليمنتجات حرجية غير خشبيةنباتات الفلبيننباتات الهندنباتات جامايكانباتات سريلانكانباتات طبيةنباتات نيبالورديات

///////////

به عبری:

פרי הג'ק (שם מדעי: Artocarpus heterophyllus או A. heterophylla, באנגלית מדוברת Jackfruit, בעברית לחמן שונה עלים) הואמין של עץ ממשפחת התותיים, הגדל באזורי שפלה טרופיים בדרום ודרום-מזרח אסיה.

/////////

به دیوهی (مالدیوی)

ސައްކެޔޮ ނުވަތަ (އިނގިރޭސި ބަހުން: Jackfruit) އަކީ އިންޑިޔާ، ބަގްލަދޭޝް، އަދި ސްރީލަންކާ ފަދަ ގައުމު ތަކުގައި ހެދޭ މޭވާއެކެވެ. ސައްކެޔޮ ގެ ޢިލްމީ ނަމަކީ (Artocarpus heterophyllus) އެވެ. ދުނިޔޭގެ އެންމެ ބޮޑު މޭވާގެ ގޮތުގެ ބެލެވެނީ ސައްކެޔޮ އެވެ. ސައްކެޔޮ ގެ ބަރުދަން ބައެއް ފަހަރު 36 ކިލޯ އަށް ވެސް އަރައެވެ. ދިގުމިނުގައި 90 ސެންޓިމީޓަރު ހުންނަ އިރު ފުޅާމިނުގައި 50 ސެންޓިމީޓަރު ވެސް ހުންނަކަން ފާހަގަ ކުރެވިފައި ވެއެވެ.

/////////

به سواحلی مفنسی:

Mfenesi (Artocarpus heterophyllus) ni mti wa familia Moraceae. Matunda yake huitwa mafenesi na ni matunda ya mti makubwa kabisi kuliko matunda ya mti yote (hadi kg 36). Asili ya mti huu ni Uhindi. Sikuhizi hupandwa mahali pengi pa kanda ya tropiki ambapo kunanyesha kiasi.

//////////

به پنجابی جیکفروت:

جیکفروٹ ایشیاء دا اک پھل تے بنگلہ دیش دا قومی پھل تے نشاناے۔

//////////////

با اردو کتهل:

کٹھل (بنگلہ: কাঁঠাল ، ہندی: कटहल) شہتوت کے خاندان کا ایک درخت ہے جس کا اصل وطن جنوبی اور جنوب مشرقی ایشیا ہے۔ یہ بنگلہ دیش کا قومی پھل ہے۔ اس علاقے کے علاوہ یہ مشرقی افریقہ کے ممالک یوگنڈا اور ماریشس اور برازیل میں بھی پیدا ہوتا ہے۔ یہ کسی درخت پر لگنے والا دنیا کا دوسرا سب سے بڑا پھل ہے۔ عمومی طور پر ایک پھل 36 کلوگرام تک وزنی ہوتا ہے جس کی لمبائی 36 انچ اور قطر 20 انچ تک ہوتا ہے۔

جنوبی بھارت یعنی دکن کے علاقے کے اردو طبقے میں اِسے پَھنَس کے نام سے جانا جاتا ہے۔

کچا (unripe) کٹھل سبزی کے طور پر پکایا جاتا ہے۔ بھارت ، بنگلہ دیش ، نیپال ، سری لنکا ، انڈونیشیا ، کمبوڈیا اور ویتنام کے کھانوں میں کچا کٹھل کافی استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

پکے (ripe) ہوئے کٹھل میں سے میٹھے پیلے رنگ کے کوئے نکلتے ہیں جنھیں دوسرے پھلوں کی طرح کھایا جاتا ہے۔ اسے ڈبوں میں محفوظ کرکے برآمد بھی کیا جاتا ہے۔

////////////

به ترکی استانبولی:

Artocarpus heterophyllus, dutgiller (Moraceae) familyasına ait tropikal bir meyvedir.

Güney ve Güneydoğu Asya bölgelerinde yetişmektedir. Düşük rakımlı bölgelerde yetişmektedir. Dünyanın en büyük ağaçta yetişen meyveleri arasındadır. Yaklaşık çapı nadiren de olsa 25 cm'yi (10 inç) bulur ve ağırlıkları 35 kg'ye kadar çıkabilir. Tadı ananasa benzese de ondan daha yumuşağımsıdır ve daha az çekici bir lezzeti vardır.

////////////

Jackfruit

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jackfruit
Jackfruit
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Moraceae
Tribe:	Artocarpeae
Genus:	Artocarpus
Species:	A. heterophyllus
Binomial name
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.[1][2]
Synonyms[3][4][5][6]
·         Artocarpus brasiliensis Ortega ·         A. maximus Blanco ·         A. nanca Noronha (nom inval.) ·         A. philippensis Lam.

The jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), also known as jack tree, jakfruit, or sometimes simply jack or jak,^[7] is a species of tree in the fig, mulberry andbreadfruit family (Moraceae).

It is native to parts of South and Southeast Asia and is believed to have originated in the southwestern rain forests of the Western Ghats in the Indian Subcontinent, in present-day Kerala, West Bengal, coastal Karnataka, and Maharashtra, but alsoIndonesia. ^[8][9][10] The jackfruit tree is well suited to tropical lowlands, and its fruit is the largest tree-borne fruit,^[11] reaching as much as 35 kg (80 lb) in weight, 90 cm (35 in) in length, and 50 cm (20 in) in diameter.^[12] The jackfruit tree can produce about 100 to 200 fruits in a year. The jackfruit is a multiple fruit, composed of hundreds to thousands of individual flowers, and it is the fleshy petals that are eaten.^[13]

The jackfruit tree is a widely cultivated and popular food item throughout the tropical regions of the world. Jackfruit is the national fruit of Bangladesh, by name Kathal (কাঁঠাল) in the Bengali language, and by the same name it is very popular in Indian State of West Bengal.^[14]

Contents

  [show] 

Etymology[edit]

Jackfruit hanging from the trunk.

From the campus of Regional Agricultural Research Center, Ambalavayal, India.

Jackfruit leaves

The jackfruit illustrated by Michael Boym in the 1656 book Flora Sinensis.

The word "jackfruit" comes fromPortuguese jaca, which in turn is derived from the Malayalam language term chakka(Malayalam chakka pazham: ചക്കപ്പഴം).^[15] When the Portuguesearrived in India at Kozhikode (Calicut) on the Malabar Coast (Kerala) in 1498, the Malayalam name chakka was recorded byHendrik van Rheede (1678–1703) in theHortus Malabaricus, vol. iii in Latin. Henry Yule translated the book in Jordanus Catalani's (f. 1321–1330) Mirabilia descripta: the wonders of the East.^[16]

The common English name "jackfruit" was used by physician and naturalist Garcia de Orta in his 1563 book Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India.^[17][18] Centuries later, botanist Ralph Randles Stewart suggested it was named after William Jack(1795–1822), a Scottish botanist who worked for the East India Company inBengal, Sumatra, and Malaysia.^[19]

Cultivation[edit]

Developing jackfruit in Bangladesh

The jackfruit has played a significant role in Indian agriculture for centuries. Archeological findings in India have revealed that jackfruit was cultivated in India 3000 to 6000 years ago.^[20] It has also been widely cultivated in southeast Asia. Stingless bees such as Tetragonula iridipennis are jackfruit pollinators, and as such, play an important role in jackfruit cultivation.^[21]

The jackfruit also provides a potential solution to countries facing problems withfood security. In terms of taking care of the plant, minimal pruning is required; cutting off dead branches from the interior of the tree is only sometimes needed.^[22]In addition, twigs bearing fruit must be twisted or cut down to the trunk to induce growth for the next season.^[23] Branches may also be cut off every three to four years to maintain its productivity.^[23]

Aroma[edit]

Jackfruit have a distinctive sweet and fruity aroma. In a study of flavour volatiles in five jackfruit cultivars, the main volatile compounds that were detected were ethyl isovalerate, propyl isovalerate, butyl isovalerate, isobutyl isovalerate, 3-methylbutyl acetate, 1-butanol, and 2-methylbutan-1-ol.^[24] A fully ripe and unopened jackfruit is known to "emit a strong aroma," with the inside of the fruit described as smelling of pineapple and banana.^[23]

Culinary uses[edit]

Opened jackfruit.

Jackfruit flesh.

Packed jackfruit sold in a market.

