[1] - مرارات . [
م َ ] (ع اِ) ج ِ مرارة. (از
اقرب الموارد). رجوع به مَرارَة* شود.
* مراره
. [ م َ رَ / رِ ] (ع اِ) مرارة. زهره و ظرف صفرا. رجوع
به مرارة شود. || تلخ خوان** . (ناظم الاطباء).
** تلخ خوان . [
ت َ خوا / خا
] (اِ مرکب ) زهره و مراره . (ناظم الاطباء). و رجوع به تلخ جوان*** شود.
*** تلخ جوان . [ ت َ ج َ ] (اِ مرکب ) زهر و سم و مرگ . (ناظم الاطباء). و در بیت زیر
از نظامی مقصود، زَهرِه کیسه ٔ صفراست :
تلخ جوانی یزکی در شکار
زیرتر از وی سیهی دُردخوار.
تلخ جوانی یزکی در شکار
زیرتر از وی سیهی دُردخوار.
نظامی .
رجوع به تلخ خوان و رجوع به مخزن الاسرار نظامی چ وحید ص 51 شود.
//////////
مرارات
سالمترین زهرهای
(زهره‌ها) مرغان زهره مرغ و دراج و کبک بود اما مراره جوارح بغایت قوت لذاع بود خاصه
کبار ایشان و اختیار وی آن بود که لون وی زردی طبیعی بود و اگر زنگار و لاجوردی بود
بد باشد و طبیعت آن گرم و خشک بود در چهارم و چون با نطرون و قیمولیا بیامیزند جرب
ریش‌شده را سود دهد زهره‌ها مجموع تاریکی چشم را نافع بود خاصه مراره جوارح خصوصا خشک
کرده آن و ابتدای نزول آب را مفید بود و مجموع مرارات طبع براند و اسحق گوید بقوت‌ترین
زهره‌های چهارپایان زهره شیر پس کفتار پس گاو پس گرگ پس خرس پس آهو و پس میش و هریک
بجای خود گفته شود
______________________________
صاحب مخزن الادویه
می‌نویسد: مراره لغت عربیست جمع آن مرارات است و مرایر نیز آمده و بفارسی زهره و بهندی
پته نامند
فرانسهVESICULE BILIAIRE انگلیسیGALLBLADDER
اختیارات بدیعی
////////////////
کیسه صفرا - زردابدان[۲] اندامی است که در سطح تحتانی کبد قرار دارد.[۳] این عضو از سه قسمت اصلیفوندوس یا قعر کیسه، تنه و اینفاندیبولوم تشکیل شده است.[۴] وظیفه این کیسه نگه‌داری مایع زرد رنگ صفرا (BILE) است.
این مایع به هنگام ورود مواد غذایی به معده از کبد ترشح می‌شود و سپس از طریق مجرایی به کیسه
صفرا انتقال می‌یابد. صفرا از طریق مجرای صفراوی مشترک به روده کوچک ریخته می‌شود.
کار این مایع ایجادامولسیون پایدار
روی چربی‌های غذاست که در دوازدهه انجام می‌گیرد. گاهی اوقات انسان به سنگ کیسه صفرامبتلا می‌شود که در صورت وخامت بیماری تحت عمل جراحی قرار می‌گیرد. هنگام جراحی معمولاً پزشک
معالج کیسه صفرا را از بدن خارج می‌کند. در این صورت پس از گذشت مدتی مجرای صفرا
گشاد می‌شود و کار کیسه صفرا را انجام می‌دهد.
/////////
المرارة (باللاتينية: vesica
fellea) أو الحويصل الصفراوي أو الحويصلة الصفراوية، كيس صغير كمثري الشكل
يقع في الجزء الأيمن السفلي من الكبد،
تقوم المرارة بتخزين الصفراء التي تفرزها الكبد في معظم الحيوانات الفقارية، وفي الإنسان. تستطيع المرارة الاحتفاظ 45-60 مل من الصفراء. ويتصل جذع (عنق) المرارة بأنبوب يدعى القناة
الكيسية التي تدخل القناة
الكبدية من الكبد. وتشكل هذه القنوات معاً
قناة الصفراء العامة (المشتركة).
