ملح .[ م ِ ] (ع اِ) نمک . (منتهی الارب ) (آنندراج ). نمک طعام و مذکر و
مؤنث هر دو می آید ولی بیشترمؤنث می باشد. ج ، مِلاح . املاح . ملحة [ م ِ ل َ ح
َ / م ِح َ ]. مِلَح . (ناظم
الاطباء). نمک طعام . تصغیر آن مُلَیحة است . ج ، مِلاح . (از اقرب الموارد):
نور است گفت ماه از او روید
در خاک ملح و سیم به سنگ اندر.
نور است گفت ماه از او روید
در خاک ملح و سیم به سنگ اندر.
ناصرخسرو.
به زینهار مبر پیش این دو سلطان تن
که موم و ملح شود زینهار آتش و آب .
ابوالفرج رونی .
چون بیامد سوخت پرّش واگریخت
باز چون طفلان فتاد و ملح ریخت .
مولوی .
بی حیات تو حیات است چو بی آب نبات
بی ثنای تو کلام است چو بی ملح طعام .
سلمان ساوجی .
|| هر نمکی . (ناظم الاطباء). نام عامی است گونه ای از عقاقیر ارباب صناعت کیمیا را که قسمی از آن را ملح عذب (شیرین ) و قسمی را ملح مرّ (تلخ ) خوانند و قسمی موسوم به ملح اندرانی است و قسمی احمر (سرخ ) باشد که از آن باطیه و سینی کنند و قسمی را ملح نفط گویند که بوی نفط کند و قسمی مسمی به ملح بیضی است که از وی بوی تخم مرغ آب پز آید و قسمی را ملح هندی نامند که به رنگ سیاه باشد و قسمی ملح طبرزد است و ملح بول را از بول گیرند و ملح قلی را از قلی استخراج کنند. (از مفاتیح العلوم خوارزمی از یادداشت به خط مرحوم دهخدا). معدنی و مائی می باشد و معدنی بدون آب متکون می گردد و آن جبلی و بری می باشد و مائی او آبهایی است که منجمد گردد و معدنی او اقسام است و هریک را نامی مخصوص است ... و بهترین او ملح اندرانی معدنی است پس ملح مائی و بعد از آن نمک طعام و قسمی هندی مائی کمیاب است و زبون ترین آن ملح معدنی است و اقسام تنگار و قلی و بوره و نوشادر را املاح نامند و املاح مصنوعه نیز می باشد و او را از خاکستر بعضی نباتات که آب او را صاف نموده به آتش و یا به آفتاب منعقد می سازند و به دستور از بول حیوانات و انسان نمک به طبخ و عقد می گیرند و بهترین او محرق محلول معقود صاف است و مراد از مطلق ملح نمک طعام است . (از تحفه ٔ حکیم مؤمن ) : ملح از بسیار جنس است و همه اجناسش گرم است . (الابنیه چ دانشگاه ص 314). و رجوع به املاح و نمک (اصطلاح شیمی ) شود.
- ملح اسود ؛ از اقسام ملح العجین است و او سیاه بی نفطیه است و در افعال مانند ملح نفطی . (از تحفه ٔ حکیم مؤمن ).
- ملح الصاغة؛ گویند «تنکار» است . (مفردات ابن البیطار جزء رابع ص 166). و رجوع به ترکیب بعد شود.
- ملح الصناعة، ملح الصاغة ؛ تنکار است . (تحفه ٔ حکیم مؤمن ) (الفاظالادویه ). رجوع به تنکار شود.
- ملح الصین ؛ ثلج الصین . زهره ٔ اسیوس . (یادداشت به خط مرحوم دهخدا). و رجوع به اسیوس شود.
- ملح الطبرزد ؛ نمک معدنی جبلی است و بهترین او سفید مسمی به اندرانی . (تحفه ٔ حکیم مؤمن ). نمک سنگ . (الفاظ الادویه ). نمکی سخت و ناصاف . (یادداشت به خط مرحوم دهخدا).
- ملح الطرطیر ؛ درد شوری که از شراب در چلیک ماند . (دزی ).
- ملح العاده ، ملح العامه ؛ نمک معمولی . (از دزی ج 2 ص 610).
- ملح العجین ؛ نمک طعام است و الوان مختلفه می باشد و اکثر او سفید و بعضی مایل به سرخی و بعضی مایل به سیاهی و بعضی مایل به زردی و بهترین او سفید صاف است . (ازتحفه ٔ حکیم مؤمن ).