The flesh of the jackfruit is starchy and fibrous and is a source of dietary fiber. The flavor is comparable to a combination of apple, pineapple, mango, and banana.^[25]Varieties are distinguished according to characteristics of the fruit's flesh.

Regional cuisines[edit]

Jackfruit is commonly used in South and Southeast Asian cuisines.^[25][26]

South Asia[edit]

·         In Bangladesh, the fruit is consumed on its own. The unripe fruit is used in curry, and the seed is often dried and preserved to be later used in curry.^[14]

·         In Kerala, India, two varieties of jackfruit predominate: varikka (വരിക്ക) andkoozha (കൂഴ). Varikka has a slightly hard inner flesh when ripe, while the inner flesh of the ripe koozha fruit is very soft and almost dissolves. A sweet preparation called chakka varattiyathu (jackfruit jam) is made by seasoning pieces of varikka fruit flesh in jaggery, which can be preserved and used for many months. Huge jackfruits up to four feet in length with a corresponding girth are sometimes seen in Kerala.^{[citation needed]} The young fruit is idichakkaor idianchakka in Kerala.

·         In West Bengal, India, the two varieties are called khaja kathal and moja kathal. The fruits are either eaten alone or as a side to rice, roti, chira, or muri. Sometimes the juice is extracted and either drunk straight or as a side withmuri. The extract is sometimes condensed and eaten as candies. The seeds are either boiled or roasted and eaten with salt and hot chilies. They are also used to make spicy side dishes with rice or roti.

·         In Mangalore, Karnataka, India, the varieties are called bakke and imba. The pulp of the imba jackfruit is ground and made into a paste, then spread over a mat and allowed to dry in the sun to create a natural chewy candy.

·         In Coorg, Karnataka, India, many culinary items are made with Jackfruit. It is known as Chakke. Jackfruit seeds are fried and a curry is made.

·         In Maharashtra, and Goa, India, jackfruit is called as Fanas and Panasrespectively. It's mostly found in Konkan region. There are two varieties. The hard variety is called kaapa and the soft variety is called barka,barkai or rasal. The juice of the barka is extracted and spread on greased metal dishes, which are then kept for sun-drying. Within 2–3 days, a tasty dried pancake-like dried jackfruit juice called phansacha saath or phanas poli results.^[27]

·         In Sri Lanka, the young fruit is called polos — පොලොස් ; ripened fruit is calledwaraka — වරකා and wela — වැල.

·         Jackfruit is known as Rukh-Katahar (= tree katahar) in Nepal, while Bhui-Katahar (= Ground Katahar) denotes pineapple. The ripe fruit is eaten by itself (sometimes with a pinch of salt sprinkled on) as a delicacy, while the unripe fruit is used to prepare savory curry. The ripe fruit is also used to brew alcoholic beverages in some parts of the country.

Southeast Asia[edit]

·         In Indonesia, jackfruit is called nangka. The ripe fruit is usually sold separately and consumed on its own, or sliced and mixed with shaved ice as a sweet concoction dessert such as es campur and es teler. The ripe fruit might be dried and fried as kripik nangka, or jackfruit cracker. The seeds are boiled and consumed with salt, as it contains edible starchy content; this is called beton. Young (unripe) jackfruit is used in several kinds of curry, such as gulai nangka and gudeg.

·         In the Philippines, jackfruit is called langka in Tagalog and nangkà^[28] in Cebuano. The unripe fruit is usually cooked in coconut milk and is eaten as a viand together with rice. The ripe fruit is often an ingredient in local desserts such ashalo-halo and the Filipino turon. The ripe fruit, besides also being eaten raw as it is, is also preserved by storing in syrup or by drying. The seeds are also boiled before being eaten.

·         Thailand is a major producer of jackfruit, which are often cut, prepared, and canned in a sugary syrup (or frozen in bags/boxes without syrup) and exported overseas, frequently to North America and Europe.

·         In Vietnam, jackfruit is used to make jackfruit chè (chè is a sweet dessert soup, similar to the Chinese derivative bubur chacha). The Vietnamese also use jackfruit purée as part of pastry fillings or as a topping on xôi ngọt (a sweet version of sticky rice portions).

Others[edit]

·         In Brazil, three varieties are recognized: jaca-dura, or the "hard" variety, which has a firm flesh, and the largest fruits that can weigh between 15 and 40 kg each; jaca-mole, or the "soft" variety, which bears smaller fruits with a softer and sweeter flesh; and jaca-manteiga, or the "butter" variety, which bears sweet fruits whose flesh has a consistency intermediate between the "hard" and "soft" varieties.^[29] In Indochina, the two varieties are the "hard" version (crunchier, drier, and less sweet, but fleshier), and the "soft" version (softer, moister, and much sweeter, with a darker gold-color flesh than the hard variety).

·         In Réunion Island, the jackfruit tree was imported from India from Bengladesh around 1780. From a tree planted for its shade in gardens, it became an ingredient for local recipes using different fruit segments. The seeds are boiled in water or roasted to remove toxic substances and then roasted for a variety of desserts. The flesh of the unripe jackfruit is used to make a savory salty dish with smoked pork called Ti'Jac Boucané. The jackfruit arils are used to make jams, fruits in syrup and can also be eaten raw.

Ripe jackfruit[edit]

·        

Extracting the jackfruit arils and separating the seeds from the sweet flesh.

·        

Kripik nangka, Indonesian jackfruit chips.

·        

Es teler, an Indonesian dessert made from shaved ice, condensed milk, coconut, avocado, and jackfruit.

·        

Halo-halo, an ice dessert from the Philippines, with different fruits and toppings.

Ripe jackfruit is naturally sweet, with subtle flavoring. It can be used to make a variety of dishes, including custards, cakes, or mixed with shaved ice as es teler in Indonesia or halo-halo in the Philippines. In India, when the jackfruit is in season, an ice cream chain store called "Naturals" carries jackfruit-flavored ice cream.

Ripe jackfruit arils are sometimes seeded, fried, or freeze-dried and sold as jackfruit chips.

The seeds from ripe fruits are edible; are said to have a milky, sweet taste often compared to Brazil nuts. They may be boiled, baked, or roasted. When roasted, the flavor of the seeds is comparable to chestnuts. Seeds are used as snacks (either by boiling or fire roasting) or to make desserts. For making the traditional breakfast dish in southern India, idlis, the fruit is used with rice as an ingredient and jackfruit leaves are used as a wrapping for steaming. Jackfruit dosas can be prepared by grinding jackfruit flesh along with the batter. They are quite commonly used in curry in the Indian state of Kerala and used in Dalema (traditional Odiya lentil and vegetable mix curry) in Odisha. In Java, the seeds are commonly cooked and seasoned with salt as a snack.

Unripe jackfruit[edit]

·        

Gudeg (left), the unripe jackfruit curry in a reddish color acquired from the teak leaf, a specialty of Yogyakarta in Java.

·        

Ginataang langka, jackfruit cooked in coconut milk.

·        

Green jackfruit and potato curry,Kolkata.

·        

Baby Jackfruit Masala.

Developing jackfruit.

The cuisines of India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Cambodia,Thailand, and Vietnam use cooked young jackfruit.^[25] In Indonesia, young jackfruit is cooked with coconut milk as gudeg. In many cultures, jackfruit is boiled and used in curries as a staple food. In northern Thailand, the boiled young jackfruit is used in the Thai salad called tam kanun. In West Bengal, the unripe green jackfruit called aechor or ichor is used as a vegetable to make various spicy curries and side dishes and as fillings for cutlets and chops. It is especially sought-after by vegetarians who substitute this for meat; hence, is nicknamed gacch-patha (tree-mutton). In Odisha, jackfruit is called Panasa Katha and is used to make Panasa Tarkari (raw jackfruit curry); it is also used to make achar (Pickel). In the Philippines, it is cooked with coconut milk (ginataang langka). In Réunion Island, it is cooked either alone or with meat, such as shrimp or smoked pork. In southern India, unripe jackfruit slices are deep fried to make chips. In Udipi cuisine, jackfruit is used make appa and addae.

Because unripe jackfruit has a meat-like taste, it is used in curry dishes with spices in Bihar, Jharkhand, Sri Lankan, Andhran, eastern Indian (Bengali), (Odisha), and Keralan cuisines. The skin of unripe jackfruit must be peeled first; then the remaining whole jackfruit can be chopped into edible portions and cooked before serving. Young jackfruit has a mild flavor and distinctive meat-like texture and is compared to poultry. Meatless sandwiches have been suggested and are popular with both vegetarian and nonvegetarian populations.

