۱۳۹۵ مهر ۱۶, جمعه

جکی، کتهل، جکفروت، جیکفروت

جکی
بفتح جیم فارسی و کسر کاف مشدده و یا
ماهیت ان
ثمر درختی است هندی که بهندی و بنکالی کتهل* نامند و در بنکاله نسبت ببلاد دیکر وفور دارد و خوب می شود و درخت آن عظیم و بزرکتر از درخت کردکان و از درخت چنار کوچکتر و برک آن بزرکتر از برک نارنج و ترنج و در شکل شبیه بآن و اندک ضخیم تر از ان و چوب آن زرد رنک و کهنۀ سال خوردۀ آن زرد تیره مائل بسرخی و ثمر آن از تنۀ درخت و شاخهای آن برمیآید و آنچه نزدیکتر به بیخ آن باشد بهتر و شیرین تر می باشد و می کویند در زیرزمین از بیخ آن نیز برمیآید و آن بسیار شیرین و لذیذ و شاداب می باشد و ثمر آن در بزرکی و کوچکی مختلف می باشد کوچک آن تا یک آثار هندی و کمتر ازین نیز دیده شده و در ان دو سه دانه که بهندی کوره نامند می باشد و بزرک آن تا یک من هندی که دوازده من تبریزی است می شود و در ان صد عدد و زیاده هم کوره می باشد و پوست آن در خامی سبز و بعد رسیدن زرد و بعضی زرد و تیره مائل بسرخی و ناهموار و دانه دار و بر دانها کویا اندک خاری برآمده و هرچند دانهای آن درشت تر و بزرکتر باشد اغلب آنست که دانهای اندرون آن نیز بزرک تر و شیرین می باشد و هیأت کتهل درست مانند شکنبۀ حیوانی است که بر کردانیده خمل آن را بالا کرده جوف آن را مملو از چیزی کرده باشند و آن اصناف می باشد بعضی دانهای آن کوچک و نرم و بدبوی و این زبون ترین قسم آنست و بعضی دانهای آن متوسط و بعضی شیرین و بی ریشه و شاداب و شکننده و خشبو و این را کهاجه نامند و بعضی دانهای بسیار لطیف و بی ریشه و شاداب که در دهن آب می شود و اکر از جوف آن برآورند و زمانی بکذارند خودبخود کداخته آب می کردد و این بهترین اصناف است و زود هضم می کردد و کم نفخ و کتهلی که دانهای آن نرم و لزج باشد نفاخ و بطئ الهضم است و بین دانهای آن چیزهای اندک نازک طولانی متصل بدانۀ آن می باشد چهار تا شش که در بنکاله آن را چانپی نامند بعد برآوردن آنها را جدا نموده می خورند زیرا که آنها اندک صلب و ثقیل و نفاخ اند و مردم کم مایه آنها را نیز می خورند و نیز در جوف آن پردها و ریشها می باشد که از پوست آن روئیده و واسطه شده میان دانهای آن و تخم آنکه در جوف دانۀ آنست اندک صلب و بالای آن پوست نازکی و خام آن غیر مستعمل بلکه تخم آن را بآتش بریان کرده با نمک می خورند لذیذ می باشد و کویند مصلح و هاضم ثمر آنست و نیز مردم بنکاله تخم آن را در ماهی بطورد و پیازه و قورمۀ کوشت نیز می پزند خوب و لذیذ می باشد و چوبی که ثمر آن بدان بدرخت پیوسته و تا بوسط ثمر آن رسیده بسطبری انکشتی و تا بقبضۀ دستی است و بطول یک شبر تا بیک ذرع بحسب کوچکی و بزرکی ثمر آن و آنچه از ان در جوف ثمر است اندک نرم می باشد خصوص طرف اعلای آن و آن چوب را بهند و بنکاله موسلۀ کتهل نامند و بر اطراف آن و قریب بپوست آن خصوص محل اتصال آن بدرخت یتوع بسیار چسپنده لزجی می باشد که آن را بهندی لاسۀ کتهل نامند و بهرجا که برسد بدشواری از ان جدا می کردد و تا دست را بروغن چرب ننمایند خوب جدا نمی شود چنانچه شنیده شد که اهل هند و بنکاله نزدیک سر کتهل را در هنکام خامی که در ان وقت لاسۀ آن بسیار چسپنده می باشد بریده یا خراشیده و تیغ زده یتوع آن را کرفته بکاه آلوده خصوص بکاه برنج که بفارسی پبشال برنج و بهندی نروه کویند از ان آلوده آن کاه را در صحرا متصل کام که شیر می آید و آدم و کاو و بز و کوسپند را ضایع می کند پهن نموده طعم مثل بز و یا میش آنجا بسته در کمین بالای درخت می نشینند چون شیر بطمع طعمه داخل آن کردید کاه لاسه آلود بر دست و پای آن می چسپد برای جدا کردن آن از غصه دست ها را بر سر و صورت می مالد و بر سر و صورت می چسپد و چشم ها بند می شود بعد از ان از غصه می غلطد که در تمام بدن آن می چسپد که بدن آن بنظر نمی آید کویا تودۀ کاه می شود پس مردمان از درخت پائین آمده چوب های سنکین این قدر می زنند که بسهولت همه استخوان آن شکسته می میرد و نیز بهمین طور آهو و کوزن و دیکر حیوانات را زنده می کیرند و صیاد ان طیور بر سر نی ها نیز آلوده بآهستکی بپر طیور که بر اشجار نشسته باشند می رسانند بر آنها می چسپد پس آنها را می کیرند
طبیعت ثمر ان
در آخر دوم کرم و در اول آن خشک و با رطوبت فضلیه
افعال و خواص آن
مبهی و منعظ و ممسک و نفاخ و بطئ الهضم و ثقیل و مفسد خون و مولد خون غلیظ سوداوی و امراض حادث از ان و مصلح آن نمک و موز و آب سرد بالای آن خوردن و در بعضی امزجه با کره تازه خوردن و مربا و حلوای آن نیز بسیار لذیذ می کردد و لیکن باید که اندک نیمرس و بی ریشه باشد که آن را مربا پزند و یا حلوا سازند و قدری مشک و زعفران با کلاب سوده در آخر داخل نمایند و ضماد چوب میل آن یعنی موسلۀ آن را چون بسوزانند و بتنهائی و یا با فضلۀ کبوتر و اندک آهک منفجر کنندۀ دمامیل و اورام و مقرح جلد است و کویند که از خواص آنست در خانۀ که باشد مار در آن خانه داخل نمی شود و چندان اصلی ندارد و چون بر برک ازک آن روغن کاو تازه بمالند و بر زخم کهر کهره که از قروح ساعیه است مکرر بندند ان شاء اللّه تعالی ملتئم کردد
مخزن الادویه عقیلی خراسانی
*کتهل . [ ] (هندی ، اِ) اسم هندی رصاص ابیض است . (تحفه ٔ حکیم مؤمن ). درختی است هندی که از ثمره ٔ آن نان پزند. (ناظم الاطباء).
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جک‌فروت (به انگلیسی: Jackfruit) (در متون طب سنتی جکی، کتهل) درختی است که بیشتر در مناطق جنوبی و جنوب شرقی آسیا و همچنین در قسمت شرقی آفریقا یافت می‌شود. میوه‌های آن سبزرنگ، آبدار و معطر و جزو بزرگترین میوه‌های جهان و بزرگ‌ترین میوه درختی با بیشینه وزن ۴۵ کیلوگرم، هستند.[۱] وزن معمول میوه‌های این درخت به بیش از ۱۸ کیلوگرم و درازای آن‌ها به بیش از ۶۰ سانتی‌متر می‌رسد.[۲] جک فروت سرشار از پروتئین، پتاسیم و ویتامین ب است. یک نصف لیوان آن در حدود ۹۵ کالری انرژی دارد. میوه‌های آن به‌صورت پخته یا خام مصرف می‌شوند. دانه‌های آن نیز به صورت پخته در مناطق محلی خورده می‌شوند.[۱] در پایین آوردن فشار خون مفید است.

