ثلج صینی
معرب از ثلج چینی
است
ماهیت ان
رطوبتی است منجمد
مانند برف شبیه بنمک دریائی که از هند آورند و ابن بیطار کفته که زهر حجر اسیوس*
است و در اسیوس ذکر یافت
طبیعت ان
سرد و خشک
افعال و خواص آن
جهت جلای بیاض
عین و ظلمت بصر و ضماد آن بر بدن جهت تپ دق نافع و این اسم را بر بارود نیز استعمال
می کنند
مخزن الادویه عقیلی
خراسانی
* حجر اسیوس . [ ح
َ ج َ رِ اَ س ِ ] (ترکیب اضافی ، اِ مرکب ) سنگ شوره . چه اسیوس بیونانی شوره را گویند
و آنرا نمک چینی خوانند. (آنندراج ). رجوع به حجر آسیوس شود.
- حجر آسیوس . [ ح
َ ج َ رِ س ِ ] (ع اِ) سنگ شوره . نمک چینی . بارود باروت . ثلج الصین . حسین خلف گوید،
یعنی سنگ شوره چه آسیوس بیونانی شوره را گویند، و آنرا نمک چینی خوانند. (برهان قاطع).
و ابن البیطار در مفردات آورده است : هوالبارود وقد ذکرته فی الباء و اهل مصر یعرفونه
بثلج الصین .
- - ملح الصین ؛ ثلج
الصین . زهره ٔ اسیوس** . (یادداشت به خط مرحوم دهخدا). و رجوع به
اسیوس شود.
** اسیوس . [ اَس ْ]
(اِ) بیونانی نمک چینی را گویند که شوره باشد و باروت را از آن سازند و درهندوستان
بدان آب سرد کنند. و بعضی گویند سنگی باشدبغایت سست و بزردی مایل و چون نزدیک زبان
آورند زبان را بگزد و اگر آنرا با آرد باقلا بر نقرس ضماد کنندنافع باشد. (برهان قاطع).
حکیم مؤمن آرد: آسیوس به الف ممدوده بلغت یونانی اسم نمک چینی
است و آن نمکی است که بر روی سنگ سفید سبک و نوعی بر روی سنگ مایل بزردی از نم دریا
بهم میرسد و آنرا آسیوس و نمک را زهره ٔ اسیوس نامند و شبیه
است به نوشادر و قوی تر از سنگ او است و بهترین سنگ ، سریعالتفتیت است که رگهای زرد
قلیل غایر داشته باشد. در سیم گرم و خشک و بالذع و معفن و جهت قروح کهنه ٔ یابسه ٔ عسرالاندمال و بردن
گوشت زیادة و با عسل منقی زخمها و با موم روغن مانع انتشار قروح خبیثة و با آرد باقلی
جهت نقرس و طلاء اوبا سرکه جهت سپرز و گرده ، با صمغالبطم و زفت جهت تحلیل خنازیر و
مغسول هر دو بدستور تغسیل اقلیمیا، ملطف و جالی بصر و جهت بردن بیاض و رفع آثار نافع
و بالخاصیة زهره ٔ اسیوس قاطع خون لهاة است و خوردن او با عسل جهت قرحه
ٔ شش نافع و مورث سحج و مصلحش صمغ عربی و قدر شربتش
از یک دانگ تا نیم درهم است . (تحفه ٔ حکیم مؤمن ). در نسخه ٔ خطی اختیارات بدیعی آمده : اسیوش ،گویند نمک صینی است و آن سنگی است سبک
که زود ریزان شود و از نمک دریا بروی می بندد و آنرا زهرة اسیوس خوانند و جالینوس گوید
سنگی است سست و مانند سنگهای دیگر صلب نیست و سفیدرنگ بود و نوعی بزردی زند و چون نزدیک
زبان برند، زبان را بگزد. منفعت وی آن است که چون به آرد باقلی بر نقرس ضماد کنند،
نافع بود و جهت ورم سپرز با کلس و سرکه طلا کنند بغایت مفید بود و جهت ریش شش با عسل
لعق کنند، سودمند بود و قوه ٔ زهر وی از حجر زیادت
بود و نیکوترین چیزی بود از وی . چشم را قوت دهد و جلاء بخشد و سفیدی که در چشم بود
بکلی زایل کند، چون در چشم کشند. حجر آسیوس . نمک چینی . (انجمن آرا). ثلج الصین .