Nutrition[edit]

Jackfruit, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	397 kJ (95 kcal)
Carbohydrates
Sugars	19.08 g
Dietary fibre	1.5 g
Fat	0.64 g
Protein	1.72 g
Vitamins
Vitamin A equiv. beta-carotene lutein zeaxanthin	(1%) 5 μg (1%) 61 μg 157 μg
Thiamine (B1)	(9%) 0.105 mg
Riboflavin (B2)	(5%) 0.055 mg
Niacin (B3)	(6%) 0.92 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)	(5%) 0.235 mg
Vitamin B6	(25%) 0.329 mg
Folate (B9)	(6%) 24 μg
Vitamin C	(17%) 13.8 mg
Vitamin E	(2%) 0.34 mg
Minerals
Calcium	(2%) 24 mg
Iron	(2%) 0.23 mg
Magnesium	(8%) 29 mg
Manganese	(2%) 0.043 mg
Phosphorus	(3%) 21 mg
Potassium	(10%) 448 mg
Sodium	(0%) 2 mg
Zinc	(1%) 0.13 mg
Other constituents
Water	73.5 g
Link to USDA Database entry
·         Units ·         μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams ·         IU = International units
Percentages are roughly approximated usingUS recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database

The pulp of jackfruit is composed of 74% water, 23% carbohydrates, 2%protein and 1% fat (table). In a 100 gram portion, raw jackfruit provides 95calories and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin B6 (25% DV). It contains moderate levels (10-19% DV) of vitamin C andpotassium, with no other nutrients in significant content (table).

Wood[edit]

A jackfruit tree.

The wood of the tree is used for the production of musical instruments. In Indonesia, hardwood from the trunk is carved out to form the barrels of drums used in the gamelan, and in the Philippines, its soft wood is made into the body of thekutiyapi, a type of boat lute. It is also used to make the body of the Indian string instrument veena and the drums mridangam,thimila, and kanjira; the golden yellow timber with good grain is used for building furniture and house construction in India. The ornate wooden plank called avani palaka, made of the wood of the jackfruit tree, is used as the priest's seat during Hindu ceremonies in Kerala. In Vietnam, jackfruit wood is prized for the making of Buddhist statuaries in temples^[30] and fish sauce barrels.^[31]

Jackfruit wood is widely used in the manufacture of furniture, doors, and windows, and in roof construction. The heartwood is used by Buddhist forest monastics in Southeast Asia as a dye, giving the robes of the monks in those traditions their distinctive light-brown color.^[32]

Commercial availability[edit]

Outside of its countries of origin, fresh jackfruit can be found at Asian food markets, especially in the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia,Cambodia, and Bangladesh. It is also extensively cultivated in the Brazilian coastal region, where it is sold in local markets. It is available canned in sugary syrup, or frozen, already prepared and cut. Dried jackfruit chips are produced by various manufacturers. In northern Australia, particularly in Darwin, jackfruit can be found in outdoor produce markets during the dry season. Outside of countries where it is grown, jackfruit can be obtained year-round, both canned or dried. It has a ripening season in Asia of late spring to late summer.^[33]

Jackfruit industries are established in Sri Lanka and Vietnam, where the fruit is processed into products such as flour, noodles, papad, and ice cream. It is also canned and sold as a vegetable for export.

The wood of the jackfruit tree is important in Sri Lanka and is exported to Europe; it is termite-proof and is superior to teak for building furniture.^[23]

Production and marketing[edit]

The marketing of jackfruit involves three groups: producers, traders, and middlemen, including wholesalers and retailers.^[34]The marketing channels are rather complex. Large farms sell immature fruit to wholesalers, which helps cash flow and reduces risk, whereas medium-sized farms sell the fruit directly to local markets or retailers.

In Kerala, a large amount of jackfruit production occurs naturally, but around 97% of its production is wasted because of lack of processing units and marketing.

·        

Selling jackfruit in Bangkok.

·        

Jackfruit at a fruit stand in Manhattan's Chinatown.

·        

Cut jackfruit.

·        

Polythene packed cut Jack fruit in a grocery store in Canada for sale.

Cultural significance[edit]

The national fruit of Bangladesh is the jackfruit.^[14] It is the state fruit of the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu and one of the three auspicious fruits of Tamil Nadu, along with the mango and banana.^[35]

Invasive species[edit]

In Brazil, the jackfruit can become an invasive species as in Brazil's Tijuca Forest National Park in Rio de Janeiro. The Tijuca is mostly an artificial secondary forest, whose planting began during the mid-19th century; jackfruit trees have been a part of the park's flora since its founding. Recently, the species has expanded excessively, and its fruits, which naturally fall to the ground and open, are eagerly eaten by small mammals, such as the common marmoset and coati. The seeds are dispersed by these animals; this allows the jackfruit to compete for space with native tree species. Additionally, as the marmoset and coati also prey opportunistically on birds' eggs and nestlings, the supply of jackfruit as a ready source of food has allowed them to expand their populations, to the detriment of the local bird populations. Between 2002 and 2007, 55,662 jackfruit saplings were destroyed in the Tijuca Forest area in a deliberate culling effort by the park's management.^[36]

Production trends[edit]

The top five producers of jackfruits (in 1000 tonnes) were as follows:^[37]

Rank	Country	Production (1000 tonnes)
1	India	1436
2	Bangladesh	926
3	Thailand	392
4	Indonesia	340
5	Nepal	18.97

See also[edit]

·         Breadfruit

·         Sacred Jackfruit Tree

In Mangalore there is also another variety called 'Tuluve'

References[edit]

1.     Jump up^ Under its accepted name Artocarpus heterophyllus (then as heterophylla) this species was described in Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 3: 209. (1789) by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, from a specimen collected by botanist Philibert Commerson. Lamarck said of the fruit that it was coarse and difficult to digest. "Larmarck's original description of tejas". Retrieved 2012-11-23.On mange la chair de son fruit, ainsi que les noyaux qu'il contient; mais c'est un aliment grossier et difficile à digérer.

2.     Jump up^ "Name - !Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2012-11-23.

3.     Jump up^ "TPL, treatment of Artocarpus heterophyllus". The Plant List; Version 1. (published on the internet). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden. 2010. Retrieved 2012-11-23.

4.     Jump up^ "Name – Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. synonyms". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved2012-11-23.

5.     Jump up^ GRIN (2006-11-02). "Artocarpus heterophyllus information from NPGS/GRIN". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Retrieved 2012-11-23.

6.     Jump up^ "Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. — The Plant List". Theplantlist.org. 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2014-06-17.

7.     Jump up^ "Artocarpus heterophyllus". Tropical Biology Association. October 2006. Retrieved 2012-11-23.

8.     Jump up^ http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/f_n-19.pdf

9.     Jump up^ Boning, Charles R. (2006). Florida's Best Fruiting Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. p. 107.

10.  Jump up^ http://fshs.org/proceedings-o/1965-vol-78/336-344%20(MORTON).pdf

11.  Jump up^ "Jackfruit, Breadfruit & Relatives". Know & Enjoy Tropical Fruit. 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-23.

12.  Jump up^ "Jackfruit Fruit Facts". California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc. 1996. Retrieved 2012-11-23.

13.  Jump up^ Silver, Mark. "Here's The Scoop On Jackfruit, A Ginormous Fruit To Feed The World". NPR. Retrieved 19 April 2016.

14.  ^ Jump up to:^a b c Matin, Abdul. "A poor man's fruit: Now a miracle food!". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2015-06-12.

15.  Jump up^ Pradeepkumar, T.; Jyothibhaskar, B. Suma; Satheesan, K. N. (2008). Prof. K. V. Peter, ed. Management of Horticultural Crops. Horticultural Science Series. 11. New Delhi, India: New India Publishing. p. 81. ISBN 978-81-89422-49-3. The English name jackfruit is derived from Portuguese jaca, which is derived from Malayalam chakka.

16.  Jump up^ Friar Jordanus, 14th century, as translated from the Latin by Henry Yule (1863). Mirabilia descripta: the wonders of the East.Hakluyt Society. p. 13. Retrieved 2012-11-23.