برگ‌های درخت براق هستند و ۱۵ تا ۲۰ سانتی‌متر طول دارند.[۲] درخت جک‌فروت در مناطق گرمسیری رشد می‌کند.
ویکی
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به عربی جاکیه:
جاك فروت أو الكاكايا أو الجاكا أو الجاكية أو الجاكويرا أو خبزية متغايرة الاوراق (الاسم العلمي:Artocarpus heterophyllus) هي نوع من النباتات يتبع جنس الخبزية من الفصيلة التوتية[1]. هي أكبر شجرة تحمل فاكهة في العالم ,يصل وزنها إلى 80 رطلا.إنها ثمرة ضخمة,شوكية وبيضاوية يعتقد أنها كانت أول شجرة نامية في الغابات الهندية المطيرة.أكبر إنتاجها تحدث في المناخ الإستوائي أو القريب من الإستوائي.لون الثمرة من الخارج أخضر أو أصفر عندما تنضج,والداخل يتألف من بصيلة صفراء صالحة للأكل .نكهتها تشبه خليط من الموز والمانجو والاناناس داخلها بذور ناعمة ,بيضاوية ,لونها بني خفيف.حتى البذور هي من أفضل أجزاء الثمرة,ففيها قيمة غذائية عالية.يمكن تمييز أنواع الكاكايا حسب خصائص لب الثمرة. تحتوي هذه الثمرة على الإيسوفلافون ,مضادات الأكسدة,والمغذيات النباتية,كاها تحتوي على خصائص تحارب السرطان.يقال أن جذور الكاكايا جيدة في علاج عدد من المشكلات الجلدية. الكاكايا أكبر فاكهة في العالم.[2]
محتويات  [أظهر]
الموطن[عدل]
موطن شجرة الكاكايا هي بلاد الآسيوية إذ تنمو في الهند واندونيسيا وسريلانكا وبنغلاديش وارخبيل الملايو وفي جميع البلدان الاستوائية. لكنها وجدت بعيدا ناحية بلاد أخرى مثل: جامايكا ,ترينيدا وتوبوغو وبلاد أخرى.[2] وتزرع في بعض البلدان العربية في السعودية في محافظة جازان وفي سلطنة عمان في محافظة ظفار وذالك لتاثرهما بخط الاستواء
أنظر أيضاً[عدل]
الخبزية
قائمة أنواع الخبزية
الوصلات الخارجية[عدل]
Artocarpus heterophillus
مراجع[عدل]
^ موقع لائحة النباتات (بالإنكليزية) The Plant List خبزية متغايرة الاوراق تاريخ الولوج 28 كانون الأول 2013
^ تعدى إلى الأعلى ل: أ ب الصحة نت الكاكايا تاريخ الولوج 4 كانون الثاني 2014
مشاريع شقيقة في كومنز صور وملفات عن: جاكية
ع ن ت
أنواع الخبزية
خبزية تايلندية  · خبزية حلقية  · خبزية ريشية المقاطع  · خبزية زرقاء  · خبزية سامة  · خبزية سنانية الأوراق  · خبزية سوداء الأوراق  · خبزية سومطرية  · خبزية صغيرة الأزهار  · خبزية صفراء الثمار  · خبزية صلبة  · خبزية طويلة الأوراق  · خبزية عالية  · خبزية قنابية  · خبزية كاملة  · خبزية كبيرة الثمار  · خبزية متسلقة  · خبزية متغايرة الاوراق  · خبزية محدبة الأوراق  · خبزية مرنة  · خبزية وودية  ·