بارود در شرح ثلج چینی (که بارود باشد)، در کتب مفردات می آید و آن زهره ٔ اسیوس است .
%%%%%%%%
سنگی است که نمک بر
آن می نشیند و آن را گل اسیوس می نامند .
گمان می رود که نمک
مزبور از رطوبت دریا و شبنمی که بر آن می نشیند به وجود می آید .
خاصیت درمانی :قوت
آسیوس و گل آسیوس بازکننده و جوش دهنده است . اندکی گنداننده است و گوشت گندیده را
آب می کند و گزشی ندارد .
دمل و جوش :اگر آسیوس
را با سقز درخت بنه ضماد کنند جراحت ها را از بین می برد .
زخم و قرحه :در مداوای
زخم های دشوار ،شدید ، بزرگ و عمیق سودمند است .
مفاصل :آن را با آرد
جو بر جای نقرس می گذارند .اگر بیمار نقرسی دست و پا را در پخته آن بگذارند مفید است
.
اندام تنفسی :آن را
با عسل بلیسند زخم های شش را معالجه می کند .
اندام های غذا :با
آهک و سرکه بر طحال بمالند سودمند است .
///////////
شوره یا پتاسیم نیترات
(در منابع طب سنتی ثلج الصین یا برف چینی، یا سنگ شوره یا حجر اسیوس، یا ملح الصین،
نمک چینی و شوره چینی) یک ترکیب شیمیایی با فرمول {\displaystyle
KNO_{3}} است. این ماده در محل‌هایی
مانند دیوارهٔ غارها بصورت طبیعی به شکل گرد سفیدرنگی وجود دارد.
نیترات پتاسیم یک اکسید کننده تقریبا قوی است. نیترات پتاسیم آب جذب می‌کند بنابراین
در محصولاتی مانند باروت که از شوره استفاده می‌شود در صورت قرارگیری در هوای آزاد
رطوبت می‌گیرد و خراب می‌شود
یکی از واکنش‌های
مهم نیترات پتاسیم , نیترات پتاسیم و شکر است که در بسیاری از سوخت موشک‌ها استفاده
می‌شود و همچنین به دلیل خروج H2O و N2 از این واکنش ابر
دودزایی درست می‌کند که به عنوان بمب دودزا استفاده می‌شود اما در حقیقت این واکنش
نسبت دقیق دارد و بدون داشتن نسبت درست واکنش درست عمل نمی‌کند.که نسبت آن 6 به 6 شکر
به نیترات پتاسیم است.
ویکی
//////////
به عرب ثلج
الصین:
نترات البوتاسيوم
( ثلج الصین، ملح الصین) (KNO3) ملح يكون في هيئة مسحوق من البلورات،
شفاف أو أبيض، حريف المذاق (أو ذو طعم لاذع ملحي مبرد)، سهل الذوبان في الماء، قليله
في الكحول. متوافر على سطح الأرض وعلى الصخور وفي الكهوف، [3][4]
يتكون من البوتاسيوم
والنيتروجين والأكسجين.
محتويات [أظهر]
التحضير[عدل]
يُحَضّر صناعيا بتفاعل
نترات الصوديوم وكلوريد البوتاسيوم أو بتفاعل حمض النتريك وهيدروكسيد البوتاسيوم[3]
يمكن استخلاصها من
الطبيعة عبر تذويب تربة غنية بهذا الملح (نيترات البوتاسيوم) في الماء ثم تبريد المحلول
لتترسب بلورات هذه المادة.