- ملح الغرب ؛ بوره ای است که از درخت غرب به عمل آرند و در افعال قوی تر از بوره ٔ ارمنی است . (تحفه ٔ حکیم مؤمن ). نمک درخت غرب . (الفاظ الادویه ). ملحی باشد که در درخت غرب بود. (از مفردات ابن البیطار جزء رابع ص 166).
- ملح القلی ؛ نمکی است که قلی را در آب حل کرده صاف او را به آتش منعقدکنند. (تحفه ٔ حکیم مؤمن ).
- ملح المر ؛ نمک تلخ است مابین سیاهی و سفیدی و مایل به زردی . (تحفه ٔ حکیم مؤمن ).
- ملح النار ؛ نوشادر است . (تحفه ٔ حکیم مؤمن ).
- ملح اندرانی ؛ به فارسی نمک سنگ بلوری نامند و او بهترین اقسام است . (از تحفه ٔ حکیم مؤمن ). نمک سفید. (الفاظ الادویه ). و رجوع به ترکیب نمک اندرانی ذیل نمک شود.
- ملح بحری ؛ از اقسام ملح مائی است و تا آب به آن رسد حل می شود و اکثر آن سیاه و در افعال قریب به ملح اسود است . (از تحفه ٔ حکیم مؤمن ) (از مخزن الادویه ).
- ملح بوتیه ؛ نوشادر. (الفاظ الادویه ). نشادر. عقاب طائر. نسر. نوشادر. مشاطه . (همه نام هایی است که کیمیاگران به نشادر دهند). (یادداشت به خط مرحوم دهخدا). و رجوع به ترکیب ملح توتیه شود.
- ملح بول ؛ سپیدی چون نمک که در بول خشک شده پدید آید. (یادداشت به خط مرحوم دهخدا). و رجوع به ملح شود.
- ملح توتیه ؛ آمونیاک . همچنین است ملح النشادر. (از دزی ج 2 ص 610). و رجوع به ترکیب ملح بوتیه شود.
- ملح چینی ؛ به لغت مصر ابقر است . (تحفه ٔ حکیم مؤمن ) (مخزن الادویه ).
- ملح الدباغین ؛ قسم سیاه ملح العجین است . (تحفه ٔ حکیم مؤمن ) (مخزن الادویه ). شورج . (یادداشت به خط مرحوم دهخدا).
- ملح الزجاجین ، ملح الصباغین ؛قلی . و نیز ملح قلی . (از دزی ج 2 ص 610). و رجوع به ملح القلی شود.
- ملح سبخی . رجوع به ماده ٔ بعد و ذیل آن شود.
- ملح سنجی ؛ نمک سیاه . (الفاظ الادویه ). شوره است . (تحفه ٔ حکیم مؤمن ) (مخزن الادویه ). ملح العجین . (ابن البیطار جزو رابع ص 166).
- ملح صینی ؛ بارود. (تذکره ٔ داود ضریر انطاکی ). باروت . (یادداشت به خط مرحوم دهخدا).
- ملح مختوم ؛ ملح هندی است . (تحفه ٔ حکیم مؤمن ) (از مخزن الادویه ).
- ملح مطیب ؛ نمک خوش . (مهذب الاسماء)(یادداشت به خط مرحوم دهخدا).
- ملح نبطی ؛ نمک فسیل . (دزی ).
- ملح نفطی ؛ از جمله ٔ معدنی و سیاه و بدبوی و با نفطیه است و از آتش ، نفطیه ٔ او زایل می شود و سفید می گردد. (تحفه ٔ حکیم مؤمن ). نمک سیاه . (الفاظ الادویه ).
- ملح وسخ ؛ که از نفس زمین بدست آید. (از مفردات ابن البیطار جزء رابع ص 166).