محتويات
[أظهر]
المرّارة نسيج مجوف يوجد أسفل الكبد. في
البالغين، قد يصل طول المرارة 8 سنتيمتر واستدارتها إلى 4 سنتيمتر. تقسم المرارة
إلى ثلاثة أجزاء رئيسة: اللب والجسم والرأس. تنزل القناة الصفراوية إلى يمين الشريان
الكبدي (Hepatic Artery) في الحافة الحرة
منالثرب الصغير (Lesser Omentum) ثم على يمين الشريان
البنكرياسي الاثنى عشري خلف الجزء الثاني من
البنكرياس (Penceriatoduodenal Artery)، وثم في مسار معين تكون خلف البنكرياس تكون امام ال (IVC)، لتتحد مع قناة البنكرياس
الرئيسية(Main Pancreatic Duct) فيما يسمى بالانتفاخ الكبدي البنركياسي
(Pencreatohepatic Amuplla) لتصب في الاثناعشر في الحليمة
الأساسية)(Major Papilla)،
وعادة ما يعود أغلب الإفراز إلى الكبد ومنه إلى المرارة بعد إضافة الفاقد إليه عن
طريق امتصاص الأمعاء له.
التشريح النسيجي[عدل]
يغطي المرارة نسيج طلائي (ظهاري) طولي بسيط
يوجد أسفل منه صفيحة خاصة (lamina propria) من نسيج ضام يتخلل هذا النسيج بعض الفجوات ممما يزيد في مساحة الامتصاص للمرارة
تسمى (Aschoff Rokytansky sinuses) جيوب اشكوف روكي تانسكي النسيج الطلائي والضام يسمون معا بالطبقة
المخاطية ولا يوجد هنا طبقة ما تحت المخطاية بل طبقة العضلات الخارجية وهي عبارة
عن عضلات ملساء لا ايرادية
الوظيفة[عدل]
الوظيفة الأساسية للمرارة هي تخزين الصفراء الذي تفرزه الكبد إلى حين الحاجة إليه. عند دخول الطعام المحتوي على دهن إلى الإثني عشر تتقلص المرارة بواسطة هرمون الكوليسيستوكينين
(Cholecystokinin) تفرزه خلايا (ط) (I
cells) الموجودة في الإثني عشر والصائم من الأمعاء
الدقيقة.
وخلال عملية الهضم، تنساب الصفراء من الكبد
عبر القناة الكبدية إلى قناة الصفراء العامة وتفرغ الصفراء في العفج، القسم الأول
من الأمعاء الدقيقة. ولايحتاج الجسم إلى الصفراء بين وجبات الطعام، ولكنها تستمر
في الانسياب من الكبد إلى القناة الصفراوية العامة. وتبقى بعيداً عن العفج بوساطة
عضلة شبه مائلة مستديرة تلتف بشدة حول الفتحة، وتسمى مصرة أودي.
ويُرغم السائل على الانسياب إلى المرارة، حيث يُركز
ويُخزن حتى يُحتاج له عند الهضم.
تتقلص المرارة بعمل هورمون يدعى كوليسيستوكينين.
ويتكون هذا الهورمون في الجزء العلوي من الأمعاء الدقيقة.
حصوات المرارة[عدل]
تتشكل حصوات المرارة أحياناً داخل الصفراء المركزة. وقد تنحصر هذه الكتل الصغيرة القاسية في
قناة الصفراء العامة، مسببة ألماً شديداً. قد يؤدي انسداد قناة الصفراء العامة إلى
مرض اليرقان،
وهو اصفرار في الجلد ينتج عن تجمع الصفراء في الدم. ويعالج الأطباء،حصوة المرارة باستئصال المرارة جراحياً، ولكن قد تذاب بعض حصى المرارة بالعلاج.