تحضر نترات البوتاسيوم
من السماد الزراعي (نترات النشادر 33) نترات باذابته في الماء وترك الشوائب حتي تترسب
ثم تبخير الماء لينتج نترات الأمونيوم، والذي يفاعل لاحقاً مع هيدروكسيد البوتاسيوم
(البوتاس) لينتج نترات البوتاسيوم كما في المعادلة:
{\displaystyle
\mathrm {NH_{4}NO_{3}\ +\ KOH\longrightarrow \ KNO_{3}+NH_{4}OH} }
{\displaystyle \mathrm {NH_{4}NO_{3}\ +\ KOH\longrightarrow \ KNO_{3}+NH_{4}OH} }
وبالتسخين سيتفكك
هيدروكسيد الأمونيوم إلى الأمونياك (NH3) و الماء (H2O) ويتبقى
نترات البوتاسيوم (KNO3).
الاستخدام[عدل]
تعتبر مادة مساعدة
على الاشتعال لأحتوائها على ثلاث ذرات أكسجين وتدخل في تركيب البارود كما أنها متوفرة
في الأسواق كسماد غني بالنيتروجين.
يُستخدم في المقام
الأول، في صناعة الأسمدة والمتفجرات والمفرقعات أو الألعاب النارية، وصنع الثقاب، وحفظ
اللحوم، وصنع الزجاج، وشمع الإضائة، والتعدين، وكاشفا في الكيمياء التحليلية، وبعض
الأغراض الطبية،[3][4]
التاريخ[عدل]
ظهر في الصين وعرفه
المسلمون ففي الأندلس سماه ابن البيطار المالقي « ثلج الصين ».[5]
مصادر[عدل]
^ مذكور في : مختبر
علم الأحياء الجزيئي الأوروبي الكيميائي — معرف مختبر علم الأحياء
الجزيئي الأوروبي الكيميائي: CHEMBL1644029 — تاريخ الاطلاع:
21 سبتمبر 2016 — رخصة: Creative Commons
Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
^ تعدى إلى الأعلى
ل: أ ب مذكور في : بوب كيم — معرف بوب كيم:
24434 — تاريخ الاطلاع: 21 سبتمبر 2016 — رخصة: محتوى حر
^ تعدى إلى الأعلى
ل: أ ب ت المورد للبعلبكي
^ تعدى إلى الأعلى
ل: أ ب الموسوعة الميسرة
^ A History of
Greek Fire and Gunpowder - J. R. Partington - Google Books
اقرأ أيضا[عدل]
نتريت
نترات
حمض النتريك
◄ ع ن ت
مركبات البوتاسيوم
أيقونة بوابةبوابة
الكيمياء
مشاريع شقيقة في كومنز
صور وملفات عن: نترات البوتاسيوم
ضبط استنادي
GND:
4328375-5
تصنيفات: نتراتمركبات
بوتاسيوممواد حافظةمؤكسدات
[أغلق]
Wiki Project
Med Foundation logo.svg
يوجد لدى ويكيبيديا
نسخة من محتواها الطبي لا تتطلب اتصالًا بالإنترنت. حمل تطبيق أندرويد الخاص بالمحتوى
الطبي للوصول لهذا المحتوى في حالة عدم الاتصال.
//////////
به عبری آشلگان:
אשלגן חנקתי, ידוע גם בשם "סלפטר" (מלטינית,
"מלח אבן", אך ייתכן שהכוונה היא למלח של פטרה), הוא מלח המורכב מאשלגן,
חנקן וחמצן.
//////////
Potassium nitrate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 |
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Names
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Potassium nitrate
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Other names
Saltpetre
Nitrate of potash |
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Identifiers
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231-818-8
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Jmol 3D
model
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TT3700000
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1486
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Properties
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KNO3
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101.1032 g/mol
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Appearance
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white solid
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odorless
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2.109 g/cm3 (16 °C)
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334 °C (633 °F;
607 K)
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decomposes at
400 °C
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1.335, 1.5056, 1.5604
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Structure
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Thermochemistry
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95.06 J/mol K
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-494.00 kJ/mol
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Hazards
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Main hazards
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Oxidant, Harmful if
swallowed, Inhaled, or absorbed on skin. Causes Irritation to Skin and Eye
area.
