جکوند (چکود در هندی)، پنوار (پوار pawar در هندی) کاسیا تورا، چاتورا، چاکود

جکوند

بفتح جیم فارسی و کاف و سکون واو و خفای نون و دال چهار نقطۀ هندی لغت هندی است و آن را پنوار نیز نامند

ماهیت ان

کیاهی است هندی بقدر دو ذرع و برکهای آن ریزۀ مخروطی شکل معکوس یعنی طرف عریض آن بالا و باریک آن پائین متصل بشاخ در وقت غروب آفتاب برکهای آن زولیده بهم پیوسته می باشد و تمام شب چنان می ماند و وقت طلوع آفتاب باز می کردد و تمام روز باز می ماند و بدبو و تلخ و تخم آن در غلافی شبیه بماش و تخم ترب و دانۀ آن نیز شبیه بدان الا آنکه غیر مدور و اندک طولانی و لوزی شکل و بسیار صلب که تا چند روز در آب کرم نخیسانند نرم نمی کردد و سائیده نمی شود و بعضی کفته که سنک سبویه همین است و بعضی غیر آن دانسته اند

طبیعت ان

کرم و خشک در دوم

افعال و خواص ان

محلل و جاذب الوبا و القوبا جهت رفع اذیت وبا و اکثر امراض جلدیه مانند قوبا و بهق و جرب نافع و خوردن برک پختۀ آن و آشامیدن آب نقوع تخم آن و ضماد سائیدۀ جرم آن بتنهائی و یا با اندک کوکرد زرد خالص که بهندی امله سار نامند و یا با اندک قیقهر که بهندی رال کویند نافع بشرط تکرار عمل و مداومت بدان چند روز و چون آن را در ظرفی کرده در جای کرم مانند پشت اجاغ تا یک هفته بکذارند تا خوب بخیسد و بجوش آید پس بسایند بتنهائی و یا با ادویۀ مناسبه بر قوبا ضماد نمایند انفع است و ضماد سائیدۀ آن با آب لیمو جهت برص با تکرار استعمال نافع و کوبیدۀ پیختۀ آنکه با ماست ممزوج کرده در آفتاب کذارند تا بجوش آید جهت داءالثعلب که موخوره نامند و قوبا را نیز نافع با تکرار عمل که اولا موضع علت را خوب بمالند که سرخ و قریب بخون آلود کردد پس بمالند و خوردن برک پختۀ آن بطریق مسلوق از برای دفع وبا و امراض مذکوره مجرب چنانچه نقل است که در سالی در بنکاله قحطی افتاده و در قریۀ از قرای آن و با بهم رسید و مردم آن قریه بکوهستان حوالی آن رفتند کسانی که این کیاه را خوردند از وبا نجات یافتند و کسانی که نخوردند اکثر هلاک شدند و ضماد پوست بیخ آن با ثمن وزن آن زاج سفید با آب لیمو که خوب نرم بسایند و اندک رقیق باشد جهت رفع قوبا مجرب با تکرار عمل و خوردن آن نیز که حب بسته مقدار یک تولۀ آن را ناشتا بلع نمایند تا سه روز و بعضی را یکدودست اجابت می نماید اما باید که آنچه برای خوردن است زاج آن را بریان نموده باشند و وزن آن کم باشد که در یک توله پوست و بیخ آن یک ماشه زاج باشد بلکه ازین هم کمتر در بعضی امزجه و آن بسیار تلخ می باشد و العلم عند اللّه تعالی

مخزن الادویه عقیلی خراسانی

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Cassia tora

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

It has been suggested that this article be merged into Senna tora. (Discuss) Proposed since November 2014.

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Cassia tora is a dicot legume known as sickle senna, sickle pod, tora, coffee pod, tovara, chakvad, thakara in malayalam and foetid cassia.^[1] It is mostly found in South-East Asia and the South West Pacific as an important weed. It is considered a wild weed, wild peanut or pistache that has many healing benefits. The plant is an herbaceous annual foetid herb. The plant can grow 30–90 centimetres (12–35 in) tall and consists of alternative pinnate leaves with leaflets mostly with three opposite pairs that are obovate in shape with a rounded tip. The leaves grow up to 3–4.5 centimeters long. The stems have distinct smelling foliage when young. The flowers are in pairs in axils of leaves with five petals and pale yellow in colour. Cassia tora yellow flowers occur in pairs with stamens of unequal length producing pods that are somewhat flattened or four angled, 10–15 cm long and sickle shaped, hence the common name sickle pod. There are 30–50 seeds within a pod. The seeds, roots and leaves from this plant has been shown to be very beneficial to the modern system of herbal medicines.