وبعضها الآخر يمكن معالجتها باستخدام مفتت الحصى.
وينتج مفتت الحصى هذا موجات تصادمية تكسر الحصى إلى أجزاء
صغيرة جداً.
في الحيوان[عدل]
توجد المرارة في جميع الفقاريات في حين لا
توجد عند اللافقاريات ومع ذلك فإن تكوين المرارة الدقيق يحتلف ويتنوع من حيوان إلى
أخر من حيث القنوات التي تجري فيها المرة، وهناك العديد من الحيوانات التي لا توجد
لديها مرارة مثل (الأحصنة والفأران والزراف والأنقليس).
مراجع[عدل]
1.
^ Ginsburg, Ph.D.، J.N. Thomas M. Nosek, Ph.D., الناشر.Gastrointestinal
Physiology. Augusta, Georgia, United State: Medical College of
Georgia. صفحات p.
30. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2007-06-29.
////////////
به عبری:
כיס המרה הוא איבר קטן הממוקם בצמוד לכבד שהפרשותיו
מסייעות בתהליך העיכול. בכיס המרה נאגר נוזל המרה אשר מיוצר בכבד ובנוסף ספיגת מים ומלחים והפרשת יוני מימן וגליקופרוטאינים לנוזל המרה. לאחר ארוחה, כיס המרה מתכווץ והמרה
מופרשת אל דרכי המרה ומשם לתריסריון. תפקיד מיצי המרה לפרק שומנים, קפאין וכלורופיל. בנוסף, בהיותו של נוזל המרה בסיסי,
הוא מסייע בסתירת החומציותהרבה שנמצאת בקיבה, לפני המעבר למעי.
//////////////
به دیودهی
(مالدیوی)
ފިތް (އިނގިރޭސި ބަހުން: Gall
bladder)އަކީ އިންސާނާގެ ފުރަމޭގެ ތެރެއަށް ނާސްޕަތީ އެއްގެ ބައްޓަމަށް(އިނގިރޭސި ބަހުން: Pear-shaped)
ފެތިފައި އިންނަ ގުނަވަނެކެވެ. މިގުނަވަނުގައި ހަޖަމުކުރުމަށް އެހީތެރިވެދޭ ދިޔައެއް ކަމުގައިވާ ބައިލް ރައްކާކޮށްފައި ހުރެއެވެ. ފިތުގެ ދިގުމިނުގައި އެވްރެޖް ގޮތެއްގައި ހުންނަނީ 12-7 ސެންޓި މީޓަރެވެ. ފިތް
އިންނަނީ ގަދަ ފެހި ކުލައިގައެވެ. ތަފާތު ދެމަގަކުން ފިތް
އިންނަނީ ފުރަމޭ އަދިކުޑަ ގޮހޮރު ގެ ފުރަތަމަ ބައި ޑުއަޑީނަމް އާއި ގުޅިފައެވެ.
ފިތަކީ ފުރަމޭ ގެ ކަނާތު ލޯބް ގެ ތެރެއަށް ފެތިފައި އިންނަ ގުނަވަނެކެވެ. ފިތުގެ ތިރިއާއި އަރިމަތި ހުންނަނީ ޕެރިޓޯނިއަމް (އިނގިރޭސި ބަހުން:Peritoneum)އިން ނިވާކުރެވިފައެވެ. އެކަމަކު ފިތުގެ މަތީ ސަތަހަ ނުވަތަ ފަރާތް އިންނަނީ ސީދާ ފުރަމޭގައި
ޖެހިފައެވެ.