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EU classification(DSD)
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Oxidant (O)
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Non-flammable
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Lethal dose or
concentration (LD, LC):
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Related compounds
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Other anions
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Other cations
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Related compounds
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Except where otherwise
noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C
[77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Potassium
nitrate is
a chemical compound with
the chemical formula KNO3. It is an ionic salt of potassium ions K+ and nitrate ions NO3−, and is therefore
an alkali metal nitrate.
It
occurs as a mineral niter and is a natural
solid source of nitrogen. Potassium
nitrate is one of several nitrogen-containing compounds collectively referred
to as saltpeter or saltpetre.
Major
uses of potassium nitrate are in fertilizers, tree stump removal, rocket propellants and fireworks. It is one of the major constituents
of gunpowder(blackpowder) and has been used since
the Middle Ages as a food preservative.
Contents
Potassium nitrate, because of its
early and global use and production, has many names.
The Greeks used the term nitron,
which was Latinised to nitrum or nitrium,while
earlier Hebrews and Egyptians used words with the consonants n-t-r, which leads
some to speculate that the Latin term is closer to the original than the Greek
term. Middle English styled it nitre. Old French had niter.
By the 15th century, Europeans referred to it as saltpeter[5] and later as nitrate of potash, as
the chemistry of the compound was more fully understood.
The Arabs called it "Chinese
snow" (Arabic: ثلج الصين thalj
al-ṣīn). It was called "Chinese salt" by the Iranians/Persians[6][7][8][9][10] or "salt from Chinese salt marshes" (Persian: نمک شوره چيني namak shūra chīnī).[11][12]
Potassium
nitrate has an orthorhombic crystal
structure at room temperature, which transforms to a trigonal system at
129 °C (264 °F).
Potassium
nitrate is moderately soluble in water, but its solubility increases with
temperature (see infobox). The aqueous solution is almost neutral,
exhibiting pH 6.2 at 14 °C (57 °F) for a
10% solution of commercial powder. It is not very hygroscopic, absorbing about 0.03% water in
80% relative humidity over
50 days. It is insoluble in alcohol and is not poisonous; it can react
explosively with reducing agents, but it is not explosive on its own.[2]
Between
550–790 °C (1,022–1,454 °F), potassium nitrate reaches a temperature
dependent equilibrium with potassium nitrite:[13]
2
KNO3 ⇌
2 KNO2 + O2
The
earliest known complete purification process for potassium nitrate was outlined
in 1270 by the chemist and
engineer Hasan al-Rammah of Syria in
his book al-Furusiyya wa al-Manasib al-Harbiyya (The Book
of Military Horsemanship and Ingenious War
Devices). In this book, al-Rammah describes first the purification of barud (crude
saltpeter mineral) by boiling it with minimal water and using only the hot
solution, then the use of potassium carbonate (in
the form of wood ashes) to remove
calcium and magnesium by precipitation of their carbonates from this solution,
leaving a solution of purified potassium nitrate, which could then be dried.[14] This was used for
the manufacture of gunpowder and explosive devices. The terminology used by
al-Rammah indicated a Chinese origin for the gunpowder weapons about which he
wrote.[15]
At
least as far back as 1845, Chilean saltpeter deposits were exploited
in Chile and California, USA.
A
major natural source of potassium nitrate was the deposits crystallizing from
cave walls and the accumulations of bat guano in caves.[16] Extraction is
accomplished by immersing the guano in water for a day, filtering, and
harvesting the crystals in the filtered water. Traditionally, guano was the
source used in Laos for the manufacture of gunpowder
for Bang Fai rockets.
Perhaps
the most exhaustive discussion of the production of this material is the
1862 LeConte text.[17] He was writing with
the express purpose of increasing production in the Confederate States to
support their needs during the American Civil War.
Since he was calling for the assistance of rural farming communities, the
descriptions and instructions are both simple and explicit. He details the
"French Method", along with several variations, as well as a
"Swiss method". N.B. Many references have been made to a method using
only straw and urine, but there is no such method in this work.