- ملح هندی ؛ نمکی است شفاف وسرخ مایل به سیاهی و قطعات او بزرگ . (تحفه ٔ حکیم مؤمن ). در داروهای چشم به کار است . (ذخیره ٔ خوازمشاهی ). نمک کوهی یا معدنی هند... که نوعی نمک سیاه است که در مغرب شناخته نیست . (از دزی ج 2 ص 610).
|| پیه . (مهذب الاسماء) (منتهی الارب ) (آنندراج ) (ناظم الاطباء) (از اقرب الموارد). || شیرخوارگی . (منتهی الارب ) (آنندراج ). شیرخوردگی و رضاع . (ناظم الاطباء) (از اقرب الموارد). || دانایی . (منتهی الارب ) (آنندراج ). علم و دانایی . (ناظم الاطباء) (از اقرب الموارد). || دانا. (منتهی الارب ) (آنندراج ) (ناظم الاطباء). علما. (از اقرب الموارد). || نمکینی . (منتهی الارب ) (آنندراج ). ملاحت ونمکینی . (ناظم الاطباء) (از اقرب الموارد). || فربهی . (منتهی الارب ) (آنندراج ) (ناظم الاطباء) (از اقرب الموارد). || حق و واجب . || خوبی . (منتهی الارب ) (آنندراج ) (ناظم الاطباء). || حرمت . (مهذب الاسماء) (منتهی الارب ) (آنندراج ) (ناظم الاطباء) (از اقرب الموارد). || برکت . (مهذب الاسماء). || سوگند و عهد. (منتهی الارب ) (آنندراج ) (ناظم الاطباء).
- بینهما ملح ؛ بین آن دو حرمت و سوگند است . (از اقرب الموارد).
- ملحه علی ذیله ؛ او ناسپاس است . (ازدزی ج 2 ص 610).
- ملحه علی رکبتیه ؛ یعنی او بیوفاست یا فربه یا تندخشم . (منتهی الارب ) (آنندراج ) (از اقرب الموارد).
|| شیر. (مهذب الاسماء) (از اقرب الموارد). || (ص ) آب شور. ج ، مِلاح . مِلَح . مِلَحَة. املاح . (منتهی الارب ) (آنندراج ). ماء ملح ؛ آب شور. قوله تعالی : هذا عذب فرات و هذا ملح اجاج . (ناظم الاطباء). ضد عذب . (از اقرب الموارد).
- سمک ملح ؛ ماهی شور.
- نبت ملح ؛ شور گیاه که حمض نامند.
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ملح
بپارسی نمک گویند
و آن انواع است ملح عجین و ملح اندرانی و سیاه نفطی و سایه غیر نفطی و ملح هندی تلخ
بود و سرخ رنگ بود و هرآنچه تلخ بود نزدیک ببوره بود و نیکوترین آن اندرانی بود سفیدرنگ
بپارسی آن را نمک طبرزد خوانند و طبیعت آن گرم و خشک بود در دویم و دیسقوریدوس گوید
قوت وی قابض بود جلا دهد و محلل و منقی بود گوشت زیاده از ریشها بخورد و در داروهای
جرب مستعمل کنند و اورام بلغمی و حکه و نقرس و جذام و قوبا را سودمند بود و نمک بادها
بشکند و منع عفونت کند و سودمند بود غلیظی اخلاط را و چون با زیت و سرکه و عسل بیامیزند
و بدان تحنک کنند خناق را ساکن کند و اگر با عسل بود ورم لهات و نغانغ را نافع بود
و اگر با جو سوخته با عسل ضماد کنند آکله و قلاع و استرخا و لثه را نافع بود و با بذر
کتان بر گزندگی عقرب ضماد کنند نافع بود و با پودنه کوهی و زوفا گزندگی افعی را سودمند
بود و با زفت و قطران با عسل بر گزندگی مار شاخدار و با سرکه و عسل دفع مضرت سم هزارپای
کند و گزندگی زنبور را نافع بود چون با مویز و عسل ضماد کنند بر دمامیل نضج دهد و با
فودنج و خمر یا عسل نضج اورام بلغمی بود که در انثیین عارض شود و گزیدن نهنگ را سود
دهد و چون سحق کرده در خرقه کتان کنند و در سرکه فروبرند و بر عضو گزیده افعی بمالند
نافع بود و چون با سکنجبین بیاشامند دفع مضرت افیون بکند و فطر کشنده را و ابو صریح
گوید چون با غذائی که سرد بود مانند پنیر و ماهی و کوامیخ خلط کنند از طبیعت خود برگردد
تا بحدی که گرم و خشک گردد و بر اسهال و قی یاری دهد و بلغم لزج از معده و سینه دفع
کند و معا را بشوید و هضم طعام را یاری دهد موافق مرطوبیمزاج بود و خفقان را مضر بود
و چون با سرکه حل کنند و بدان مضمضه کنند قطع خون که از بن دندان بود و خون که بسبب