معرفات الأصنوفة        
موسوعة الحياة: 596411 GBIF: 2984565 PlantList: kew-2653982 Tropicos: 21300871 ITIS: 184183 ncbi: 3489 IPNO: 850389-1 GRIN: ps://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=70095 FOC: 200006337 PLANTS: ARHE2
أيقونة بوابةبوابة علم النبات أيقونة بوابةبوابة مطاعم وطعام أيقونة بوابةبوابة علم الأحياء
Ferns02.jpg هذه بذرة مقالة عن نبات بحاجة للتوسيع. شارك في تحريرها.
تصنيفات: أنواع نباتيةتوتيةخبزياويةخبزيةرموز بنغلاديش الوطنيةزراعة إستوائيةزراعة استوائيةفاكهةفاكهة استوائيةفواكه تنشأ في آسيامطبخ برازيليمنتجات حرجية غير خشبيةنباتات الفلبيننباتات الهندنباتات جامايكانباتات سريلانكانباتات طبيةنباتات نيبالورديات
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به عبری:
פרי הג'ק (שם מדעיArtocarpus heterophyllus או A. heterophylla, באנגלית מדוברת Jackfruit, בעברית לחמן שונה עלים) הואמין של עץ ממשפחת התותיים, הגדל באזורי שפלה טרופיים בדרום ודרום-מזרח אסיה.
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به دیوهی (مالدیوی)
ސައްކެޔޮ ނުވަތަ (އިނގިރޭސި ބަހުންJackfruit) އަކީ އިންޑިޔާ، ބަގްލަދޭޝް، އަދި ސްރީލަންކާ ފަދަ ގައުމު ތަކުގައި ހެދޭ މޭވާއެކެވެ. ސައްކެޔޮ ގެ ޢިލްމީ ނަމަކީ (Artocarpus heterophyllus) އެވެ. ދުނިޔޭގެ އެންމެ ބޮޑު މޭވާގެ ގޮތުގެ ބެލެވެނީ ސައްކެޔޮ އެވެ. ސައްކެޔޮ ގެ ބަރުދަން ބައެއް ފަހަރު 36 ކިލޯ އަށް ވެސް އަރައެވެ. ދިގުމިނުގައި 90 ސެންޓިމީޓަރު ހުންނަ އިރު ފުޅާމިނުގައި 50 ސެންޓިމީޓަރު ވެސް ހުންނަކަން ފާހަގަ ކުރެވިފައި ވެއެވެ.
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به سواحلی مفنسی:
Mfenesi (Artocarpus heterophyllus) ni mti wa familia MoraceaeMatunda yake huitwa mafenesi na ni matunda ya mti makubwa kabisi kuliko matunda ya mti yote (hadi kg 36). Asili ya mti huu ni Uhindi. Sikuhizi hupandwa mahali pengi pa kanda ya tropiki ambapo kunanyesha kiasi.
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به پنجابی جیکفروت:
جیکفروٹ ایشیاء دا اک پھل تے بنگلہ دیش دا قومی پھل تے نشاناے۔
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با اردو کتهل:
کٹھل (بنگلہ: কাঁঠাল ، ہندی: कटहल) شہتوت کے خاندان کا ایک درخت ہے جس کا اصل وطن جنوبی اور جنوب مشرقی ایشیا ہے۔ یہ بنگلہ دیش کا قومی پھل ہے۔ اس علاقے کے علاوہ یہ مشرقی افریقہ کے ممالک یوگنڈا اور ماریشس اور برازیل میں بھی پیدا ہوتا ہے۔ یہ کسی درخت پر لگنے والا دنیا کا دوسرا سب سے بڑا پھل ہے۔ عمومی طور پر ایک پھل 36 کلوگرام تک وزنی ہوتا ہے جس کی لمبائی 36 انچ اور قطر 20 انچ تک ہوتا ہے۔
جنوبی بھارت یعنی دکن کے علاقے کے اردو طبقے میں اِسے پَھنَس کے نام سے جانا جاتا ہے۔
کچا (unripe) کٹھل سبزی کے طور پر پکایا جاتا ہے۔ بھارت ، بنگلہ دیش ، نیپال ، سری لنکا ، انڈونیشیا ، کمبوڈیا اور ویتنام کے کھانوں میں کچا کٹھل کافی استعمال ہوتا ہے۔
پکے (ripe) ہوئے کٹھل میں سے میٹھے پیلے رنگ کے کوئے نکلتے ہیں جنھیں دوسرے پھلوں کی طرح کھایا جاتا ہے۔ اسے ڈبوں میں محفوظ کرکے برآمد بھی کیا جاتا ہے۔
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به ترکی استانبولی:
Artocarpus heterophyllus, dutgiller (Moraceae) familyasına ait tropikal bir meyvedir.