Contents

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History[edit]

Cassia tora is most likely of Indo - Malayan origin. It is found mostly in India. Numerous authors have confused C. tora andC. obtusifolia two species for years.

Geography[edit]

Cassia tora is found in many parts of the world. It grows abundantly in parts of Afghanistan, India, China, Pakistan, Myanmar, Nepal and Bhutan. It is also grown and cultivated areas in the Himalayas at the elevation of 1400 meters in Nepal. It is distributed throughout India, Sri Lanka, West China and the tropics.

Ethnography[edit]

The whole plant as well as specific parts such as roots, leaves and seeds have been widely used and was suggested to combat different diseases afflicting rural and traditional practitioners of Satpura region of Madhya Pradesh, India. Cassia tora is one of the recognized anthraquinone (organic compound) containing plants and has been used in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine.

Cassia tora

Growing conditions[edit]

Casia tora is very stress tolerant and is an easy plant to grow. In India, it occurs as a wasteland rainy season weed. Its flowering time is favourable after the monsoon rain. C.tora can grow in dry soil throughout tropical parts and high hills of elevation (Himalayas) of up to 1800 meters as well as the plains. It mainly grows during the period of October to February. The seed has vast soil reserves that can remain viable for up to twenty years and can produce up to 1000 emerged plants per square meter following a precise germinating rain. Once the seed has matured, it is gathered and dried in the sun.

growing plant, about two weeks old

old branch with seeds

Pests/diseases[edit]

In Vanuatu, which is an island in the South Pacific, Cassia tora has been known to suffer limited damage by the leaf-eating larvae of Stegasta variana. Stegasta variana is a species of moth called Gelechild moth.

Stress tolerance[edit]

Cassia tora is considered an annual weed and has a high stress tolerance. The main time that it may die off is the dry season of July–October in South Asia.

Uses[edit]

C.tora has many uses. The plant and seeds are edible. The edible part of the plant varies from 30 to 40 percent. Young leaves can be cooked as a vegetable while the roasted seeds are a good substitute for coffee. It is used as a natural pesticide in organic farms and its powder is most commonly used in the pet food industry. Alternatively, it is mixed with guar gum for use in mining and other industrial applications. The seeds and leaves are also used to treat skin disease and its seeds can be utilized as a laxative. This weed could also become a reliable cheap source of nutritious feed for Ctenopharyngodon idella, a fast-growing exotic carp. Cassia tora tea is a herbal, pure, natural and non-polluted green health beverage. In the Republic of Korea, it is believed to rejuvenate human vision. Additionally, the tea has created a new term “coffee-tea”, because of its mysterious but very rich taste and its coffee aroma. It is made from 100 percent Cassia tora, with no artificial colouring and no caffeine, and could be a healthier substitute for coffee and sodas. Since Cassia tora has an external germicide and antiparasitic character, it has been used for treating skin diseases such as leprosy, ringworm, itching and psoriasis and also for snakebites. Other medicinal provisions from plant parts include balm for arthritis using leaves of Cassia tora.

Nutritional Information A natural gelling agent that has industrial and food benefits is made from the seed. The primary chemical constituents of the seed include cinnamaldehyde, gum, tannins, mannitol, coumarins and essential oils (aldehydes, eugenol and pinene). The seeds also contain sugars, resins and mucilage, among other elements.