17.  Jump up^ Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, 1989, online edition

18.  Jump up^ Anon. (2000) The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition.

19.  Jump up^ Stewart, Ralph R. (1984). "How Did They Die?". Taxon. 33 (1): 48–52. doi:10.2307/1222028.

20.  Jump up^ Preedy, Victor R.; Watson, Ronald Ross; Patel, Vinood B., eds. (2011). Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention (1st ed.). Burlington, MA: Academic Press. p. 678. ISBN 978-0-12-375689-3.

21.  Jump up^ Kothai, S. (2015). "Environmental Impact on Stingless Bee Propolis (Tetragonula iridipennis) Reared from Two Different Regions of Tamilnadu — A Comparative Study". International Journal of ChemTech Research.

22.  Jump up^ "Jackfruit". California Rare Fruit Growers. Retrieved 19 April 2016.

23.  ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Morton, Julia. "Jackfruit". Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. Retrieved 19 April 2016.

24.  Jump up^ Ong, B.T.; Nazimah, S.A.H.; Tan, C.P.; Mirhosseini, H.; Osman, A.; Hashim, D. Mat; Rusul, G. (August 2008). "Analysis of volatile compounds in five jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) cultivars using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS)". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 21 (5): 416–422.doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2008.03.002. Retrieved 2013-02-02.

25.  ^ Jump up to:^a b c The encyclopedia of fruit & nuts, By Jules Janick, Robert E. Paull, p. 155

26.  Jump up^ The encyclopedia of fruit & nuts, By Jules Janick, Robert E. Paull, pp.481–485

27.  Jump up^ Morton, J. "Jackfruit – Artocarpus heterophyllus".

28.  Jump up^ ‹See TfD›Wolff, John U. (1972). "nangkà". A Dictionary of Cebuano Visayan.

29.  Jump up^ General information, Department of Agriculture, State of Bahia. seagri.ba.gov.br (in Portuguese)

30.  Jump up^ "Gỗ mít nài". Nhagoviethung.com. Retrieved 2014-06-17.

31.  Jump up^ "Nam O fish sauce village". Danang Today. 2014-02-26. Retrieved 2015-09-22.

32.  Jump up^ Forest Monks and the Nation-state: An Anthropological and Historical Study in Northeast Thailand, J.L. Taylor 1993 p. 218

33.  Jump up^ Jackfruit. Hort.purdue.edu. Retrieved on 2011-10-17.

34.  Jump up^ Haq, Nazmul (2006). Jackfruit: Artocarpus heterophyllus (PDF). Southampton, UK: Southampton Centre for Underutilised Crops. p. 129. ISBN 0-85432-785-1.

35.  Jump up^ Subrahmanian, N.; Hikosaka, Shu; Samuel, G. John; Thiagarajan, P. (1997). Tamil social history. Institute of Asian Studies. p. 88. Retrieved 2010-03-23.

36.  Jump up^ Livia de Almeida, "Guerra contra as jaqueiras" ("War on Jackfruit"), Revista Veja Rio, 2007-05-05; see also [http:/,/www.jbrj.gov.br/enbt/posgraduacao/resumos/2008/rodolfo_de_abreu.htm].

37.  Jump up^ "Jackfruit: Improvement in the Asia-Pacific Region" (PDF). Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions.

External links[edit]

Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on ·         Jackfruit

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Artocarpus heterophyllus(category)

Wikispecies has information related to: Artocarpus heterophyllus

Look up jackfruit in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

·         Germplasm Resources Information Network: Artocarpus heterophyllus

·         Crops for the Future: Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)

[show] ·         v ·         t ·         e National symbols of Bangladesh

[show] ·         v ·         t ·         e Nuts

[show] ·         v ·         t ·         e Non-timber forest products

·         Food portal

·         Plants portal

·         Biology portal

Taxon identifiers	·         EoL: 596411 ·         GBIF: 2984565 ·         Plant List: kew-2653982 ·         Tropicos: 21300871 ·         ITIS: 184183 ·         NCBI: 3489 ·         IPNI: 850389-1 ·         GRIN: 70095 ·         FOC: 200006337 ·         PLANTS: ARHE2
Authority control		·         LCCN: sh2012002890

Categories: 

·         Artocarpus

·         Crops originating from India

·         Flora of India

·         Flora of Jamaica

·         Flora of Nepal

·         Flora of the Maldives

·         Flora of the Philippines

·         Flora of Sri Lanka

·         Fruits originating in Asia

·         Medicinal plants

·         National symbols of Bangladesh

·         Non-timber forest products

·         Southeast Asian cuisine

·         Tropical agriculture

·         Tropical fruit

&&&&&&&

جکوتره

بفتح جیم فارسی و کاف و سکون واو و فتح تاء مثناه فوقانیه و راء مهمله و ها لغت هندی است و بتاوی نیز نامند

ماهیت ان

نوعی از لیمو است درخت آن از درخت نارنج عظیم تر و برک و کل آن نیز از برک و کل نارنج بزرک تر و ثمر آن بزرک تا بقدر هندوانه متوسطی و پوست آن ضخیم تر از پوست نارنج و مغز آن سرخ رنک چاشنیدا و میخوش و کم آب تر از نارنج و در بلاد کرم سیراب کثیر الوجود و در بنکاله از همه بلاد هند خصوصا در هوکلی بهتر می شود شاداب و شیرین و ترشی کمی که بدون قند می خورند

طبیعت ان

سرد و تر در دوم

افعال و خواص آن

قریب بنارنج است

مخزن الادویه عقیلی خراسانی

/////////////

دارابی[۱][۲] یا پومیلو (در منابع طب سنتی چکوتره/جکوتره) (به انگلیسی: Pomelo) (نام علمی: Citrus maxima) میوۀ بومی آسیای جنوب‌شرقی و از خانوادۀ مرکبات است. پومیلو بزرگترین میوه از خانواده مرکبات است. رنگ آن سبز کم‌رنگ و گاهی هم زرد با گوشت سفید است و به ندرت صورتی و قرمز است. پوست آن بسیار ضخیم و شیرین است. نوع بومی شرق آسیا حدود ۱۵-۲۵ سانتی متر قطر دارد و وزن آن به ۱ تا ۲ کیلوگرم می‌رسد.[۳]

گریپ فروت نیز احتمالاً از پیوند پرتقال و دارابی به دست آمده است.[۴][۵] همچنین در برخی متون تاریخی و قدیمی انگلیسی زبان، نام گریپ فروت برای نامیدن پومیلو (دارابی) استفاده شده است.[۶]

ویکی

/////////////

به عربی بومیلو، پوملی:

الپوملي (بالإنجليزية: Pomelo) أو "الشادوك Shaddock" نوع نباتي ويسمى في العراق "سندي" يتبع جنس الحمضيات من الفصيلة السذابية. ينتج أكبر ثمار الحمضيات حجما، وقد يصل وزن الثمرة إلى عشرة أرطال. والثمرة ذات قشرة سميكة خضراء ومنعشة جدا. ويقال أن شجرته التي تزرع أساسا في دول الشرق، قد جلبها من الصين إلى جزر الهند الغربية الكابتن شادوك.

//////////

به اردو چکوترا:

چکوترا

آزاد دائرۃ المعارف، ویکیپیڈیا سے

چکوترا

قواعد اسم بندی

ساحہ: domain حقیقی المرکزیہ مملکہ: kingdome نباتات طبقہ: order متبادل زیرتحقیق Sapindales خاندان: family متبادل زیرتحقیق Rutaceae جنس: genus شاہ دانہ Citrus

ترش پھلوں کے خاندان سے سنترے جیسی لیکن بڑی پھانکوں اور موٹے چھلکے کا ہلکا زرد نیز سرخی مائل سبز پھل جس کا مزہ کھٹ مٹھا ہوتا ہے۔

لاطینی : Citrus Decumana۔

چکوترا

زمرہ جات: 

• آیور ویدک میں استعمال پودے
• نباتاتیہ نیپال
• نباتاتیہ بارباڈوس
• نباتاتیہ جمیکا
• پھل

/////////

به دیوهی (مالدیوی):

ބަނބުޅަގޮސް(ސައިންޓިފިކް ނަން: Citrus maxima)ނުވަތަ (އިނގިރޭސި ބަހުން: Pomelo)އަކީ ބޮނޑުލުބޯ ޒާތުގެ މޭވާއެކެވެ. މީގައިދޭނީ ހިތިފޮނި ރަހައެކެވެ. މީގައި ބޯ ތޮށިގަނޑެއް އޮންނާނެއެވެ. މިމޭވާ އާންމުކޮށް ހުންނަނީ މަޑުފެހި އަދި ރީނދޫ ކުލައެއްގައެވެ. މިއީ އާންމު ގޮތެއްގައި ދެކުނު އޭޝިޔާގެ ގައުމުތަކުގައި ހެދޭކަމަށް މަޝްހޫރު ވެފައިވާ މޭވާ އެކެވެ.