Güney ve Güneydoğu Asya bölgelerinde yetişmektedir. Düşük rakımlı bölgelerde yetişmektedir. Dünyanın en büyük ağaçta yetişen meyveleri arasındadır. Yaklaşık çapı nadiren de olsa 25 cm'yi (10 inç) bulur ve ağırlıkları 35 kg'ye kadar çıkabilir. Tadı ananasa benzese de ondan daha yumuşağımsıdır ve daha az çekici bir lezzeti vardır.
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Jackfruit
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jackfruit
Jackfruit hanging.JPG
Jackfruit
Kingdom:
(unranked):
(unranked):
(unranked):
Order:
Family:
Tribe:
Genus:
Species:
A. heterophyllus
Artocarpus heterophyllus
Lam.[1][2]
·         Artocarpus brasiliensis Ortega
·         A. maximus Blanco
·         A. nanca Noronha (nom inval.)
·         A. philippensis Lam.
The jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), also known as jack treejakfruit, or sometimes simply jack or jak,[7] is a species of tree in the figmulberry andbreadfruit family (Moraceae).
It is native to parts of South and Southeast Asia and is believed to have originated in the southwestern rain forests of the Western Ghats in the Indian Subcontinent, in present-day KeralaWest Bengal, coastal Karnataka, and Maharashtra, but alsoIndonesia[8][9][10] The jackfruit tree is well suited to tropical lowlands, and its fruit is the largest tree-borne fruit,[11] reaching as much as 35 kg (80 lb) in weight, 90 cm (35 in) in length, and 50 cm (20 in) in diameter.[12] The jackfruit tree can produce about 100 to 200 fruits in a year. The jackfruit is a multiple fruit, composed of hundreds to thousands of individual flowers, and it is the fleshy petals that are eaten.[13]
The jackfruit tree is a widely cultivated and popular food item throughout the tropical regions of the world. Jackfruit is the national fruit of Bangladesh, by name Kathal (কাঁঠাল) in the Bengali language, and by the same name it is very popular in Indian State of West Bengal.[14]
Contents
  [show
Etymology[edit]
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Jackfruit_tree_Singapore.jpg/220px-Jackfruit_tree_Singapore.jpg
Jackfruit hanging from the trunk.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ambalavayal_jackfruit_tree.jpg/220px-Ambalavayal_jackfruit_tree.jpg
From the campus of Regional Agricultural Research Center, Ambalavayal, India.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Jackfruit_leaves.jpg/220px-Jackfruit_leaves.jpg
Jackfruit leaves
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flora_Sinensis_-_Jackfruit.JPG/220px-Flora_Sinensis_-_Jackfruit.JPG
The jackfruit illustrated by Michael Boym in the 1656 book Flora Sinensis.
The word "jackfruit" comes fromPortuguese jaca, which in turn is derived from the Malayalam language term chakka(Malayalam chakka pazham: ചക്കപ്പഴം).[15] When the Portuguesearrived in India at Kozhikode (Calicut) on the Malabar Coast (Kerala) in 1498, the Malayalam name chakka was recorded byHendrik van Rheede (1678–1703) in theHortus Malabaricus, vol. iii in LatinHenry Yule translated the book in Jordanus Catalani's (f. 1321–1330) Mirabilia descripta: the wonders of the East.[16]
The common English name "jackfruit" was used by physician and naturalist Garcia de Orta in his 1563 book Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India.[17][18] Centuries later, botanist Ralph Randles Stewart suggested it was named after William Jack(1795–1822), a Scottish botanist who worked for the East India Company inBengalSumatra, and Malaysia.[19]
Cultivation[edit]
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jackfruit_Bangladesh_%283%29.JPG/220px-Jackfruit_Bangladesh_%283%29.JPG
Developing jackfruit in Bangladesh
The jackfruit has played a significant role in Indian agriculture for centuries. Archeological findings in India have revealed that jackfruit was cultivated in India 3000 to 6000 years ago.[20] It has also been widely cultivated in southeast Asia. Stingless bees such as Tetragonula iridipennis are jackfruit pollinators, and as such, play an important role in jackfruit cultivation.[21]
The jackfruit also provides a potential solution to countries facing problems withfood security. In terms of taking care of the plant, minimal pruning is required; cutting off dead branches from the interior of the tree is only sometimes needed.[22]In addition, twigs bearing fruit must be twisted or cut down to the trunk to induce growth for the next season.[23] Branches may also be cut off every three to four years to maintain its productivity.[23]
Aroma[edit]
Jackfruit have a distinctive sweet and fruity aroma. In a study of flavour volatiles in five jackfruit cultivars, the main volatile compounds that were detected were ethyl isovaleratepropyl isovaleratebutyl isovalerateisobutyl isovalerate3-methylbutyl acetate1-butanol, and 2-methylbutan-1-ol.[24] A fully ripe and unopened jackfruit is known to "emit a strong aroma," with the inside of the fruit described as smelling of pineapple and banana.[23]
Culinary uses[edit]
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Jack_Fruit_Opened.jpg/220px-Jack_Fruit_Opened.jpg
Opened jackfruit.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jackfruit_Flesh.jpg/220px-Jackfruit_Flesh.jpg
Jackfruit flesh.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/152_-_CIMG0806.JPG/220px-152_-_CIMG0806.JPG
Packed jackfruit sold in a market.
The flesh of the jackfruit is starchy and fibrous and is a source of dietary fiber. The flavor is comparable to a combination of apple, pineapple, mango, and banana.[25]Varieties are distinguished according to characteristics of the fruit's flesh.