دندان برکندن بود بکند و اگر گرم کنند و در دهان نگاه دارند درد دندان را نافع بود
و چون بدان غرغره کنند بلغم را قطع کند و دماغ را پاک گرداند و چون صوف پاره بدان تر
کنند و بر جراحتهای که تازه بود و خون روانه بود نهند خون را ببندد و نمک اندرانی چشم
را تیز کند و ناخنه و سفیدی چشم را نیک بود و سبل را سودمند بود و درد معده سرد را
نافع بود و مسهل بلغم عفن بود و سودا و مقدار شربت نیم درم بود و نمک سوخته دندان را
جلا دهد و صفت سوختن وی نیکوتر آن بود که نمک را بشویند و یک روز رها کنند تا خشک گردد
پس در دیکی کنند و سر دیک بنهند و بر سر آتش نهند و آتش سوخته گرد بر گرد دیک کنند
و رها کنند تا از حرکات بازایستد آن زمان سوخته بود و بعضی نمک را در خمیر گیرند و
در میان آتش سوخته نهند و رها کنند تا خمیر سوخته گردد بیرون آورند و نمک تلخ مسهل
سودا بود بقوت و رازی گوید بسیار خوردن وی محرق دم بود و مضر بود و مضعف بصر بود و
مقلل منی و حکه و جرب آورد صاحب منهاج گوید مضر بود بدماغ و بصر و شش و مصلح وی آن
بود که بشویند و صعتر اضافه وی کنند و گویند بدل آن نیم وزن آن نوشادر بود و گویند
بوزن آن بوره
______________________________
در مخزن الادویه مینویسد:
ملح بکسر میم و سکون لام و حا بفارسی نمک و بترکی دوز و بهندی لون نامند
لاتینCHLORURETUM SODII فرانسه chlorure de sodium انگلیسی Sodium chloride, SALT
اختیارات بدیعی
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نمک خوراکی از سدیم و کلر ساخته شده است. در آب محلول است و از مهمترین املاحی است که در خوراک روزانه مورد انسان ها به کار میرود. نمک خوراکی به شکل
معدنی در تهنشینها و رسوبها همچین چین خوردگیها وجود دارد که به شکل سنگ نمک
استخراج میشود. همچنین در آب دریاها به مقدار فراوان موجود است که قابل برداشت
نیز میباشد.[۱]
نمک خوراکی مانند دیگر نمکها ترکیب یونی است. عناصر این ترکیب یونی، در نمک خوراکی سدیم و کلر هستند. با ورود ناخالصی به بلور هالیت یا نمک خوراکی، این کانی به رنگهای
گوناگون در میآید برای نمونه با ورود عناصراورانیوم و کربن به رنگ سیاه
در میآید. این کانی به همراه سیلویت یا نمک تلخ در محیطهای تبخیری و گرم و خشک یافت میشود. مزه شور و
جلای شیشهای و سختی کم این کانی باعث شده است تا به آسانی میان گروهی از کانیهای
مشابه خود، شناخته شود.[۲]
نمک یکی از مواد مورد نیاز برای سوخت و ساز
مواد خوراک در بدن، جابه جایی پیامهای عصبی و کارکرد درست ماهیچه ها است. اما
ثابت شده است که خوردن زیاد نمک موجب افزایش فشار خون میشود، به ویژه در افرادی که پیشینه خانوادگی فشار خون بالا دارند.
افزایش فشار خون نیز خطر سکته مغزی و حمله قلبی را افزایش میدهد. سازمان بهداشت جهانی دست بیش مقدار مصرف روزانه مجاز نمک را پنج گرم گفته است.[۳]
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به آذری دوز:
thumb|left|300px|دوز یئمک دوزو ، کیمیادا ناتریوم کلورید (NaCl) آدی ایله تانینان آغ کریستال قورولوش لو بیرلشمه دیر. اینسان دا داخیل اولماقلا بوتون جانلی لارین قیدا محصولو کیمی ایستیفاده ائتدیک لری دوز ، تیجارت باخیمیندان دا اؤنملی بیر محصول دور. دونیانین هر یئرینده راست گلینن سوفره دوزونا تاریخن بؤیوک احتیاچ اولموش دور.
بسیت شیمیایی
قورولوشو اولان دوزدان ، دریجیلیکده ، مالدارلیقدا ، سو تمیزلمه سیستم لرینده و
کیمیا صنایع سینده گئنیش ایستیفاده ائدیلیر.
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به عربی ملح الطعام:
يتكون الملح
المعروف بشكل رئيسي من مركب
كيميائي يعرف بكلوريد
الصوديوم( NaCl) والذي ينتمي لمجموعة أكبر من الأملاح.