މިއީ ހުތް މޭވާތަކުގެ ތެރޭގައި ހިމެނޭ އެންމެ ބޮޑު މޭވާ އެވެ. މިމޭވާގެ ވަށަމިނުގައި 25-15 ސމ ވަރު ހުރެއެވެ. އާންމު ގޮތެއްގައި ބަނބުޅަބޮސް ގެ ބަރުދަނުގައި 2-1ކިލޯ ހުރެއެވެ. އިންޑިޔާ، ޕާކިސްތާން އަދި އަފްޣާނިސްތާން ފަދަ ގައުމުތަކުގައި މިމޭވާ އަށް ކިޔަނީ ޗެކޯޓާރާ އެވެ. މިމޭވާގެ ތޮށި ޗައިނީޒް ޑިޝް ތަކުގައި ވަރަށްގިނައިން ބޭނުންކުރާކަން ފާހަގަ ކޮށްލަން ޖެހެއެވެ. ގަދީމީ ބޭސް ވެރިކަމުގައި ފިޓްޖެހުން ހުއްޓުވުމަށާއި، ކެއްސުން ކުޑަކޮށްދިނުމަށް ބަނބުޅަބޮސް ބޭނުންކޮށްފައި ވެއެވެ. ހަންގަނޑުގައި އުފެދިފައި ހުންނަ ދުޅައާއި ފާރު ފަސޭހަކޮށްދިނުމަށް ބަނބުޅަބޮސް ގަހުގެ ފަތް މުގުރައިގެން ބޭހުގެ ގޮތުގައި ބޭނުންކޮށްފައި ވެއެވެ. ބްރެޒިލްގައި ބަނބުޅަގޮސް ގަހުގެ ބައިތައް ބޭނުންކޮށްގެން ކޯފް ސިރަޕް އުފައްދާފައި ވެއެވެ.

//////////

به هندی فیجی چاکوترا:

Chakotra (Scientific naam: Citrus maxima, English: Pomelo, Chinese grapefruit, Kaiviti: Molikana, Bengali - Batabi-Nimbu) ek rakam ke nabbu hai jon ki nabbu plawaar me sab se barraa hai. Iske size ek basketball ke rakam hoe sake hai aur iske weight 1 -2 kg tak rahe sake hai. Iske rang pale green se lae ke yellow tak rahe hai jab ki ii pakka rahe hai tab aur iske flesh pink nai to laal rahe hai. Iske jaada kar ke South East Asia ke des me pawa jaae hai.

////////////

به عبری پاملو:

פומלו או פומלה (pomelo, Citrus maxima) הוא פרי ממשפחת ההדרים, בדרך כלל בצבע ירוק חיוור, צהוב כאשר בשל. ברוב המקרים גדול בהרבה מאשכולית, בעל בשר מתוק וקליפה עבה וספוגית.

הפרי הובא לארץ ישראל מסינגפור בשנת 1907 על ידי שמואל צבי הולצמן. בתחילה נקרא בעברית בשמו הצרפתי - פומלו. הצורה העברית הנפוצה "פּוֹמֵלָה" נטמעה בלשון הדבור מתוך תהליך של גזירה לאחור מן הריבוי "פומלות"[1].

/////////////

به سواحلی:

Mbalungi mkubwa (Citrus maxima) ni mti wa jamii ya mchungwa unaozaa mabalungi makubwa.

////////////

به پشتو چکوتره:

چکوتره (په انگرېزي: Grapefruit) يو ډول مېوه ده.

////////////

به ترکی استانبولی شادوک:

Şadok (İngilizce: shaddock)^[1] Çin greyfurdu diye de bilinen pomelo (Latince: Citrus maxima) sedef otugiller ailesinin alt oymaklarından Turunçgillere bağlı citrus cinsinin bir türü olan ağaca ve meyvesine verilen addır. Pomelo aynı zamanda turunçgiller içinde en büyük meyvelere sahip olan türdür. Meyvelerinin çapı 15–25 cm'i bulabileceği gibi^[2]. Ağırlıkları 2 kilograma kadar çıkabilir. Jeruk Bali, lusho fruit, ya da jabong,pompelmous ya da Tamil lehçesinde pampa limāsu, (பம்பளி மாசு)^[3], Pompous limonu bilinen diğer 

//////////////

Pomelo

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Pamplemousse" redirects here. For the location on Mauritius, see Pamplemousses District.

Pomelo
Scientific classification
Kingdom:		Plantae
(unranked):		Angiosperms
(unranked):		Eudicots
(unranked):		Rosids
Order:		Sapindales
Family:		Rutaceae
Genus:		Citrus
Species:		C. maxima
Binomial name
Citrus maxima Merr.
Pomelo, raw
Flesh of a pomelo
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy		159 kJ (38 kcal)
Carbohydrates		9.62 g
Dietary fiber		1 g
Fat		0.04 g
Protein		0.76 g
Vitamins
Thiamine (B1)		(3%) 0.034 mg
Riboflavin (B2)		(2%) 0.027 mg
Niacin (B3)		(1%) 0.22 mg
Vitamin B6		(3%) 0.036 mg
Vitamin C		(73%) 61 mg
Minerals
Iron		(1%) 0.11 mg
Magnesium		(2%) 6 mg
Manganese		(1%) 0.017 mg
Phosphorus		(2%) 17 mg
Potassium		(5%) 216 mg
Sodium		(0%) 1 mg
Zinc		(1%) 0.08 mg
Link to USDA Database entry
·         Units ·         μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams ·         IU = International units
Percentages are roughly approximated usingUS recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database

Citrus maxima (or Citrus grandis), (Common names: pomelo, pomello,pummelo, pommelo, pamplemousse, jabong (Hawaii), shaddick,^[1] orshaddock) is a natural (non-hybrid) citrus fruit, with the appearance of a biggrapefruit, native to South and Southeast Asia.

Contents

  [show] 

Etymology[edit]

Flowering and fruiting branch with numbered fruit segment and flower section. Chromolithograph by P. Depannemaeker, c. 1885, after B. Hoola van Nooten

Citrus maxima was originally called "shaddick" in English, after the captain of an East India Companyship who introduced it to Jamaica in 1696.^[2] The word "pomelo" has become the more common name, although "pomelo" has historically been used for grapefruit. (The 1973 printing of the American Heritage Dictionary, for example, gives grapefruit as the only meaning of "pomelo".)

The etymology of the word "pomelo" is uncertain. It is thought to perhaps be an alteration of the Dutchpompelmoes (meaning Citrus maxima, although modern regional Dutch use may additionally refer to the yellow/white grapefruit, while the pink grapefruit may be called roze pompelmoes, and "pomelo" refers to Citrus maxima × Citrus × paradisi) or alternatively, perhaps an alteration of a compound of pome ("apple") + melon.^[3]

Citrus maxima is native to Southeast Asia^[4] where it is known under a wide variety of names. In large parts of South East Asia, it is a popular dessert, often eaten raw sprinkled with, or dipped in, a salt mixture. It is also eaten in salads and drinks.

Description and uses[edit]

Closeup of pomelo petiole

It is usually pale green to yellow when ripe, with sweet white (or, more rarely, pink or red) flesh and very thick albedo (rind pith). It is a large citrus fruit, 15–25 centimetres (5.9–9.8 in) in diameter,^[5] usually weighing 1–2 kilograms (2.2–4.4 lb). Leaf petioles are distinctly winged.

The fruit tastes like a sweet, mildgrapefruit (which is itself believed to be a hybrid of Citrus maxima and theorange^[6]), though the typical pomelo is much larger than the grapefruit. It has none, or very little, of the common grapefruit's bitterness, but the enveloping membranous material around the segments is bitter, considered inedible, and thus is usually discarded. The peel is sometimes used to makemarmalade, can be candied, and is sometimes dipped in chocolate. In Brazil, the thick skin is often used for making a sweet conserve, while the spongy pith of the rind is discarded. Occasionally some Asian fat-heavy dishes use sliced pre-soaked pith to absorb the sauce and fat for eating. Citrus maximais usually grafted onto other citrus rootstocks but can be grown from seed, provided the seeds are not allowed to dry out before planting.