Regional cuisines[edit]
Jackfruit is commonly used in South and Southeast Asian cuisines.[25][26]
South Asia[edit]
·         In Bangladesh, the fruit is consumed on its own. The unripe fruit is used in curry, and the seed is often dried and preserved to be later used in curry.[14]
·         In Kerala, India, two varieties of jackfruit predominate: varikka (വരിക്ക) andkoozha (കൂഴ). Varikka has a slightly hard inner flesh when ripe, while the inner flesh of the ripe koozha fruit is very soft and almost dissolves. A sweet preparation called chakka varattiyathu (jackfruit jam) is made by seasoning pieces of varikka fruit flesh in jaggery, which can be preserved and used for many months. Huge jackfruits up to four feet in length with a corresponding girth are sometimes seen in Kerala.[citation needed] The young fruit is idichakkaor idianchakka in Kerala.
·         In West Bengal, India, the two varieties are called khaja kathal and moja kathal. The fruits are either eaten alone or as a side to rice, rotichira, or muri. Sometimes the juice is extracted and either drunk straight or as a side withmuri. The extract is sometimes condensed and eaten as candies. The seeds are either boiled or roasted and eaten with salt and hot chilies. They are also used to make spicy side dishes with rice or roti.
·         In MangaloreKarnataka, India, the varieties are called bakke and imba. The pulp of the imba jackfruit is ground and made into a paste, then spread over a mat and allowed to dry in the sun to create a natural chewy candy.
·         In Coorg, Karnataka, India, many culinary items are made with Jackfruit. It is known as Chakke. Jackfruit seeds are fried and a curry is made.
·         In Maharashtra, and GoaIndia, jackfruit is called as Fanas and Panasrespectively. It's mostly found in Konkan region. There are two varieties. The hard variety is called kaapa and the soft variety is called barka,barkai or rasal. The juice of the barka is extracted and spread on greased metal dishes, which are then kept for sun-drying. Within 2–3 days, a tasty dried pancake-like dried jackfruit juice called phansacha saath or phanas poli results.[27]
·         In Sri Lanka, the young fruit is called polos — පොලොස් ; ripened fruit is calledwaraka — වරකා and wela — වැල.
·         Jackfruit is known as Rukh-Katahar (= tree katahar) in Nepal, while Bhui-Katahar (= Ground Katahar) denotes pineapple. The ripe fruit is eaten by itself (sometimes with a pinch of salt sprinkled on) as a delicacy, while the unripe fruit is used to prepare savory curry. The ripe fruit is also used to brew alcoholic beverages in some parts of the country.
Southeast Asia[edit]
·         In Indonesia, jackfruit is called nangka. The ripe fruit is usually sold separately and consumed on its own, or sliced and mixed with shaved ice as a sweet concoction dessert such as es campur and es teler. The ripe fruit might be dried and fried as kripik nangka, or jackfruit cracker. The seeds are boiled and consumed with salt, as it contains edible starchy content; this is called beton. Young (unripe) jackfruit is used in several kinds of curry, such as gulai nangka and gudeg.
·         In the Philippines, jackfruit is called langka in Tagalog and nangkà[28] in Cebuano. The unripe fruit is usually cooked in coconut milk and is eaten as a viand together with rice. The ripe fruit is often an ingredient in local desserts such ashalo-halo and the Filipino turon. The ripe fruit, besides also being eaten raw as it is, is also preserved by storing in syrup or by drying. The seeds are also boiled before being eaten.
·         Thailand is a major producer of jackfruit, which are often cut, prepared, and canned in a sugary syrup (or frozen in bags/boxes without syrup) and exported overseas, frequently to North America and Europe.
·         In Vietnam, jackfruit is used to make jackfruit chè (chè is a sweet dessert soup, similar to the Chinese derivative bubur chacha). The Vietnamese also use jackfruit purée as part of pastry fillings or as a topping on xôi ngọt (a sweet version of sticky rice portions).
Others[edit]
·         In Brazil, three varieties are recognized: jaca-dura, or the "hard" variety, which has a firm flesh, and the largest fruits that can weigh between 15 and 40 kg each; jaca-mole, or the "soft" variety, which bears smaller fruits with a softer and sweeter flesh; and jaca-manteiga, or the "butter" variety, which bears sweet fruits whose flesh has a consistency intermediate between the "hard" and "soft" varieties.[29] In Indochina, the two varieties are the "hard" version (crunchier, drier, and less sweet, but fleshier), and the "soft" version (softer, moister, and much sweeter, with a darker gold-color flesh than the hard variety).
·         In Réunion Island, the jackfruit tree was imported from India from Bengladesh around 1780. From a tree planted for its shade in gardens, it became an ingredient for local recipes using different fruit segments. The seeds are boiled in water or roasted to remove toxic substances and then roasted for a variety of desserts. The flesh of the unripe jackfruit is used to make a savory salty dish with smoked pork called Ti'Jac Boucané. The jackfruit arils are used to make jams, fruits in syrup and can also be eaten raw.
Ripe jackfruit[edit]
·         https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/JackfruitArils%26Seeds.jpg/182px-JackfruitArils%26Seeds.jpg
Extracting the jackfruit arils and separating the seeds from the sweet flesh.