يتواجد ملح الطعام في الطبيعية
على هيئة بلّورات معدنية تُعرف بالملح الصخري أو الهاليت.
يوجد ملح الطعام بكثرة في ماء
البحار حيث هو المُكَوِّن المعدني الرَّئيسي فيه. يحتويالمحيط على
قرابة 35 جرام من الملح لكل لتر (oz 1.2) و ملوحة 3.5%.
يُعدُّ الملح ضروريًّا لحياة
الحيوان، ويتواجد في أنسجة الحيوانات أكثر من أنسجة النبّاتات. لذلك فإن نمط
غذاء البدو المعتاد الذين يعيشون على قطعانهم لايُحتاج
فيه إلى الملح أو يُضاف بكميَّاتٍ قليلة، بينما نظام الغذاء المعتمد على القمح
يحتاج إلىمكمّلات غذائية. وتعد الملوحة أحد أساسيّات حاسَّة التذوق لدى الإنسان. كما أن الملح من أقدم وأوفر التوابل، ويعتبر التمليح من أهم طرق حفظ الأطعمة.
تشير بعض الأدلة
إلى أن معالجة الملح تعود إلى ٨٠٠٠ سنة مضت، حيث كان سكان رومانيا يغلون مياه الينابيع لاستخراج الملح. كذلك عثر على أدوات لمعالجة
الملح في الصين تعود إلى نفس الفترة تقريبًا. و كان يعتبر
الملح ثمينًا عند اليهود قديمًا وكذلك عند كل من الإغريق والرومان والبيزنطيين والحيثيّين والمصريّين.
أصبح الملح سلعةً ثمينةً وكان
يُنقَل بالقوارب عبر البحر المتوسط من خلال طرقٍ خاصَّةٍ بُنِيَت من أجل الملح و
بقوافِل عبر الصحراء
الكبرى. إن عوز الملح
وحاجة الدول له أدت إلى نشوء حروب بينهم، واستعماله لزيادة عائدات الضرائب.
كما يستعمل الملح في طقوس بعض
الأديان وفي بعض الثقافات .
تتم معالجة الملح
من خلال مناجم الملح، أو عن طريق تبخير مياه البحار أو مياه الينابيع
المليئة بالمعادن. إن أهم المنتجات الصناعية للملح هي الصودا
الكاويةوالكلور. ويستخدم في عمليات صناعية أخرى كتصنيع البوليفنيل
كلورايد و البلاستيك و أكوام الورق. إن من مجمل الإنتاج السنوي للملح البالغ
قرابة المئتي مليون طن يستهلك الإنسان مايقارب ٦% من هذا الإنتاج فقط. بينما
يُستخدم الباقي في عمليات معالجة الماء، وإزالة الجليد عن الطرقات، و في الزراعة.
يُباع الملح القابل للأكل بهيئات مختلفة كالملح البحري، و ملح الطاولة (ملح
الطعام) والذي يكون معالج عادة باليود للحدّ من الإصابة بنقص اليود وكذلك
يحتوي عادة علىمواد مضادة للتكتل. وكذلك يوجد الملح في كثير من الأطعمة المُعالجة.
يُعد الملح غذاء ضروريا، وتتأثر الصحة بمدى كميته في الغذاء.
إنّ كثرة الملح
قد يزيد من ضغط الدم وزيادة احتمالية الإصابة بسكتة أو نوبة
قلبية عند بعض
الأشخاص. تنصح منظمة الصحة العالمية بأن يستهلك البالغون أقل من ٢٠٠٠ ملي جرام من الصوديوم والذي يعادل ٥ جرام من الملح يوميًّا.
//////////
به کردی:
Xwê, solin mîneraleke xwezayî
ye, bo bitehmkirina xwarina mirovan e. Di pêjgehan de cihekê sereke digire. Ji
natrîûmklorîdê pêk tê. Zêde xwarina wê dikare ziyanê bide organîzmaya mirov.
Xwêyê herwiha didin ajalên malê jî. Xwê di pîşesaziyê
de jî tê bikaranîn. Ji xwêya hebên wê mezin û hinekê zer re solin an soltê
gotin. Di hin devokan de solin bûye navê tevahiya xwêyê.
Dîroka xwêyê jî bi qasî ya şarezabûna mirovahiyê kevn
e. Di dema Sumer û Babîlê de xwê
ji bo konservekirina xurdemeniyan dihatiye bikaranîn. Carnan di demên xelayê de
bihayê wê ji zêrê jî derbastir kiriye.