Niter-beds
are prepared by mixing manure with
either mortar or
wood ashes, common earth and organic materials such asstraw to
give porosity to a compost pile typically 4 feet (1.2 m) high, 6 feet
(1.8 m) wide, and 15 feet (4.6 m) long.[17] The heap was
usually under a cover from the rain, kept moist with urine,
turned often to accelerate the decomposition, then finally leached with
water after approximately one year, to remove the soluble calcium nitrate which
was then converted to potassium nitrate by filtering through the potash.
LeConte
describes a process using only urine and not dung, referring to it as the Swiss
method. Urine is collected directly, in a sandpit under a stable. The sand
itself is dug out and leached for nitrates which were then converted to
potassium nitrate via potash, as above.
From
1903 until the World War I era,
potassium nitrate for black powder and fertilizer was produced on an industrial
scale from nitric acid produced via the Birkeland–Eyde
process, which used an electric arc to oxidize nitrogen from the
air. During World War I the newly industrialized Haber process (1913) was combined with
the Ostwald process after
1915, allowing Germany to produce nitric acid for the war after being cut off
from its supplies of mineral sodium nitrates from Chile (seenitratite).
Potassium
nitrate can be made by combining ammonium nitrate and potassium hydroxide.
NH4NO3 (aq) + KOH (aq) →
NH3 (g) + KNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)
An
alternative way of producing potassium nitrate without a by-product of ammonia
is to combine ammonium nitrate andpotassium chloride,
easily obtained as a sodium-free salt substitute.
NH4NO3 (aq) + KCl (aq) →
NH4Cl (aq) + KNO3 (aq)
Potassium
nitrate can also be produced by neutralizing nitric acid with potassium hydroxide.
This reaction is highly exothermic.
KOH
(aq) + HNO3 → KNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)
On
industrial scale it is prepared by the double displacement reaction
between sodium nitrate and potassium chloride.
NaNO3 (aq) + KCl (aq) →
NaCl (aq) + KNO3 (aq)
Potassium
nitrate has a wide variety of uses, largely as a source of nitrate.
Historically, nitric acid was produced by combining
sulfuric acid with nitrates such as saltpeter. In modern times this is
reversed: nitrates are produced from nitric acid produced via the Ostwald process.
The
most famous use of potassium nitrate is probably as the oxidizer in blackpowder. From the most ancient times
through the late 1880s, blackpowder provided the explosive power for all the
world's firearms. After that time, small arms and large artillery increasingly
began to depend on cordite, a smokeless powder. Blackpowder remains in use
today in black powder
rocket motors, but also in combination with other fuels like sugars
in "rocket candy".
It is also used in fireworks such assmoke bombs.[18] It is also added to
cigarettes to maintain an even burn of the tobacco[19] and is used to
ensure complete combustion of paper cartridges for cap and ball
revolvers.[20] It can also be
heated to several hundred degrees to be used for niter bluing,
which is less durable than other forms of protective oxidation, but allows for
specific and often beautiful coloration of steel parts, such as screws, pins,
and other small parts of firearms.
In
the process of food preservation,
potassium nitrate has been a common ingredient of salted meat since the Middle Ages,[21] but its use has
been mostly discontinued because of inconsistent results compared to more
modern nitrate and nitrite compounds. Even so, saltpeter is still used in some
food applications, such as charcuterie and the brine used
to make corned beef.[22] When used as a food
additive in the European Union,[23] the compound is
referred to as E252; it is also
approved for use as a food additive in the USA[24] and Australia and
New Zealand[25] (where it is listed
under its INS
number 252).[2] Although nitrate
salts have been suspected of producing the carcinogen nitrosamine, both sodium and potassium
nitrates and nitrites have been added to meats in the US since 1925, and
nitrates and nitrites have not been removed from preserved meat products
because nitrite and nitrate inhibits the germination of C. botulinum endospores, and thus prevents botulism from bacterial toxin that may
otherwise be produced in certain preserved meat products.[26] [27]
In
West African cuisine, potassium nitrate (salt petre) is widely used as a
thickening agent in soups and stews such as Okra soup[28] and Isi ewu. It is also used to soften food and
reduce cooking time when boiling beans and
tough meat. Salt petre is also an essential ingredient in making special
porridges such as kunun kanwa[29] literally
translated from the Hausa language as
'salt petre porridge'. In the Shetland Islands (UK) it is used in the curing of
mutton to make "reestit" mutton, a local delicacy.