ފިތް އެކުލެވިގެންވަނީ ފަންޑަސް، ޖިސްމު، އަދި ކަރު ގެ މައްޗަށެވެ. ފަންޑަސް އިންނަނީ އެއްކޮށް ޕެރިޓޯނިއަމް އިން ނިވާކުރެވިފައެވެ. ފިތުގެ ޖިސްމު އިންނަނީ ސީދާ ހުރަސް ފަލަ ގޮހޮރު އަދި ޑުއަޑީނަމް ގައި ޖެހިފައެވެ. ފިތުގެ ކަރަކީ އޭގެ އެންމެ މައްޗަށް އިންނަ ހިމަ ބައެވެ.
/////////////
به کردی:
Zeravdank an (kîsikê zirav) [1] endamek
di laşê mirov de ye, ya ku Zerav têde kom dibe. Ew li binkezebê ye.
//////////////
به پشتو تریخی:
تريخی (او يا هم چې په انگليسي ژبه cholecyst يا کله ناکله gall bladder بلل کېږي.) د انسان په بدن کې يو ناک-وزمه غړی دی چې د ځيگر د شاه نه مخ په ښکته زوړند دی
او نژدې 50 ml صفرا يا ترخه چې په انگليسي يې bile (يا
"gall") بولي، تر
هغه مهاله پورې ساتي ترڅو چې بدن ته د خواړو د هاضمې په مهال پکار راځي.
//////////////
///////////
به آذری:
Öd kisəsi, ödlük — lat. vesica fella; yun. cholecystis insanda ödün
toplandığı armud şəkilli kisə. Qaraciyərin sağ payının visseral səthində lat. fossa vesicae felleae üzərində
yerləşmişdir; uzunluğu 8-12 sm, eni 3-5 sm və həcmi 40-60 sm³- dir. Öd kisəsi
üç hissədən ibarətdir:
Ödlüyün yuxarı səthi birləşdirici toxuma vasitəsilə
qaraciyərin ödlük çuxuruna bitişmişdir: bəzən seroz qişa ödlüyü hər tərəfdən əhatə
edərək, onunüçün çöz əmələ gətirir. Boynu yavaş- yavaş nazikləşərək ödlük
axacağına - lat. ductus cysticus keçir; bunun selikli qişasında spiral büküş
- lat. plica spiralis (valvula spiralis Heisteri - BNA) adlanan
büküş vardır. Ödlüyün və böyük öd axacaqlarının divarları seroz qişadan,
serozaltı qatdan, saya əzələ liflərindən təşkil
olunmuş əzələ qişasından və selikli qişadan əmələ gəlmişdir. selikli qişa
silindirəbənzər epitel ilə örtülüdür və burada selik vəziləri - lat. glandulae mucosae biliosae və
büküşlər - lat.plicae
tunicae mucosae vardır.
///////////
به ترکی صفرا
کیسه سی:
Safra kesesi, karaciğerden salgılanan
safranın toplandığı, karaciğerin alt kısmında bulunan torba şeklinde bir
organdır. Kesenin görevi, safrayı depolayıp, yoğunlaştırmak ve gerekli aralıklarla oniki parmak bağırsağına safra salgılamaktır.
//////////////
Gallbladder
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Gallbladder
(disambiguation).
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Gallbladder
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Details
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Identifiers
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Vesica biliaris,
vesica fellea
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This article contains Chinese text.Without proper rendering
support, you may see question marks,
boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
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In vertebrates the gallbladder (also gall
bladder, biliary vesicle or cholecyst) is a
small organ where bile (a
fluid produced by the liver) is stored and
concentrated before it is released into the small intestine. Humans can live without a
gallbladder. The surgical removal of the gallbladder is called a cholecystectomy.