The fruit is said to have been introduced to Japan by a Cantonese captain in the An'ei era (1772–1781).^[7] There are two varieties: a sweet kind with white flesh and a sour kind with pinkish flesh, the latter more likely to be used as an altar decoration than actually eaten. Pomelos are often eaten in Asia during the mid-autumn festival or mooncake festival.

It is one of the ingredients of "Forbidden Fruit", a liqueur dating back to the early 20th century that also contains honey and brandy. This liqueur is most famously used in the Dorchester cocktail.

Drug interactions[edit]

Main article: Grapefruit–drug interactions

Some medicines may interact dangerously with pomelos and some pomelo hybrids, including grapefruit, some limes, andsome oranges.^[8]

Varieties[edit]

Possible non-hybrid pomelos[edit]

·         Banpeiyu

Hybrids[edit]

Main article: Citrus taxonomy

The pomelo is one of the four original citrus species (the others being citron, mandarin, and papeda), from which the rest of cultivated citrus hybridized. In particular, the common orange and the grapefruit are assumed to be natural occurring hybrids between the pomelo and the mandarin, with the pomelo providing the bigger size and greater firmness.

The pomelo is also employed today in artificial breeding programs:

·         The common sweet orange (Citrus × sinensis) is a pomelo × mandarin hybrid

·         The bitter orange (Citrus × aurantium) is another pomelo × mandarin hybrid

·         The tangelo is any hybrid between Citrus maxima and a tangerine. It generally has a thicker skin than a tangerine and is less sweet.

·         'K–Early' ('Sunrise Tangelo')^[9]

·         Grapefruit is a pomelo backcross: pummelo × sweet orange (see above). The grapefruit is itself a parent to many hybrids:

·         'Minneola': Bowen grapefruit × Dancy tangerine^[9]

·         'Orlando' (formerly Take'): Bowen grapefruit × Dancy tangerine(pollen parent)^[9]

·         'Nova': Clementine × Orlando tangelo cross^[9]

·         'Seminole': Bowen grapefruit × Dancy tangerine^[9]

·         'Thornton': tangerine × grapefruit, unspecified^[9]

·         'Ugli': mandarine × grapefruit, probable (wild seedling)^[9]

·         The Oroblanco and Melogold grapefruits are hybrids between Citrus maxima and the grapefruit.

·         Mandelos: pomelo × mandarine (Citrus maxima).

·         Hyuganatsu is a pomelo hybrid

Gallery[edit]

·        

Whole ripe pomelo from Kerala (South India)

·        

South Indian pomelo cut in half

·        

Sectioned pomelo

·        

Pomelos

·        

Pomelo after being cut

·        

Sectioned pomelo

·        

Pomelo on tree, has fruit and blossoms in the same time

·        

Ipoh pomelos on sale atChinatown, Singapore

·        

Fruit on tree; Philippines

·        

Pomelo flower in early April

·        

Pomelo blossom

·        

Cluster of blossoms

·        

Yam som-o: spicy Thai pomelo salad with tamarind juice

·        

Tam som-o nam pu: spicy Thai pomelo salad with crab extract

·        

Fujian's Pinghe Countyis famous in China for its pomelos

·        

Pink pomelo

·        

Pomelo in southern Vietnam.

·        

As a kitchen fruit

·        

In growth

·        

Pomelo in growth

·        

Pomelo orchard

·        

Pomelo seedling

·        

Tree

·        

Top view of 'Honey' cultivar

·        

Side view of 'Honey' cultivar

References[edit]

1.     Jump up^ "Shaddick". Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 13 January 2013.

2.     Jump up^ American Heritage Dictionary, 1973.

3.     Jump up^ “pomelo, n.” listed in the Oxford English Dictionary [Draft revision; June 2008]

4.     Jump up^ "Pummelo". Hort.purdue.edu. Retrieved 2012-01-07.

5.     Jump up^ Growing the granddaddy of grapefruit, SFGate.com, December 25, 2004

6.     Jump up^ Grapefruit "Grapefruit" Check |url= value (help). Hort.purdue.edu. Retrieved 2012-05-12.

7.     Jump up^ "阿久根市： 観光・特産品（ボンタン）". City.akune.kagoshima.jp. Retrieved 2012-01-07.

8.     Jump up^ Grapefruit–medication interactions: Forbidden fruit or avoidable consequences? CMAJ March 5, 2013 vol. 185 no. 4 First published November 26, 2012, doi: 10.1503/cmaj.120951 David G. Bailey, George Dresser, J. Malcolm O. Arnold, [1]

9.     ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f g} Morton, J. 1987. Tangelo. p. 158–160. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL.http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/tangelo.html

&&&&&&&

جکوند

بفتح جیم فارسی و کاف و سکون واو و خفای نون و دال چهار نقطۀ هندی لغت هندی است و آن را پنوار نیز نامند

ماهیت ان

کیاهی است هندی بقدر دو ذرع و برکهای آن ریزۀ مخروطی شکل معکوس یعنی طرف عریض آن بالا و باریک آن پائین متصل بشاخ در وقت غروب آفتاب برکهای آن زولیده بهم پیوسته می باشد و تمام شب چنان می ماند و وقت طلوع آفتاب باز می کردد و تمام روز باز می ماند و بدبو و تلخ و تخم آن در غلافی شبیه بماش و تخم ترب و دانۀ آن نیز شبیه بدان الا آنکه غیر مدور و اندک طولانی و لوزی شکل و بسیار صلب که تا چند روز در آب کرم نخیسانند نرم نمی کردد و سائیده نمی شود و بعضی کفته که سنک سبویه همین است و بعضی غیر آن دانسته اند

طبیعت ان

کرم و خشک در دوم

افعال و خواص ان

محلل و جاذب الوبا و القوبا جهت رفع اذیت وبا و اکثر امراض جلدیه مانند قوبا و بهق و جرب نافع و خوردن برک پختۀ آن و آشامیدن آب نقوع تخم آن و ضماد سائیدۀ جرم آن بتنهائی و یا با اندک کوکرد زرد خالص که بهندی امله سار نامند و یا با اندک قیقهر که بهندی رال کویند نافع بشرط تکرار عمل و مداومت بدان چند روز و چون آن را در ظرفی کرده در جای کرم مانند پشت اجاغ تا یک هفته بکذارند تا خوب بخیسد و بجوش آید پس بسایند بتنهائی و یا با ادویۀ مناسبه بر قوبا ضماد نمایند انفع است و ضماد سائیدۀ آن با آب لیمو جهت برص با تکرار استعمال نافع و کوبیدۀ پیختۀ آنکه با ماست ممزوج کرده در آفتاب کذارند تا بجوش آید جهت داءالثعلب که موخوره نامند و قوبا را نیز نافع با تکرار عمل که اولا موضع علت را خوب بمالند که سرخ و قریب بخون آلود کردد پس بمالند و خوردن برک پختۀ آن بطریق مسلوق از برای دفع وبا و امراض مذکوره مجرب چنانچه نقل است که در سالی در بنکاله قحطی افتاده و در قریۀ از قرای آن و با بهم رسید و مردم آن قریه بکوهستان حوالی آن رفتند کسانی که این کیاه را خوردند از وبا نجات یافتند و کسانی که نخوردند اکثر هلاک شدند و ضماد پوست بیخ آن با ثمن وزن آن زاج سفید با آب لیمو که خوب نرم بسایند و اندک رقیق باشد جهت رفع قوبا مجرب با تکرار عمل و خوردن آن نیز که حب بسته مقدار یک تولۀ آن را ناشتا بلع نمایند تا سه روز و بعضی را یکدودست اجابت می نماید اما باید که آنچه برای خوردن است زاج آن را بریان نموده باشند و وزن آن کم باشد که در یک توله پوست و بیخ آن یک ماشه زاج باشد بلکه ازین هم کمتر در بعضی امزجه و آن بسیار تلخ می باشد و العلم عند اللّه تعالی

مخزن الادویه عقیلی خراسانی

//////////

Cassia tora

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

It has been suggested that this article be merged into Senna tora. (Discuss) Proposed since November 2014.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Cassia tora is a dicot legume known as sickle senna, sickle pod, tora, coffee pod, tovara, chakvad, thakara in malayalam and foetid cassia.^[1] It is mostly found in South-East Asia and the South West Pacific as an important weed. It is considered a wild weed, wild peanut or pistache that has many healing benefits. The plant is an herbaceous annual foetid herb. The plant can grow 30–90 centimetres (12–35 in) tall and consists of alternative pinnate leaves with leaflets mostly with three opposite pairs that are obovate in shape with a rounded tip. The leaves grow up to 3–4.5 centimeters long. The stems have distinct smelling foliage when young. The flowers are in pairs in axils of leaves with five petals and pale yellow in colour. Cassia tora yellow flowers occur in pairs with stamens of unequal length producing pods that are somewhat flattened or four angled, 10–15 cm long and sickle shaped, hence the common name sickle pod. There are 30–50 seeds within a pod. The seeds, roots and leaves from this plant has been shown to be very beneficial to the modern system of herbal medicines.