Potassium
nitrate is used in fertilizers as a
source of nitrogen and potassium – two of the macronutrients for plants. When used by
itself, it has an NPK rating of
13-0-44.[30][31]
·
Used in some toothpastes for sensitive teeth.[32] Recently, the use
of potassium nitrate in toothpastes for
treating sensitive teeth has increased and it may be an effective treatment.[33][34]
·
Used in Thailand as main
ingredient in kidney tablets to relieve the symptoms of cystitis, pyelitis and urethritis.[37]
·
Electrolyte in a salt bridge
·
Active ingredient
of condensed
aerosol fire suppression systems. When burned with the free radicals of a fire's flame, it
produces potassium carbonate.[39]
·
Works as an aluminium
cleaner.
·
Component (usually about
98%) of some tree stump removal
products. It accelerates the natural decomposition of the stump by supplying
nitrogen for the fungi attacking
the wood of the stump.[40]
·
In heat treatment of metals as a medium
temperature molten salt bath, usually in combination with sodium nitrite. A
similar bath is used to produce a durable blue/black finish typically seen on firearms.
Its oxidizing quality, water solubility, and
low cost make it an ideal short-term rust inhibitor.[41]
·
Thermal storage medium
in power generation systems.
Sodium and potassium nitrate salts are stored in a molten state with the solar energy collected by the heliostats at the Gemasolar
Thermosolar Plant. Ternary salts, with the addition ofcalcium nitrate or lithium nitrate, have been found to improve
the heat storage capacity in the molten salts.[44]
Potassium
nitrate was once thought to induce impotence, and is still falsely rumored to be
in institutional food (such as military fare) as an anaphrodisiac; however, there is no scientific
evidence for such properties.[45][46]
1.
Jump up^ Record of Potassium
nitrate in the GESTIS Substance Database of the IFA,
accessed on 2007-03-09
2.
^ Jump up to:a b c B. J.
Kosanke; B. Sturman; K. Kosanke; I. von Maltitz; T. Shimizu; M. A. Wilson; N.
Kubota; C. Jennings-White; D. Chapman (2004). "2". Pyrotechnic Chemistry. Journal of
Pyrotechnics. pp. 5–6. ISBN 1-889526-15-0.
3.
Jump up^ Kolthoff, Treatise on Analytical
Chemistry, New York, Interscience Encyclopedia, Inc., 1959.
5.
Jump up^ Spencer, Dan
(2013). Saltpeter:The Mother of Gunpowder. Oxford, UK: Oxford University
Press. p. 256. ISBN 9780199695751.
6.
Jump up^ Peter Watson (2006). Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to
Freud. HarperCollins. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-06-093564-1. The
first use of a metal tube in this context was made around 1280 in the wars
between the Song and the Mongols, where a new term, chong, was invented to
describe the new horror...Like paper, it reached the West via the Muslims, in
this case the writings of the Andalusian botanist Ibn al-Baytar, who died in
Damascus in 1248. The Arabic term for saltpetre is 'Chinese snow' while the
Persian usage is 'Chinese salt'.28
7.
Jump up^ Cathal J. Nolan (2006). The age of wars of religion, 1000–1650: an encyclopedia
of global warfare and civilization. Volume 1 of Greenwood
encyclopedias of modern world wars. Greenwood Publishing Group.
p. 365. ISBN 0-313-33733-0.
Retrieved2011-11-28. In either case, there is linguistic evidence of
Chinese origins of the technology: in Damascus, Arabs called the saltpeter used
in making gunpowder "Chinese snow," while in Iran it was called
"Chinese salt." Whatever the migratory route
8.