Economics[edit]

The galactomannans (a form of polysaccharide) from Cassia tora (CT- gum), after proper processing and chemical derivatization (converting chemical into a product of a similar structure), could function as an improved and more economical thickener than locust bean gum for textiles, because of the bean gum’s current high price ($18/kg) and limited availability. Most of the CT-gum processing plants in India are located in Gujarat state because of the availability of Cassia tora beans in the neighbouring states, but the widespread use of these beans as vegetables and seeds as cattle feed has been pushing up the raw material cost for the CT-gum industry. The total fixed capacity in the country is 0.2 million tonnes for splits and 59,000 for powder based on Cassia tora seeds. The capacity utilization in the industry has been around 70 percent for the last three years. Apart from domestic consumption, there are now noteworthy exports of cassia powder of the international standard to various countries. This includes the United States of America, Australia, Germany, France, Spain, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Singapore and Japan. The export value of Cassia tora has been progressively increasing over the last five years. Comprehensive export data disclosed that Japan and the UK receive a regular supply, while the United States market fluctuates. However, the export growth rate of Cassia tora plainly shows the difference between quantity and value, which leads to a low price per unit price.

Social, gender and cultural issues[edit]

Cassia tora is culturally accepted, as it is a natural growing species. The plant is a more holistic use for many ailments and contributes to the nutrition of sustenance families. It is not a laborious species as it is considered as a weed globally, which means it is a very hardy plant species. It can be used in semi-urban areas and in rural areas. One caution when planting in a rural area is to not plant it in a pasture. The effect of ingesting this crop on a daily basis for foraging animals has not been studied.

Constraints for wider use[edit]

An immense reason for why it is not grown more often is because of lack of knowledge people have of the plant. Cassia tora is not well known for many sustenance farmers in the region of where it is optimal to plant. Cassia tora is very affordable. It would be a great benefit to them as said in the economic section that it can be a large production for CT gum. Families of sustenance farmers or urban families can benefit from the medicinal and nutritional uses that it has because they would not have to spend as much money on buying goods such as laxatives, medicinal creams and ointments, coffee, and some vegetables.

Practical information[edit]

Here are directions on how to grow your own Cassia tora plant. Scratch and then pre-soak the seed for 2–3 hours in warm water before sowing it from early spring to early summer in a warm greenhouse or pot in your own home. The seed usually germinates in 1–12 weeks at 23 °C. You can also transplant Cassia tora. Plant them in individual pots once they are large enough to handle and grow them on in the greenhouse or your home. Do not plant them outside until the following spring. Using the Food and Agriculture Organization website is a great tool in finding out more about Cassia tora and its uses, more specifically there is an online brochure called “Country Compass” which lists medicinal herbs for countries across the world.

References[edit]

1.    Jump up^ Country Compass [1] Food and Agriculture Organization

Categories: 

·         Edible legumes

·         Cassia

·         Flora of Southeast Asia

·         Flora of the Southwestern Pacific

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Cassia Seed Extract – Health Benefits of Cassia Seed

Botanical Name

– Cassia obtusifolia, Cassia tora

Family

– Fabaceae/Leguminosae

Cassia seeds are bitter, sweet and salty in flavor. Cassia seed extract is beneficial in problems related to intestine, liver, large intestine and vision. The seed extract is also used as an alternative to coffee. The seed is slightly cold in nature and hence works better on liver and large intestine.

Cassia is the native tree of the tropics. It is quite popular in China in Sichuan, Anhui, Guangdong and Guangxi regions. During fall months, Cassia seeds are harvested and these are sun dried before use. Cassia seeds are used in different forms such as whole seed, tea packets, ground powder, pastes and herb pillows. Cassia seed helps improve vision, removes intensive heat from the liver and provides nourishment to large intestine and also smoothes the bowel movement.

Cassia Seed Health Benefits

Cassia seeds is known for various medicinal benefits. It has following health benefits –

o    The seeds of Cassia are used for common problems related to kidney, intestine, liver and vision.

o    Cassia seed extract is also used for dying purposes.

o    It is used as an alternative to coffee.

o    Its consumption removes intense heat from the liver.

o    Eases the bowel movement.

o    Cassia seeds along with dodder and wolfberry seeds provide nourishment to intestine.

o    It helps in improving the vision and cures blurred vision, redness, itchiness, congestion or light sensitivity caused by hot wind conditions.

o    Cassia seeds act as a laxative and can cure constipation caused due to heat accumulation in the intestine.

o    Cassia seed extract can inhibit fungal growth.

o    Cassia seeds paste is used for treatment of various skin ailments such as snake bite and other parasitic disorders.

o    Cassia seeds can also lower the blood pressure and cholesterol.