Contents
The
gallbladder is a hollow organ that sits just beneath the right lobe of
the liver.[2] In adults, the
gallbladder measures approximately 8 centimetres (3.1 inches) in length and 4
centimetres (1.6 in) in diameter when fully distended.[3] The gallbladder has
a capacity of about 100 millilitres (3.5 imperial fluid ounces).[4]:298
The
gallbladder is shaped like a tapered sac, with the open end opening into
the biliary tree and
the cystic duct. Anatomically, the gallbladder is
divided into three sections: thefundus, body, and neck:[5] The fundus is
a rounded end that faces the front of the body.[5] The body is
in contact with the liver, lying in the gallbladder fossa, a depression at the bottom of the
liver.[5] The neck tapers
and is continuous with the cystic duct, part of the biliary tree. The cystic duct unites with
the common hepatic duct to
become thecommon bile duct.
At the junction of the neck of the gallbladder and the cystic duct, there is an
out-pouching of the gallbladder wall forming a mucosal fold known asHartmann's pouch,
where gallstones commonly get stuck.
The
angle of the gallbladder is located between the costal margin and the lateral margin of
the rectus abdominis
muscle. The fundus is at the same level as thetranspyloric plane.
Parts of the gall bladder.
The gallbladder connects to the liver via
the cystic duct gross anatomy and local ducts
connecting to the liver, pancreas and duodenum of the small intestine
Micrograph of a normal gallbladder
wall. H&E stain.
The
layers of the gallbladder wall are visible under the microscope. The
gallbladder wall's innermost surface is lined by a single layer of columnar cells with
an apical brush border of microvilli, very similar to intestinal
absorptive cells.[6][7] Underneath the
epithelia is an underlying lamina propria, a muscular layer, an outer perimuscular layer
and serosa. Unlike elsewhere in the intestinal
tract, the gallbladder does not have a muscularis mucosae,
and the muscular fibres are not arranged in distinct layers.[4] In greater detail,
the layers are:[4][8]
·
The epithelium is the
innermost layer of the gallbladder, and is of simple columnar type.
Underneath the epithelium is a lamina propria; together, these two layers are
known as the mucosa. A
distinctive feature of the gallbladder is the presence of Rokitansky–Aschoff
sinuses, deep outpouchings of the mucosa that can extend through the
muscular layer.[9]
·
The submucosa is a thin layer of loose
connective tissue with smaller blood vessels. It contains many elastin fibres,
lymphatics, and in the neck of the gallbladder, glands which secrete mucus.
The lymphatics of this layer help to drain water when the bile is concentrated,
and the mucous glands may create a surface that protects the wall of the
biliary tree.
·
The muscular layer,
formed by smooth muscular tissue.
The interspersed muscle fibres lie in longitudinal, oblique and transverse
directions, and are not arranged in separate layers. The muscle fibres here
contract to expel bile from the gallbladder.
·
The perimuscular
("around the muscle") fibrous tissue, another layer of connective
tissue
·
The serosa is a thick layer that covers the
outer surface of the gallbladder, and is continuous with the peritoneum, which lines the abdominal cavity.
The serosa contains blood vessels and lymphatics.
The
gallbladder develops from an endodermal outpouching of the embryonic
gut tube.[10] Early in
development, the human embryo has three germ layers and abuts an embryonic yolk sac. During the second week of embryogenesis,
as the embryo grows, it begins to surround and envelop portions of this sac.
The enveloped portions form the basis for the adult gastrointestinal tract.
Sections of this foregut begin to
differentiate into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the oesophagus, stomach, and intestines.[10]
During
the fourth week of embryological development, the stomach rotates. The stomach,
originally lying in the midline of the embryo, rotates so that its body is on
the left. This rotation also affects the part of the gastrointestinal tube
immediately below the stomach, which will go on to become the duodenum. By the end of the fourth week, the
developing duodenum begins to spout a small outpouching on its right side,
the hepatic diverticulum which
will go on to become the biliary tree.
Just below this is a second outpouching, known as the cystic
diverticulum, that will eventually develop into the gallbladder.[10]
Anatomical
variants of the gallbladder occur very rarely, although a range of
abnormalities have been documented.