Hilberîna wê gelek hêsan e. Ji binê erdê wekî zinarên
solinê tê derxistin û di fabrîkan de li ser dixebitin. Rêbaza din jî
sûdwergirtina ji xwêya ava deryayê ye. Bi dûkelbûna ava deryayê ya şor ve, av
diçe xwê dimîne.
Mirov xwêyê ji xwarinan digire. Bo mînak xwê ya di
kidak (zebze) û xurdemeniyên din de heye, têra organîzmaya mirovan dike. Lê
dîsa jî mirov bêî xwêyê nikarin, wê ji destexaneyên (sifreyên) xwe kêm nakin.
Xwê dikare lêdana xwînê bilind bike, demaran bixitimîne, riya NDDê (nexweşiyên
dil-demarê) vebike.
///////////////
به پنجابی نمک:
لون یا نمک اک
عام ورتی جان والی کیمیائی شے اے جیدا فارمولا (NaCl) اے۔ایہ
اک آءنی کمپاؤنڈ اے۔ایہ سوڈیم تے کلورین دے آئن نال رل کے بندا اے۔
///////////
به پشتو مالگه:
مالگه, يا په عام ډول د خوړلو
مالگه, يا ډبرينه مالگه,
يو منرال دی چې په لويه کچه د
سوډيم کلورايډ نه جوړ شوی. د انسانانو او ژويو لپاره دا يو ډېر اړين منرال دی، خو
د دغه منرال ډېره کارېدنه د انسانانو او ژويو تر څنگ بوټو ته هم ډېره زيانمن
ثابتېږي.
///////////
به سندی لوت/لوط
لوڻ هڪ معدني غذا آهي جيڪا حيوانياتي جاندارن لاء تمام گھڻو ضروري آهي، هنجو بنيادي مرڪب
سوڊيئم ڪلورائيڊ آهي.
لوڻ جو ذائقو بنيادي ذائقن مان هڪ آهي ۽ هي
مقبول ترين گرم مصالحو به آهي.
انسان جي استعمال هيٺ لوڻ جون ڪيترين ئي
صورتم ۾ ٺهندو آهي: غيرخالص لوڻ(جيئن سامونڊي لوڻ)، خالص لوڻ ( کائڻ وارو لوڻ) ۽
آيوڊين مليل لوڻ. هي سخت ۽ رنگ ۾ اڇو يا خاڪي هوندو آهي، هي سامونڊي پاڻي يا جبلن
مان حاصل ڪيو ويندو آهي.
ڪلورائيڊ ۽ سوڊيئم جا عنصر جيڪي لوڻ جا وڏا
جز آهن، تمام زنده جسمن جي بقا جي لاء تمام ضروري آهن. لوڻ جسم ۾ پاڻي جي مقدار جي
توازن رکڻ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪندو آهي.
//////////
به اردو نمک:
نمک ایک معدنی غذا ہے جو کہ حیواناتی
حیات کیلئے نہایت ضروری ہے۔ یہ عام طور پر قلمی حالت میں پایا جاتا ہے ۔نمک دو
کیمیائی عناصر سوڈیم اور کلورین کے کیمیائی تعامل سے حاصل ہوتا ہےاوراس کا کیمیائی فارمولا سوڈئیم
کلورائیڈ ہے۔
انسان کے زیرِ استعمال نمک کئی صورتوں میں
بنتا ہے: ناخالص نمک (جیسے سمندری نمک)،
خالص نمک (خوردنی نمک) اور آیوڈین مِلا نمک. یہ قلمی ٹھوس اور رنگ میں سفید یا خاکستری ہوتا ہے. یہ
سمندری آب یا چٹانوں سے حاصل کیا جاتا ہے.
کلورائیڈ اور سوڈئیم آئنات جو نمک کے دو بڑے
اَجزائے ترکیبی ہیں، تمام زندہ اجسام کی بقاء کیلئے نہایت اہم ہیں. نمک جسم میں
پانی کی مقدار کی تضبیط (سیّالی توازن) میں اہم کردار اَدا کرتی ہے.
////////////
به اویغوری توز:
تۇز
ئىنگلزچە:salt
تەركىبى:NaCl
///////////////
به ترکی آذربایجان:
Xörək duzu — ərzaq məhsulu. Kimyada natrium
xlorid (NaCl) adı ilə tanınan ağ kristal quruluşlu birləşmədir.