Cassia Seed Side Effects

Cassia seeds have following side effects-

o    It contains chemicals such as obtusin, chrysophanol, aurantio-obtusin which are of benefit to us, but can also lead to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), obesity and psoriasis.

o    It can cause uterus contraction.

o    It has some gastrointestinal side effects such as diarrhea, gas and nausea.

Hence, if you suffer from any of the described conditions, intake of Cassia seeds can effectively cure the condition. Due to its uterus contraction property, it should not be used by pregnant women. It should not be taken by people with low blood pressure. It should be taken under medical practitioner’s supervisio

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Charota or Chakod (Cassia tora L. syn. Cassia obtusifolia L.)

Contributor: Pankaj Oudhia

Copyright (c) 2002. All Rights Reserved. Quotation from this document should cite and acknowledge the contributor.

English Name: Foetid cassia, The Sickle Senna, Wild Senna

Common (Indian) names:
Hindi: Charota,Chakvad,Chakavat.
Bengali & Oriya: Chakunda
Gujrati: Kawaria
Canarese: Gandutogache
Malyalam: Chakramandrakam,takara
Marathi: Takala
Sanskrit : Chakramarda,Dadmari,Dadrughra,Taga
Tamil: Tagarai
Telugu: Chinnakasinda

Family: Leguminosae

Habitat: In India it occur as wasteland rainy season weed.

Botany: It is an annual foetid herb, 30–90 cm high .

Leaves: pinnate, up to 10 cm long rachis grooved, conical gland between each of two lowest pairs of leaflet, leaflets in 3 pairs, opposite, obovate, oblong and base oblique.

Flowers: In pair in axils of leaves, petals five, pale yellow.

Fruit: Pod, Obliquely separate.

Seed: 30-50 rhombhedral

Flowering time: After the monsoon rains (in Indian conditions)

Useful parts: Roots, Leaves, and Seeds.

Medicinal Properties and Uses: According to Ayurveda the leaves and seeds are acrid, laxative , antiperiodic, anthelmintic, ophthalmic, liver tonic, cardiotonic and expectorant. The leaves and seeds are useful in leprosy, ringworm, flatulence, colic, dyspepsia, constipation, cough, bronchitis, cardiac disorders.

Ayuerveda Formulation: Chakramadha Tailamu.

Other uses: Recommended for reclamation of saline, alkaline and brackish soils. Used as green manure crop in acidic soils. Dried seed contain protein (up to 24 percent) and is given as a protien rich feed for livestock and birds. Roasted seeds are substituted for coffee like Tephrosia seeds. Seeds yield tannins and dyes (yellow, blue and red). fields a gum (7.50%),which is a good agent for suspending and binding. The aqueous extracts of whole plant and leaves produces inhibitory allelopathic effects on common weeds specially on Parthenium hysterophorus. Recommended to grow in Parthenium infested areas as smoother crop. Stimulatory allelopathic effects on rice and wheat have been reported. Seeds used in preparation of sweet dishes. Leaves are popular potherb. In organic farms of India, Cassia tora is used as natural pesticide. Fungicidal activity of chrysophanic acid-9-anthrone from Cassia tora have been reported.

Chemical Constituents

Roots: 1,3,5-trihydroxy-6-7-dimethoxy-2-methylanthroquinone and beta-sitosterol.

Seeds: Naptho-alpha-pyrone-toralactune, chrysophanol, physcion, emodin, rubrofusarin, cchrysophonic acid-9-anthrone.

Leaves: Emodin, tricontan-1-0l, stigmasterol, b-sitosteral-b-D-glucoside, freindlen, palmitic, stearic, succinic and d-tartaric acids uridine, quercitrin and isoquercitrin.