·         https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Jackfruit_chips.jpg/96px-Jackfruit_chips.jpg
Kripik nangka, Indonesian jackfruit chips.

·         https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Es_Teller_77.jpg/136px-Es_Teller_77.jpg
Es teler, an Indonesian dessert made from shaved ice, condensed milk, coconut, avocado, and jackfruit.

·         https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Halo_halo1.jpg/187px-Halo_halo1.jpg
Halo-halo, an ice dessert from the Philippines, with different fruits and toppings.
Ripe jackfruit is naturally sweet, with subtle flavoring. It can be used to make a variety of dishes, including custards, cakes, or mixed with shaved ice as es teler in Indonesia or halo-halo in the Philippines. In India, when the jackfruit is in season, an ice cream chain store called "Naturals" carries jackfruit-flavored ice cream.
Ripe jackfruit arils are sometimes seeded, fried, or freeze-dried and sold as jackfruit chips.
The seeds from ripe fruits are edible; are said to have a milky, sweet taste often compared to Brazil nuts. They may be boiled, baked, or roasted. When roasted, the flavor of the seeds is comparable to chestnuts. Seeds are used as snacks (either by boiling or fire roasting) or to make desserts. For making the traditional breakfast dish in southern India, idlis, the fruit is used with rice as an ingredient and jackfruit leaves are used as a wrapping for steaming. Jackfruit dosas can be prepared by grinding jackfruit flesh along with the batter. They are quite commonly used in curry in the Indian state of Kerala and used in Dalema (traditional Odiya lentil and vegetable mix curry) in Odisha. In Java, the seeds are commonly cooked and seasoned with salt as a snack.
Unripe jackfruit[edit]
·         https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gudeg_full_set.jpg/193px-Gudeg_full_set.jpg
Gudeg (left), the unripe jackfruit curry in a reddish color acquired from the teak leaf, a specialty of Yogyakarta in Java.

·         https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Langkajf.JPG/193px-Langkajf.JPG
Ginataang langka, jackfruit cooked in coconut milk.

·         https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Green_Jackfruit_%26_Potato_Curry_-_Kolkata_2011-02-11_1000.JPG/200px-Green_Jackfruit_%26_Potato_Curry_-_Kolkata_2011-02-11_1000.JPG
Green jackfruit and potato curry,Kolkata.

·         https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Baby_Jackfruit_masala.JPG/200px-Baby_Jackfruit_masala.JPG
Baby Jackfruit Masala.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Baby_jackfruit.jpg/220px-Baby_jackfruit.jpg
Developing jackfruit.
The cuisines of IndiaNepalBangladeshSri LankaIndonesiaCambodia,Thailand, and Vietnam use cooked young jackfruit.[25] In Indonesia, young jackfruit is cooked with coconut milk as gudeg. In many cultures, jackfruit is boiled and used in curries as a staple food. In northern Thailand, the boiled young jackfruit is used in the Thai salad called tam kanun. In West Bengal, the unripe green jackfruit called aechor or ichor is used as a vegetable to make various spicy curries and side dishes and as fillings for cutlets and chops. It is especially sought-after by vegetarians who substitute this for meat; hence, is nicknamed gacch-patha (tree-mutton). In Odisha, jackfruit is called Panasa Katha and is used to make Panasa Tarkari (raw jackfruit curry); it is also used to make achar (Pickel). In the Philippines, it is cooked with coconut milk (ginataang langka). In Réunion Island, it is cooked either alone or with meat, such as shrimp or smoked pork. In southern India, unripe jackfruit slices are deep fried to make chips. In Udipi cuisine, jackfruit is used make appa and addae.
Because unripe jackfruit has a meat-like taste, it is used in curry dishes with spices in Bihar, Jharkhand, Sri Lankan, Andhran, eastern Indian (Bengali), (Odisha), and Keralan cuisines. The skin of unripe jackfruit must be peeled first; then the remaining whole jackfruit can be chopped into edible portions and cooked before serving. Young jackfruit has a mild flavor and distinctive meat-like texture and is compared to poultry. Meatless sandwiches have been suggested and are popular with both vegetarian and nonvegetarian populations.
Nutrition[edit]
Jackfruit, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
397 kJ (95 kcal)
19.08 g
1.5 g
0.64 g
1.72 g
(1%)
5 μg
(1%)
61 μg
157 μg
(9%)
0.105 mg
(5%)
0.055 mg
(6%)
0.92 mg
(5%)
0.235 mg
(25%)
0.329 mg
(6%)
24 μg
(17%)
13.8 mg
(2%)
0.34 mg
(2%)
24 mg
(2%)
0.23 mg
(8%)
29 mg
(2%)
0.043 mg
(3%)
21 mg
(10%)
448 mg
(0%)
2 mg
(1%)
0.13 mg
Other constituents
Water
73.5 g