İnsan da daxil olmaqla əksər canlıların qida məhsulu kimi istifadə etdikləri
duz, ticarət baxımından da önəmli bir məhsuldur. Dünyanın hər yerində rast gəlinən
xörək duzuna tarixən böyük ehtiyac olmuşdur.
Bəsit kimyəvi quruluşu olan duzdan, dəriçilikdə,
maldarlıqda, su təmizləmə sistemlərində və kimya sənayesində geniş istifadə
edilir.
İnsanın xörək duzuna olan gündəlik tələbatı 5 qramdır.
//////////////
به ترکی
استانبولی:
Basit bir kimyasal
bileşik olan Sodyum Klorür (NaCl) diğer adıyla Yemek tuzu yüz
yıllardan beri insanlar için büyük bir önemi olan bir gıda maddesidir. Tuzun
önemini artıran en büyük özeliği de tarih öncesi zamanlarda besin maddelerini
uzun süre saklamak için tuzu koruyucu madde olarak kullanmalarından
gelmektedir. Eski zamanlarda et balık gibi besinler tuzun içinde kurutulup
saklanarak bunların bozulması engellenmiştir. Tuz insan dahil tüm canlıların
besin kaynaklarındandır ve ticari bakımdan da önemli bir maddedir. Dünyanın her
yerinde rastlanabilen sofra tuzu tarih boyunca önemli bir ihtiyaç ve ticaret
maddesi olmuştur.[1]
Besin maddesi olması
dışında tuz; dericilikte, hayvan besiciliğinde, su yumuşatma sistemlerinde ve
kimya sanayisinde
به فرانسه:
Le sel de table, sel alimentaire ou sel
de cuisine, est composé essentiellement de chlorure
de sodium. Il se présente sous différentes formes : gros sel
(ou sel gros), sel fin, fleur de sel.
//////////////
به آلمانی:
Speisesalz, Kochsalz oder Tafelsalz (allgemeinsprachlich
einfach „Salz“) ist das in der Küche für die menschlicheErnährung verwendete Salz. Es besteht
hauptsächlich aus Natriumchlorid.
Bei der Gewinnung von
handelsüblichem Speisesalz verbleiben im Steinsalz und
im Meersalz 1 %
bis 3 % andere Salze und bei unbehandeltem Meersalz noch eine Restfeuchte
von bis zu 5 % Wasser. Im Handel ist vorwiegend gereinigtes,raffiniertes Salz.
Zur Verbesserung von Eigenschaften (Hygroskopie, Rieselfähigkeit) können noch geringe Mengenanderer Stoffe hinzugefügt
werden.
////////////
Salt
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about common table salt.
For salts in chemistry, see Salt (chemistry). For table salt used in
chemistry, see sodium chloride.
For other uses, see Salt (disambiguation).
Salt deposits beside the Dead Sea
Red rock salt from the Khewra Salt Mine in Pakistan
Common
salt is
a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compoundbelonging to the larger class
of salts; salt in
its natural form as a crystalline mineral
is known as rock salt or halite. Salt is present in
vast quantities in seawater, where it is the
main mineral constituent. The open ocean has about 35 grams (1.2 oz) of
solids per litre, a salinity of 3.5%.
Salt is essential for human life, and
saltiness is one of the basic human tastes. The tissues of animalscontain larger quantities of salt than
do plant tissues. Salt is one of the oldest
and most ubiquitous food seasonings, and salting is an important method of food preservation.
Some
of the earliest evidence of salt processing dates to around 8,000 years ago,
when people living inRomania were
boiling spring water to
extract the salts; a salt-works in China dates
to approximately the same period. Salt was prized by the ancient Hebrews,
the Greeks, the
Romans, the Byzantines, theHittites and the Egyptians. Salt became an important article of
trade and was transported by boat across the Mediterranean Sea, along specially
built salt roads, and across the Sahara in camel caravans. The scarcity and
universal need for salt has led nations to go to war over salt and use it to
raise tax revenues. Salt is also used in religious ceremonies and has other
cultural significance.
Salt
is processed from salt mines, or by
the evaporation of seawater (sea salt) or mineral-rich spring water in
shallow pools. Its major industrial products are caustic soda and chlorine, and is used in many industrial
processes including the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride, plastics, paper pulp and many other products. Of
the annual global production of around two hundred million tonnes of
salt, only about 6% is used for human consumption. Other uses include water
conditioning processes, deicing highways, and agricultural use. Edible salt is
sold in forms such as sea salt and table salt which usually contains an anti-caking agent and may be iodised to prevent iodine deficiency. As well as its use in
cooking and at the table, salt is present in many processed foods.