Resource Person:
Pankaj Oudhia
Society for Parthenium Management, (SOPAM)
28-A, College Road, Geeta Nagar
Raipur- 492001 India
pankajoudhia@gmail.com
archive.org/details/pankajoudhia
www.youtube.com/user/pankajoudhia?feature=results_main
www.flickr.com/photos/pankajoudhia/

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·         Cassia Tora Seeds

·         Cassia Tora Splits

·         Cassia Tora Powder

Cassia Tora Seeds

Cassia Tora is a wild crop plant that belongs to the Caesalpinaceae plant family and genus Cassia. Cassia tora seeds are hard to beat in their quality and affordability. They are bold and small seeds. These seeds are also shiny and are duly machine cleaned. These cassia tora seeds are available into many ranges such as cassia tora seed and natural cassia tora seeds.

Cassia tora L., (=Cassia obtusifolia L.), Caesalpiniaceae, occurs throughout India as a weed. The leaves, flowers and young fruits are illustrated.

The plant is known for its significant medicinal value. The Cassia plant mainly grows in the tropical regions of India and is commercially supplied in bulk from regions of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

Cassia Tora Seed or Jue Ming Zi in Chinese, or the ripe seed of sickelpod cold nature of the fruit is excellent for cooling down the body. Cassia Tora Seed is highly valued in ancient Chinese herb.

This bitter and salty Cassia Tora Seed has also been credited as an eyesight booster. Cassia Tora can also helps by removing intensive heat from the liver and improving vision, moisturizing intestine and easing the bowels. Great help for losing weight as well.

Properties

Sweet, bitter and salty in flavor, slightly cold in nature, it is related to the liver, kidney and large intestine channels.

Uses

The parts like roots, seeds and leaves of this plant can be used in curing various health problems and diseases.

The root is used in snakebite.

The dried and fresh leaves are used in northern Nigeria in the treatment of ulcers, ring worm and other parasitic skin diseases. In cultures, the leaf extracts of the plant showed anti-bacterial activity. Antiviral activity, particularly against Newcastle disease virus and Vaccinia virus.

The Cassia Tora Seed, ripe seed of sickle pod, is a highly valued ancient Chinese herb. As defined in Ayurveda these seeds of Cassia Tora are great laxatives, ophthalmics, anthelmintics and expectorants. Its main constituents include derivatives of anthraquinone, chrysophanol, emodin, rhein and fixed oil. Due to the cold nature of the fruit from which they are extracted, the Cassia Tora seeds are the excellent sources for cooling down the body. Used as aperients and purgatives the seeds are help to loosen the bowels to relieve constipation.

Traditionally, the leaves of Chakvad are popular as potherb. It is used as a natural pesticide in the organic farms of India. It has been reported that Cassia tora contains chrysophanic acid-9-anthronewhich is an important fungicide.

The intake of these seeds can cure skin diseases like ring worm, itch and psoriasis. These herbal seeds can also remove intense heat from the liver and improve the acuity of sight and loosen the bowels to relieve constipation.

The leaves contain anthroquinones, and are employed in weak decoction for treating childhood teething, fever and constipation.

The paste of the ground, dried root is used in Ayurveda as a treatment for ringworm and snakebite.

However when Cassia Tora is used together with self-heal Spica Prunellae and Cape jasmine fruit (Fructus Gardeniae) can be god remedy for conjunctivitis or inflammation of the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and is continued over the forepart of the eyeball. This can even cure photophobia, or intolerance to light, due to fire of excess types in the liver channel. It is frequently used together with milk vetch seed or Semen Astragali Complanati for blurred vision due to yin deficiency of the liver and kidneys. The sickle senna seed decoction, syrup and tablets is most effective for hyperlipemia, the presence of excess fat or lipids in the blood.

The modern researches reveal that the fresh seed of this plant contains chrysophanol, obtusin, aurantio-obtusin and vitamin A. It contains anthra-glucoside which is known for its laxative effect. Cassia seed mixture with water can inhibit dermatomyces, while its alcohol infusion is known to inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms like staphylococcus, bacillus diphtheriae, bacillus coli, typhoid and paratyphoid bacillus.

In addition to being used as medicinal herbs, the seeds are also used as a mordant in dyeing. They can be roasted and ground to be used as a coffee substitute. As the dehydrated seed of Cassia plant has good protein, it can be used as a full of protein feed for livestock and birds. Growing as leguminous weed in several parts of India, this is also used as fodder for animals and as a feed ingredient for carps.