Jump up^ Oliver Frederick Gillilan Hogg
(1970). Artillery: its origin, heyday, and decline.
Archon Books. p. 123. The Chinese were certainly acquainted with
saltpetre, the essential ingredient of gunpowder. They called it Chinese Snow
and employed it early in the Christian era in the manufacture of fireworks and
rockets.
9.
Jump up^ Oliver Frederick Gillilan Hogg
(1963). English artillery, 1326–1716: being the history of
artillery in this country prior to the formation of the Royal Regiment of
Artillery. Royal Artillery Institution. p. 42. The Chinese
were certainly acquainted with saltpetre, the essential ingredient of
gunpowder. They called it Chinese Snow and employed it early in the Christian
era in the manufacture of fireworks and rockets.
10.
Jump up^ Oliver Frederick Gillilan Hogg
(1993). Clubs to cannon: warfare and weapons before the
introduction of gunpowder (reprint ed.). Barnes & Noble
Books. p. 216. ISBN 1-56619-364-8.
Retrieved 2011-11-28. The Chinese were certainly acquainted with
saltpetre, the essential ingredient of gunpowder. They called it Chinese snow
and used it early in the Christian era in the manufacture of fireworks and
rockets.
11.
Jump up^ Partington, J. R. (1960). A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder (illustrated,
reprint ed.). JHU Press. p. 335.ISBN 0801859549.
Retrieved 2014-11-21.
12.
Jump up^ Needham, Joseph; Yu, Ping-Yu
(1980). Needham, Joseph, ed. Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry
and Chemical Technology, Part 4, Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Apparatus,
Theories and Gifts. Volume 5. Contributors Joseph Needham, Lu
Gwei-Djen, Nathan Sivin (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press.
p. 194. ISBN 052108573X.
Retrieved 2014-11-21.
13.
Jump up^ Eli S. Freeman (1957). "The
Kinetics of the Thermal Decomposition of Potassium Nitrate and of the Reaction
between Potassium Nitrite and Oxygen". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79 (4):
838–842. doi:10.1021/ja01561a015.
14.
Jump up^ Ahmad Y Hassan, Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources, History
of Science and Technology in Islam.
15.
Jump up^ Jack Kelly (2005). Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics: The
History of the Explosive that Changed the World. Basic Books. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-465-03722-3. Around
1240 the Arabs acquired knowledge of saltpeter (“Chinese snow”) from the East,
perhaps through India. They knew of gunpowder soon afterward. They also learned
about fireworks (“Chinese flowers”) and rockets (“Chinese arrows”). Arab
warriors had acquired fire lances by 1280. Around that same year, a Syrian
named Hasan al-Rammah wrote a book that, as he put it, "treat of machines
of fire to be used for amusement of for useful purposes." He talked of
rockets, fireworks, fire lances, and other incendiaries, using terms that
suggested he derived his knowledge from Chinese sources. He gave instructions
for the purification of saltpeter and recipes for making different types of
gunpowder.
16.
Jump up^ Major George Rains (1861). Notes on Making Saltpetre from the Earth of the Caves.
New Orleans, LA: Daily Delta Job Office. p. 14. Retrieved September
13, 2012.
17.
^ Jump up to:a b Joseph
LeConte (1862). Instructions for the Manufacture of Saltpeter.
Columbia, S.C.: South Carolina Military Department. p. 14.
Retrieved 2007-10-19.
20.
Jump up^ Kirst, W.J. (1983). Self Consuming
Paper Cartridges for the Percussion Revolver. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Northwest
Development Co.
23.
Jump up^ UK Food Standards Agency: "Current EU approved additives and their E
Numbers". Retrieved 2011-10-27.
24.
Jump up^ US Food and Drug
Administration: "Listing of Food Additives Status Part II".
Retrieved 2011-10-27.
25.
Jump up^ Australia New Zealand Food Standards
Code"Standard 1.2.4 – Labelling of ingredients".