Contents

  [show] 

History[edit]

Cassia tora is most likely of Indo - Malayan origin. It is found mostly in India. Numerous authors have confused C. tora andC. obtusifolia two species for years.

Geography[edit]

Cassia tora is found in many parts of the world. It grows abundantly in parts of Afghanistan, India, China, Pakistan, Myanmar, Nepal and Bhutan. It is also grown and cultivated areas in the Himalayas at the elevation of 1400 meters in Nepal. It is distributed throughout India, Sri Lanka, West China and the tropics.

Ethnography[edit]

The whole plant as well as specific parts such as roots, leaves and seeds have been widely used and was suggested to combat different diseases afflicting rural and traditional practitioners of Satpura region of Madhya Pradesh, India. Cassia tora is one of the recognized anthraquinone (organic compound) containing plants and has been used in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine.

Cassia tora

Growing conditions[edit]

Casia tora is very stress tolerant and is an easy plant to grow. In India, it occurs as a wasteland rainy season weed. Its flowering time is favourable after the monsoon rain. C.tora can grow in dry soil throughout tropical parts and high hills of elevation (Himalayas) of up to 1800 meters as well as the plains. It mainly grows during the period of October to February. The seed has vast soil reserves that can remain viable for up to twenty years and can produce up to 1000 emerged plants per square meter following a precise germinating rain. Once the seed has matured, it is gathered and dried in the sun.

growing plant, about two weeks old

old branch with seeds

Pests/diseases[edit]

In Vanuatu, which is an island in the South Pacific, Cassia tora has been known to suffer limited damage by the leaf-eating larvae of Stegasta variana. Stegasta variana is a species of moth called Gelechild moth.

Stress tolerance[edit]

Cassia tora is considered an annual weed and has a high stress tolerance. The main time that it may die off is the dry season of July–October in South Asia.

Uses[edit]

C.tora has many uses. The plant and seeds are edible. The edible part of the plant varies from 30 to 40 percent. Young leaves can be cooked as a vegetable while the roasted seeds are a good substitute for coffee. It is used as a natural pesticide in organic farms and its powder is most commonly used in the pet food industry. Alternatively, it is mixed with guar gum for use in mining and other industrial applications. The seeds and leaves are also used to treat skin disease and its seeds can be utilized as a laxative. This weed could also become a reliable cheap source of nutritious feed for Ctenopharyngodon idella, a fast-growing exotic carp. Cassia tora tea is a herbal, pure, natural and non-polluted green health beverage. In the Republic of Korea, it is believed to rejuvenate human vision. Additionally, the tea has created a new term “coffee-tea”, because of its mysterious but very rich taste and its coffee aroma. It is made from 100 percent Cassia tora, with no artificial colouring and no caffeine, and could be a healthier substitute for coffee and sodas. Since Cassia tora has an external germicide and antiparasitic character, it has been used for treating skin diseases such as leprosy, ringworm, itching and psoriasis and also for snakebites. Other medicinal provisions from plant parts include balm for arthritis using leaves of Cassia tora.

Nutritional Information A natural gelling agent that has industrial and food benefits is made from the seed. The primary chemical constituents of the seed include cinnamaldehyde, gum, tannins, mannitol, coumarins and essential oils (aldehydes, eugenol and pinene). The seeds also contain sugars, resins and mucilage, among other elements.

Economics[edit]

The galactomannans (a form of polysaccharide) from Cassia tora (CT- gum), after proper processing and chemical derivatization (converting chemical into a product of a similar structure), could function as an improved and more economical thickener than locust bean gum for textiles, because of the bean gum’s current high price ($18/kg) and limited availability. Most of the CT-gum processing plants in India are located in Gujarat state because of the availability of Cassia tora beans in the neighbouring states, but the widespread use of these beans as vegetables and seeds as cattle feed has been pushing up the raw material cost for the CT-gum industry. The total fixed capacity in the country is 0.2 million tonnes for splits and 59,000 for powder based on Cassia tora seeds. The capacity utilization in the industry has been around 70 percent for the last three years. Apart from domestic consumption, there are now noteworthy exports of cassia powder of the international standard to various countries. This includes the United States of America, Australia, Germany, France, Spain, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Singapore and Japan. The export value of Cassia tora has been progressively increasing over the last five years. Comprehensive export data disclosed that Japan and the UK receive a regular supply, while the United States market fluctuates. However, the export growth rate of Cassia tora plainly shows the difference between quantity and value, which leads to a low price per unit price.

Social, gender and cultural issues[edit]

Cassia tora is culturally accepted, as it is a natural growing species. The plant is a more holistic use for many ailments and contributes to the nutrition of sustenance families. It is not a laborious species as it is considered as a weed globally, which means it is a very hardy plant species. It can be used in semi-urban areas and in rural areas. One caution when planting in a rural area is to not plant it in a pasture. The effect of ingesting this crop on a daily basis for foraging animals has not been studied.

Constraints for wider use[edit]

An immense reason for why it is not grown more often is because of lack of knowledge people have of the plant. Cassia tora is not well known for many sustenance farmers in the region of where it is optimal to plant. Cassia tora is very affordable. It would be a great benefit to them as said in the economic section that it can be a large production for CT gum. Families of sustenance farmers or urban families can benefit from the medicinal and nutritional uses that it has because they would not have to spend as much money on buying goods such as laxatives, medicinal creams and ointments, coffee, and some vegetables.

Practical information[edit]

Here are directions on how to grow your own Cassia tora plant. Scratch and then pre-soak the seed for 2–3 hours in warm water before sowing it from early spring to early summer in a warm greenhouse or pot in your own home. The seed usually germinates in 1–12 weeks at 23 °C. You can also transplant Cassia tora. Plant them in individual pots once they are large enough to handle and grow them on in the greenhouse or your home. Do not plant them outside until the following spring. Using the Food and Agriculture Organization website is a great tool in finding out more about Cassia tora and its uses, more specifically there is an online brochure called “Country Compass” which lists medicinal herbs for countries across the world.

References[edit]

1.    Jump up^ Country Compass [1] Food and Agriculture Organization

Categories: 

·         Edible legumes

·         Cassia

·         Flora of Southeast Asia

·         Flora of the Southwestern Pacific

/////////

Cassia Seed Extract – Health Benefits of Cassia Seed

Botanical Name

– Cassia obtusifolia, Cassia tora

Family

– Fabaceae/Leguminosae

Cassia seeds are bitter, sweet and salty in flavor. Cassia seed extract is beneficial in problems related to intestine, liver, large intestine and vision. The seed extract is also used as an alternative to coffee. The seed is slightly cold in nature and hence works better on liver and large intestine.

Cassia is the native tree of the tropics. It is quite popular in China in Sichuan, Anhui, Guangdong and Guangxi regions. During fall months, Cassia seeds are harvested and these are sun dried before use. Cassia seeds are used in different forms such as whole seed, tea packets, ground powder, pastes and herb pillows. Cassia seed helps improve vision, removes intensive heat from the liver and provides nourishment to large intestine and also smoothes the bowel movement.

Cassia Seed Health Benefits

Cassia seeds is known for various medicinal benefits. It has following health benefits –

o    The seeds of Cassia are used for common problems related to kidney, intestine, liver and vision.

o    Cassia seed extract is also used for dying purposes.

o    It is used as an alternative to coffee.

o    Its consumption removes intense heat from the liver.

o    Eases the bowel movement.

o    Cassia seeds along with dodder and wolfberry seeds provide nourishment to intestine.

o    It helps in improving the vision and cures blurred vision, redness, itchiness, congestion or light sensitivity caused by hot wind conditions.

o    Cassia seeds act as a laxative and can cure constipation caused due to heat accumulation in the intestine.

o    Cassia seed extract can inhibit fungal growth.

o    Cassia seeds paste is used for treatment of various skin ailments such as snake bite and other parasitic disorders.

o    Cassia seeds can also lower the blood pressure and cholesterol.