·         Units
·         μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
·         IU = International units
Percentages are roughly approximated usingUS recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database
The pulp of jackfruit is composed of 74% water, 23% carbohydrates, 2%protein and 1% fat (table). In a 100 gram portion, raw jackfruit provides 95calories and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin B6 (25% DV). It contains moderate levels (10-19% DV) of vitamin C andpotassium, with no other nutrients in significant content (table).
Wood[edit]
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jackfruit_tree_in_Gujarat.jpg/170px-Jackfruit_tree_in_Gujarat.jpg
A jackfruit tree.
The wood of the tree is used for the production of musical instruments. In Indonesia, hardwood from the trunk is carved out to form the barrels of drums used in the gamelan, and in the Philippines, its soft wood is made into the body of thekutiyapi, a type of boat lute. It is also used to make the body of the Indian string instrument veena and the drums mridangam,thimila, and kanjira; the golden yellow timber with good grain is used for building furniture and house construction in India. The ornate wooden plank called avani palaka, made of the wood of the jackfruit tree, is used as the priest's seat during Hindu ceremonies in Kerala. In Vietnam, jackfruit wood is prized for the making of Buddhist statuaries in temples[30] and fish sauce barrels.[31]
Jackfruit wood is widely used in the manufacture of furniture, doors, and windows, and in roof construction. The heartwood is used by Buddhist forest monastics in Southeast Asia as a dye, giving the robes of the monks in those traditions their distinctive light-brown color.[32]
Commercial availability[edit]
Outside of its countries of origin, fresh jackfruit can be found at Asian food markets, especially in the PhilippinesThailandVietnamMalaysia,Cambodia, and Bangladesh. It is also extensively cultivated in the Brazilian coastal region, where it is sold in local markets. It is available canned in sugary syrup, or frozen, already prepared and cut. Dried jackfruit chips are produced by various manufacturers. In northern Australia, particularly in Darwin, jackfruit can be found in outdoor produce markets during the dry season. Outside of countries where it is grown, jackfruit can be obtained year-round, both canned or dried. It has a ripening season in Asia of late spring to late summer.[33]
Jackfruit industries are established in Sri Lanka and Vietnam, where the fruit is processed into products such as flour, noodles, papad, and ice cream. It is also canned and sold as a vegetable for export.
The wood of the jackfruit tree is important in Sri Lanka and is exported to Europe; it is termite-proof and is superior to teak for building furniture.[23]
Production and marketing[edit]
The marketing of jackfruit involves three groups: producers, traders, and middlemen, including wholesalers and retailers.[34]The marketing channels are rather complex. Large farms sell immature fruit to wholesalers, which helps cash flow and reduces risk, whereas medium-sized farms sell the fruit directly to local markets or retailers.
In Kerala, a large amount of jackfruit production occurs naturally, but around 97% of its production is wasted because of lack of processing units and marketing.
·         https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Selling_jackfruit_in_bangkok3.jpg/200px-Selling_jackfruit_in_bangkok3.jpg
Selling jackfruit in Bangkok.

·         https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/JackfruitNYC.jpg/200px-JackfruitNYC.jpg
Jackfruit at a fruit stand in Manhattan's Chinatown.

·         https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Artocarpus_heterophyllus.jpg/193px-Artocarpus_heterophyllus.jpg
Cut jackfruit.