The
number and structure of the gallbladder may vary. Occasionally two or even
three gallbladders may coexist, either as separate bladders draining into the
cystic duct, or sharing a common branch that drains into the cystic duct.
Additionally, the gallbladder may fail to form at all. Gallbladders with two
lobes separated by a septum may also exist.
These abnormalities are not likely to affect function and are generally
asymptomatic.[11]
The
location of the gallbladder in relation to the liver may also vary, with
documented variants including gallbladders found within,[12]above, on the left side
of, behind, and detached from the liver. Such variants are very rare: from 1886
to 1998, only 110 cases of left-lying liver, or less than one per year, were
reported in scientific literature.[13][14]
An anatomical variation can
occur, known as a Phrygian cap which
is an innocuous fold in the fundus, named after its resemblance to the Phrygian cap.[15]
1. Bile ducts: 2. Intrahepatic bile
ducts, 3.Left and right hepatic ducts,
4. Common hepatic duct,
5. Cystic duct, 6. Common bile duct, 7.Ampulla of Vater, 8. Major duodenal
papilla
9. Gallbladder, 10–11. Right and left lobes ofliver. 12. Spleen.
13. Esophagus. 14. Stomach. 15. Pancreas: 16: Accessory pancreatic duct, 17: Pancreatic duct.
18. Small intestine: 19. Duodenum, 20.Jejunum
21–22: Right and left kidneys (silhouette).
The anterior border of the liver is lifted upwards (brown arrow). Gallbladder with Longitudinal section, pancreas and duodenum with frontal one. Intrahepatic ducts and stomach in transparency.
9. Gallbladder, 10–11. Right and left lobes ofliver. 12. Spleen.
13. Esophagus. 14. Stomach. 15. Pancreas: 16: Accessory pancreatic duct, 17: Pancreatic duct.
18. Small intestine: 19. Duodenum, 20.Jejunum
21–22: Right and left kidneys (silhouette).
The anterior border of the liver is lifted upwards (brown arrow). Gallbladder with Longitudinal section, pancreas and duodenum with frontal one. Intrahepatic ducts and stomach in transparency.
The
main purpose of the gallbladder is to store bile,
also called gall, needed for the digestion of food. The gallbladder is part of
the biliary system and serves as a reservoir
for bile, which is produced by the liver. The liver produces the bile and then
it flows through the hepatic ducts into
the gallbladder. At any one time, 30 to 60 millilitres (1.0 to
2.0 US fl oz) of bile is stored within the gallbladder.[16]
When
food containing fat enters the digestive tract,
it stimulates the secretion ofcholecystokinin (CCK) from I cells of the duodenum and jejunum. In
response to cholecystokinin, the gallbladder rhythmically contracts and
releases its contents into the common bile duct, eventually draining into
the duodenum. The bileemulsifies fats in partly digested food,
thereby assisting their absorption. Bile consists primarily of water and bile salts, and also acts as a means of
eliminatingbilirubin, a product of hemoglobin metabolism, from the body.[16]
The
bile that is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder is not the
same as the bile that is secreted by the gallbladder. During gallbladder
storage of bile, it is concentrated by removal of some water and electrolytes.
This is through the active transport of sodium ions across
the epithelia of the gallbladder, which creates anosmotic pressure that also causes water
and other electrolytes such as chloride to be reabsorbed.[16]
Main article: Gallbladder disease
Main article: Gallstones
Gallstones are the most common problem to
affect the gallbladder.[17] Gallstones
generally form when the bile is saturated with
either cholesterol or bilirubin. Only a minority of gallstones cause
symptoms; most stones are passed along the biliary system.
When symptoms occur, severe pain in the upper right part of the
abdomen is felt. If thestone blocks the gallbladder, inflammation
as cholecystitis may
result. If the stone lodges in the biliary system, jaundice may occur; and if the stone
blocks the pancreatic duct,
then pancreatitis may
occur. Gallstones are often managed by waiting for them to be naturally passed.