Cassia Seed Side Effects

Cassia seeds have following side effects-

o    It contains chemicals such as obtusin, chrysophanol, aurantio-obtusin which are of benefit to us, but can also lead to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), obesity and psoriasis.

o    It can cause uterus contraction.

o    It has some gastrointestinal side effects such as diarrhea, gas and nausea.

Hence, if you suffer from any of the described conditions, intake of Cassia seeds can effectively cure the condition. Due to its uterus contraction property, it should not be used by pregnant women. It should not be taken by people with low blood pressure. It should be taken under medical practitioner’s supervisio

//////////

Charota or Chakod (Cassia tora L. syn. Cassia obtusifolia L.)

Contributor: Pankaj Oudhia

Copyright (c) 2002. All Rights Reserved. Quotation from this document should cite and acknowledge the contributor.

English Name: Foetid cassia, The Sickle Senna, Wild Senna

Common (Indian) names:
Hindi: Charota,Chakvad,Chakavat.
Bengali & Oriya: Chakunda
Gujrati: Kawaria
Canarese: Gandutogache
Malyalam: Chakramandrakam,takara
Marathi: Takala
Sanskrit : Chakramarda,Dadmari,Dadrughra,Taga
Tamil: Tagarai
Telugu: Chinnakasinda

Family: Leguminosae

Habitat: In India it occur as wasteland rainy season weed.

Botany: It is an annual foetid herb, 30–90 cm high .

Leaves: pinnate, up to 10 cm long rachis grooved, conical gland between each of two lowest pairs of leaflet, leaflets in 3 pairs, opposite, obovate, oblong and base oblique.

Flowers: In pair in axils of leaves, petals five, pale yellow.

Fruit: Pod, Obliquely separate.

Seed: 30-50 rhombhedral

Flowering time: After the monsoon rains (in Indian conditions)

Useful parts: Roots, Leaves, and Seeds.

Medicinal Properties and Uses: According to Ayurveda the leaves and seeds are acrid, laxative , antiperiodic, anthelmintic, ophthalmic, liver tonic, cardiotonic and expectorant. The leaves and seeds are useful in leprosy, ringworm, flatulence, colic, dyspepsia, constipation, cough, bronchitis, cardiac disorders.

Ayuerveda Formulation: Chakramadha Tailamu.

Other uses: Recommended for reclamation of saline, alkaline and brackish soils. Used as green manure crop in acidic soils. Dried seed contain protein (up to 24 percent) and is given as a protien rich feed for livestock and birds. Roasted seeds are substituted for coffee like Tephrosia seeds. Seeds yield tannins and dyes (yellow, blue and red). fields a gum (7.50%),which is a good agent for suspending and binding. The aqueous extracts of whole plant and leaves produces inhibitory allelopathic effects on common weeds specially on Parthenium hysterophorus. Recommended to grow in Parthenium infested areas as smoother crop. Stimulatory allelopathic effects on rice and wheat have been reported. Seeds used in preparation of sweet dishes. Leaves are popular potherb. In organic farms of India, Cassia tora is used as natural pesticide. Fungicidal activity of chrysophanic acid-9-anthrone from Cassia tora have been reported.

Chemical Constituents

Roots: 1,3,5-trihydroxy-6-7-dimethoxy-2-methylanthroquinone and beta-sitosterol.

Seeds: Naptho-alpha-pyrone-toralactune, chrysophanol, physcion, emodin, rubrofusarin, cchrysophonic acid-9-anthrone.

Leaves: Emodin, tricontan-1-0l, stigmasterol, b-sitosteral-b-D-glucoside, freindlen, palmitic, stearic, succinic and d-tartaric acids uridine, quercitrin and isoquercitrin.

Resource Person:
Pankaj Oudhia
Society for Parthenium Management, (SOPAM)
28-A, College Road, Geeta Nagar
Raipur- 492001 India
pankajoudhia@gmail.com
archive.org/details/pankajoudhia
www.youtube.com/user/pankajoudhia?feature=results_main
www.flickr.com/photos/pankajoudhia/

---

Copyright © 2015, Purdue University, all rights reserved. Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity university. If you have trouble accessing this page because of a disability, please contact the NewCROP Center | email: awhipkey@purdue.edu | phone: 765-494-6968.

///////////

·         Cassia Tora Seeds

·         Cassia Tora Splits

·         Cassia Tora Powder

Cassia Tora Seeds

Cassia Tora is a wild crop plant that belongs to the Caesalpinaceae plant family and genus Cassia. Cassia tora seeds are hard to beat in their quality and affordability. They are bold and small seeds. These seeds are also shiny and are duly machine cleaned. These cassia tora seeds are available into many ranges such as cassia tora seed and natural cassia tora seeds.

Cassia tora L., (=Cassia obtusifolia L.), Caesalpiniaceae, occurs throughout India as a weed. The leaves, flowers and young fruits are illustrated.

The plant is known for its significant medicinal value. The Cassia plant mainly grows in the tropical regions of India and is commercially supplied in bulk from regions of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

Cassia Tora Seed or Jue Ming Zi in Chinese, or the ripe seed of sickelpod cold nature of the fruit is excellent for cooling down the body. Cassia Tora Seed is highly valued in ancient Chinese herb.

This bitter and salty Cassia Tora Seed has also been credited as an eyesight booster. Cassia Tora can also helps by removing intensive heat from the liver and improving vision, moisturizing intestine and easing the bowels. Great help for losing weight as well.

Properties

Sweet, bitter and salty in flavor, slightly cold in nature, it is related to the liver, kidney and large intestine channels.

Uses

The parts like roots, seeds and leaves of this plant can be used in curing various health problems and diseases.

The root is used in snakebite.

The dried and fresh leaves are used in northern Nigeria in the treatment of ulcers, ring worm and other parasitic skin diseases. In cultures, the leaf extracts of the plant showed anti-bacterial activity. Antiviral activity, particularly against Newcastle disease virus and Vaccinia virus.

The Cassia Tora Seed, ripe seed of sickle pod, is a highly valued ancient Chinese herb. As defined in Ayurveda these seeds of Cassia Tora are great laxatives, ophthalmics, anthelmintics and expectorants. Its main constituents include derivatives of anthraquinone, chrysophanol, emodin, rhein and fixed oil. Due to the cold nature of the fruit from which they are extracted, the Cassia Tora seeds are the excellent sources for cooling down the body. Used as aperients and purgatives the seeds are help to loosen the bowels to relieve constipation.

Traditionally, the leaves of Chakvad are popular as potherb. It is used as a natural pesticide in the organic farms of India. It has been reported that Cassia tora contains chrysophanic acid-9-anthronewhich is an important fungicide.

The intake of these seeds can cure skin diseases like ring worm, itch and psoriasis. These herbal seeds can also remove intense heat from the liver and improve the acuity of sight and loosen the bowels to relieve constipation.

The leaves contain anthroquinones, and are employed in weak decoction for treating childhood teething, fever and constipation.

The paste of the ground, dried root is used in Ayurveda as a treatment for ringworm and snakebite.

However when Cassia Tora is used together with self-heal Spica Prunellae and Cape jasmine fruit (Fructus Gardeniae) can be god remedy for conjunctivitis or inflammation of the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and is continued over the forepart of the eyeball. This can even cure photophobia, or intolerance to light, due to fire of excess types in the liver channel. It is frequently used together with milk vetch seed or Semen Astragali Complanati for blurred vision due to yin deficiency of the liver and kidneys. The sickle senna seed decoction, syrup and tablets is most effective for hyperlipemia, the presence of excess fat or lipids in the blood.

The modern researches reveal that the fresh seed of this plant contains chrysophanol, obtusin, aurantio-obtusin and vitamin A. It contains anthra-glucoside which is known for its laxative effect. Cassia seed mixture with water can inhibit dermatomyces, while its alcohol infusion is known to inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms like staphylococcus, bacillus diphtheriae, bacillus coli, typhoid and paratyphoid bacillus.

In addition to being used as medicinal herbs, the seeds are also used as a mordant in dyeing. They can be roasted and ground to be used as a coffee substitute. As the dehydrated seed of Cassia plant has good protein, it can be used as a full of protein feed for livestock and birds. Growing as leguminous weed in several parts of India, this is also used as fodder for animals and as a feed ingredient for carps.