·         https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Chakkappazham.jpg/200px-Chakkappazham.jpg
Polythene packed cut Jack fruit in a grocery store in Canada for sale.
Cultural significance[edit]
The national fruit of Bangladesh is the jackfruit.[14] It is the state fruit of the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu and one of the three auspicious fruits of Tamil Nadu, along with the mango and banana.[35]
Invasive species[edit]
In Brazil, the jackfruit can become an invasive species as in Brazil's Tijuca Forest National Park in Rio de Janeiro. The Tijuca is mostly an artificial secondary forest, whose planting began during the mid-19th century; jackfruit trees have been a part of the park's flora since its founding. Recently, the species has expanded excessively, and its fruits, which naturally fall to the ground and open, are eagerly eaten by small mammals, such as the common marmoset and coati. The seeds are dispersed by these animals; this allows the jackfruit to compete for space with native tree species. Additionally, as the marmoset and coati also prey opportunistically on birds' eggs and nestlings, the supply of jackfruit as a ready source of food has allowed them to expand their populations, to the detriment of the local bird populations. Between 2002 and 2007, 55,662 jackfruit saplings were destroyed in the Tijuca Forest area in a deliberate culling effort by the park's management.[36]
Production trends[edit]
The top five producers of jackfruits (in 1000 tonnes) were as follows:[37]
Rank
Country
Production
(1000 tonnes)
1
1436
2
926
3
392
4
340
5
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png   Nepal
18.97
See also[edit]
·         Breadfruit
·         Sacred Jackfruit Tree
In Mangalore there is also another variety called 'Tuluve'
References[edit]
1.     Jump up^ Under its accepted name Artocarpus heterophyllus (then as heterophylla) this species was described in Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique 3: 209. (1789) by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, from a specimen collected by botanist Philibert Commerson. Lamarck said of the fruit that it was coarse and difficult to digest. "Larmarck's original description of tejas". Retrieved 2012-11-23.On mange la chair de son fruit, ainsi que les noyaux qu'il contient; mais c'est un aliment grossier et difficile à digérer.
3.     Jump up^ "TPL, treatment of Artocarpus heterophyllus"The Plant List; Version 1. (published on the internet). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden. 2010. Retrieved 2012-11-23.
4.     Jump up^ "Name – Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. synonyms". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved2012-11-23.
5.     Jump up^ GRIN (2006-11-02). "Artocarpus heterophyllus information from NPGS/GRIN". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, MarylandUSDAARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Retrieved 2012-11-23.
6.     Jump up^ "Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. — The Plant List". Theplantlist.org. 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2014-06-17.
7.     Jump up^ "Artocarpus heterophyllus". Tropical Biology Association. October 2006. Retrieved 2012-11-23.
9.     Jump up^ Boning, Charles R. (2006). Florida's Best Fruiting Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. p. 107.
11.  Jump up^ "Jackfruit, Breadfruit & Relatives". Know & Enjoy Tropical Fruit. 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-23.
12.  Jump up^ "Jackfruit Fruit Facts". California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc. 1996. Retrieved 2012-11-23.
13.  Jump up^ Silver, Mark. "Here's The Scoop On Jackfruit, A Ginormous Fruit To Feed The World". NPR. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
14.  Jump up to:a b c Matin, Abdul. "A poor man's fruit: Now a miracle food!". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2015-06-12.
15.  Jump up^ Pradeepkumar, T.; Jyothibhaskar, B. Suma; Satheesan, K. N. (2008). Prof. K. V. Peter, ed. Management of Horticultural Crops. Horticultural Science Series. 11. New Delhi, India: New India Publishing. p. 81. ISBN 978-81-89422-49-3. The English name jackfruit is derived from Portuguese jaca, which is derived from Malayalam chakka.
16.  Jump up^ Friar Jordanus, 14th century, as translated from the Latin by Henry Yule (1863). Mirabilia descripta: the wonders of the East.Hakluyt Society. p. 13. Retrieved 2012-11-23.
17.  Jump up^ Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition, 1989, online edition
19.  Jump up^ Stewart, Ralph R. (1984). "How Did They Die?". Taxon. 33 (1): 48–52. doi:10.2307/1222028.
20.  Jump up^ Preedy, Victor R.; Watson, Ronald Ross; Patel, Vinood B., eds. (2011). Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention (1st ed.). Burlington, MA: Academic Press. p. 678. ISBN 978-0-12-375689-3.
21.  Jump up^ Kothai, S. (2015). "Environmental Impact on Stingless Bee Propolis (Tetragonula iridipennis) Reared from Two Different Regions of Tamilnadu — A Comparative Study". International Journal of ChemTech Research.
22.  Jump up^ "Jackfruit". California Rare Fruit Growers. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
23.  Jump up to:a b c d Morton, Julia. "Jackfruit". Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
25.  Jump up to:a b c The encyclopedia of fruit & nuts, By Jules Janick, Robert E. Paull, p. 155
26.  Jump up^ The encyclopedia of fruit & nuts, By Jules Janick, Robert E. Paull, pp.481–485
28.  Jump up^ ‹See TfD›Wolff, John U. (1972). "nangkà". A Dictionary of Cebuano Visayan.
29.  Jump up^ General information, Department of Agriculture, State of Bahia. seagri.ba.gov.br (in Portuguese)
30.  Jump up^ "Gỗ mít nài". Nhagoviethung.com. Retrieved 2014-06-17.
31.  Jump up^ "Nam O fish sauce village". Danang Today. 2014-02-26. Retrieved 2015-09-22.
32.  Jump up^ Forest Monks and the Nation-state: An Anthropological and Historical Study in Northeast Thailand, J.L. Taylor 1993 p. 218
33.  Jump up^ Jackfruit. Hort.purdue.edu. Retrieved on 2011-10-17.
34.  Jump up^ Haq, Nazmul (2006). Jackfruit: Artocarpus heterophyllus (PDF). Southampton, UK: Southampton Centre for Underutilised Crops. p. 129. ISBN 0-85432-785-1.
35.  Jump up^ Subrahmanian, N.; Hikosaka, Shu; Samuel, G. John; Thiagarajan, P. (1997). Tamil social history. Institute of Asian Studies. p. 88. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
36.  Jump up^ Livia de Almeida, "Guerra contra as jaqueiras" ("War on Jackfruit"), Revista Veja Rio, 2007-05-05; see also [http:/,/www.jbrj.gov.br/enbt/posgraduacao/resumos/2008/rodolfo_de_abreu.htm].
37.  Jump up^ "Jackfruit: Improvement in the Asia-Pacific Region" (PDF). Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions.
External links[edit]
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Look up jackfruit in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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·         iconBiology portal
·         EoL596411
·         GBIF2984565
·         Plant Listkew-2653982
·         Tropicos21300871
·         ITIS184183
·         NCBI3489
·         IPNI850389-1
·         GRIN70095
·         FOC200006337
·         PLANTSARHE2
·         LCCNsh2012002890
·         Artocarpus
·         Crops originating from India
·         Flora of India
·         Flora of Jamaica
·         Flora of Nepal
·         Flora of the Maldives
·         Flora of the Philippines
·         Flora of Sri Lanka
·         Fruits originating in Asia
·         Medicinal plants
·         National symbols of Bangladesh
·         Non-timber forest products
·         Southeast Asian cuisine
·         Tropical agriculture
Tropical fruit