In people with recurrent gallstones, surgery to remove the gallbladder may be
considered. Some medication, such as ursodeoxycholic acid may
be used; and lithotripsy, a
procedure used to break down the stones, may also be used.[18]
Main article: Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder is known
as cholecystitis.
Inflammation is most commonly because of obstruction of the duct with
gallstones, known as cholelithiasis.
Blocked bile accumulates, and pressure on the gallbladder wall may lead to the
release of substances that cause inflammation, such as phospholipase. There is also the risk of
bacterial infection. An inflamed gallbladder is likely to cause pain and fever,
and tenderness in the upper, right corner of the abdomen, and may have a
positive Murphy's sign.
Cholecystitis is often managed with rest and antibiotics, particularly cephalosporins and, in severe
cases, metronidazole.[18]
Cholecystitis
may also occur chronically, particularly when a person is prone to getting
gallstones.[18]
Cholesterolosis
of the gallbladder, also called strawberry gallbladder,
is a change in the gallbladder wall due to excesscholesterol.[19] It is not linked to
gallstones or inflammation.
Gallbladder polyps are mostly benign
growths or lesions resembling growths that form in the gallbladder wall.[20]
Main article: Cholecystectomy
A cholecystectomy is a procedure in which
the gallbladder is removed. It may be removed because of recurrent gallstones,
and is considered an elective procedure. A cholecystectomy may be
an open procedure,
or one conducted by laparoscopy. In the
surgery, the gallbladder is removed from the neck to the fundus,[21] and so bile will
drain directly from the liver into the biliary tree. About 30 percent of patients may
experience some degree of indigestion following the procedure,
although severe complications are much rarer.[18]
A cholescintigraphy scan is a nuclear imaging procedure used to assess
the condition of the gallbladder.
Numerous
words in the English language relate to the gallbladder and the bile that
it stores. To have 'gall' is associated with bold behaviour, whereas to have
'bile' is associated with bitterness.[24]
In
the Chinese language, the gallbladder (Chinese: 膽) is associated with
courage and a plethora of related idioms,
including using terms such as "a body completely [of] gall" (Chinese: 渾身是膽) to describe a brave
person, and "single gallbladder hero" (Chinese:孤膽英雄) to describe a lone
hero.[25]
In
the Zangfu theory of Chinese medicine, the gallbladder not only has
a digestive role, but is seen as the seat of decision-making.[25]
Bile
is commonly misinterpreted to be stomach acid; rather, it is secreted into
the duodenum.
Most vertebrates have gallbladders, but the
form and arrangement of the bile ducts may vary considerably. In many species,
for example, there are several separate ducts running to the intestine, rather
than the single common bile duct found in humans. Several species of mammals (including horses, deer, rats,
and laminoids),[26][27] several species
of birds, lampreys and allinvertebrates lack a gallbladder
altogether.[28]
Several species of bears are farmed or
hunted for their gallbladders or bile.
Gallbladder and surrounding organs
Gallbladder
Diagram of Stomach
Gall bladder.Visceral surface of liver.
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Wikimedia Commons has media
related toGallbladder.
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Diagram
of Human Stomach and Gallbladder – Human Anatomy Online dd,
MyHealthScore.com.
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www.newchronicles.webs.com/f/gastrointestinalphysiology –
Gastrointestinal Physiology Review.
·
Anatomy photo:38:14-0100 at the SUNY
Downstate Medical Center - "Stomach, Spleen and Liver: The Gallbladder and
the Bile System"
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[1]
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[2]
·
Rodriguez, D. (January
25, 2010). "What Is the Gallbladder?" Everyday
Health. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
·
"Life Without a
Gallbladder". Digestive Disorders (January 2009), 30–31. Retrieved n.d.,
from Health Source – Consumer Edition (ISBN 978-0-929661-67-4).
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