Retrieved 2011-10-27.
29.
Jump up^ Marcellina Ulunma Okehie-Offoha
(1996). Ethnic & cultural diversity in Nigeria. Trenton, N.J.: Africa
World Press.
32.
Jump up^ "Sensodyne Toothpaste for Sensitive Teeth".
2008-08-03. Archived from the
original on August 7, 2007. Retrieved2008-08-03.
33.
Jump up^ Enomoto, K; et al. (2003). "The Effect of Potassium Nitrate and Silica
Dentifrice in the Surface of Dentin". Japanese Journal of
Conservative Dentistry. 46 (2): 240–247.
34.
Jump up^ R. Orchardson & D. G. Gillam
(2006). "Managing dentin hypersensitivity" (PDF). Journal of the
American Dental Association (1939). 137 (7): 990–8; quiz
1028–9. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2006.0321. PMID 16803826.
35.
Jump up^ Orville Harry Brown (1917). Asthma,
presenting an exposition of the nonpassive expiration theory. C.V.
Mosby company. p. 277.
36.
Jump up^ Joe Graedon (May 15, 2010). "'Sensitive' toothpaste may help asthma". The
Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
38.
Jump up^ Reichert ET. (1880). "On the
physiological action of potassium nitrite". Am. J. Med. Sci. 80:
158–180.
39.
Jump up^ Adam Chattaway; Robert G. Dunster;
Ralf Gall; David J. Spring. "THE EVALUATION OF NON-PYROTECHNICALLY GENERATED
AEROSOLS AS FIRE SUPPRESSANTS" (PDF). United States National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
40.
Jump up^ Stan Roark (February 27,
2008). "Stump Removal for Homeowners". Alabama
Cooperative Extension System. Archived fromthe original on March 23, 2012.
41.
Jump up^ David E. Turcotte; Frances E.
Lockwood (May 8, 2001). "Aqueous corrosion inhibitor Note. This patent cites
potassium nitrate as a minor constituent in a complex mix. Since rust is an
oxidation product, this statement requires justification.".
United States Patent. 6,228,283.
42.
Jump up^ Elizabeth March (June 2008). "The Scientist, the Patent and the Mangoes –
Tripling the Mango Yield in the Philippines". WIPO
Magazine. United Nations World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Archived from the original on 25 August
2012.
43.
Jump up^ "Filipino scientist garners 2011 Dioscoro L. Umali
Award". Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and
Research in Agriculture (SEARCA). Archived from the original on 30 November 2011.
44.
Jump up^ Juan Ignacio Burgaleta; Santiago
Arias; Diego Ramirez. "Gemasolar, The First Tower Thermosolar Commercial
Plant With Molten Salt Storage System" (PDF) (Press
Release). Torresol Energy. Archived (PDF) from the original
on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
45.
Jump up^ "The Straight Dope: Does saltpeter suppress male ardor?".
1989-06-16. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
46.
Jump up^ Richard E. Jones & Kristin H.
López (2006). Human Reproductive Biology, Third Edition. Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 225.ISBN 0-12-088465-8.
·
Dennis W. Barnum. (2003).
"Some History of Nitrates." Journal of Chemical Education. v.
80, p. 1393-. link.
·
David Cressy. Saltpeter:
The Mother of Gunpowder (Oxford University Press, 2013) 237 pp online review by Robert Tiegs
·
Alan Williams. "The
production of saltpeter in the Middle Ages", Ambix,
22 (1975), pp. 125–33. Maney Publishing, ISSN 0002-6980.
 |
Wikiquote has quotations related
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nitrate
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Potassium compounds
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Salts and covalent derivatives of the Nitrate ion
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Y
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Mo
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Hf
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Re
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Rn
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Fr
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Ra
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Rf
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Rg
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Cn
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Fl
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Uup
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Lv
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Uuo
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La
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Pr
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Sm
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Eu
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Tb
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Dy
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Ho
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Er
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Tm
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Yb
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Lu
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Ac
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Th
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Pu
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Am
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Cf
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Fm
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·
Nitrates