Sodium
is an essential nutrient for
human health via its role as an electrolyte and osmotic solute.[1][2][3] Excessive salt
consumption can increase the risk of cardiovascular
diseases, such as hypertension, in children and adults.
Such health effects of
salt have long been studied. Accordingly, numerous world health
associations and experts in developed countries recommend reducing consumption
of popular salty foods.[3][4] The World Health
Organization recommends that adults should consume less than
2,000 mg of sodium, equivalent to 5 grams of salt per day.[5]
Contents
History
Main article: History of salt
Salt production in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt (1670)
Humans
have always tended to build communities either around sources of salt, or where
they can trade for it.
All
through history the availability of salt has been pivotal to civilization. The
word "salary" comes from theLatin word
for salt because the Roman Legions were
sometimes paid in salt, which was quite literally worth its weight in gold.
In Britain, the suffix "-wich" in a placename
means it was once a source of salt, as in Sandwich and Norwich. The Natron Valley was a key region that
supported the Egyptian Empire to
its north, because it supplied it with a kind of salt that came to be called by
its name, natron.
Even
before this, what is now thought to have been the first city in Europe is Solnitsata, in Bulgaria, which was a salt mine, providing the
area now known as the Balkans with salt
since 5400 BC.[6] Even the name
Solnisata means "salt works".
While
people have used canning and
artificial refrigeration to
preserve food for the last hundred years or so, salt has been the best-known
food preservative, especially for meat, for many thousands of years.[7] A very ancient
salt-works operation has been discovered at the Poiana Slatinei archaeological
site next to a salt spring in Lunca, Neamț County, Romania. Evidence indicates
that Neolithic people of the Precucuteni
Culturewere boiling the salt-laden spring water through the process
of briquetage to extract the salt as far
back as 6050 BC.[8] The salt extracted
from this operation may have had a direct correlation to the rapid growth of
this society's population soon after its initial production began.[9] The harvest of salt
from the surface of Xiechi Lake near Yuncheng in Shanxi, China, dates back to at least 6000 BC,
making it one of the oldest verifiable saltworks.[10]
There
is more salt in animal tissues such as meat, blood and milk, than there is in
plant tissues.[11] Nomads who
subsist on their flocks and herds do not eat salt with their food, but
agriculturalists, feeding mainly on cereals and vegetable matter, need to
supplement their diet with salt.[12] With the spread of
civilization, salt became one of the world's main trading commodities. It was
of high value to the ancient Hebrews, the Greeks, the Romans, the Byzantines,
the Hittites and other peoples of antiquity. In the Middle East, salt was used
to ceremonially seal an agreement, and the ancient Hebrews made a "covenant of salt" with God and sprinkled
salt on their offerings to show their trust in him.[13] An ancient practice
in time of war was salting the earth: scattering salt around in a
defeated city in order to prevent plant growth. The Bible tells
the story of King Abimelech who was
ordered by God to do this at Shechem,[14] and various texts
claim that the Roman general Scipio Aemilianus
Africanus ploughed over and sowed the city of Carthage with salt after it was defeated
in the Third Punic War (146
BC).[15]
Ponds near Maras, Peru, fed from a mineral spring and
used for salt production since the time of theIncas.
Salt
may have been used for barter in connection
with the obsidian trade in Anatolia in the Neolithic Era.[16] Herodotus described salt trading routes
across Libya back in the 5th century BC. In the early years of the Roman
Empire, roads such as the Via Salaria were built for the
transportation of salt from the salt pans of Ostia to the capital.[17] Salt was included
among funeral offerings found in ancient Egyptian tombs from the third
millennium BC, as were salted birds, and salt fish.[18] From about 2800 BC,
the Egyptians began exporting salt fish to the Phoenicians in return for Lebanon cedar, glass and the dye Tyrian purple; the Phoenicians traded Egyptian
salt fish and salt from North Africa throughout their
Mediterranean trade empire.[19]
In
Africa, salt was used as currency south of the Sahara, and slabs of rock salt
were used as coins inAbyssinia.[12] Moorish merchants
in the 6th century traded salt for gold, weight for weight. The Tuareghave traditionally maintained routes
across the Sahara especially for the transportation
of salt by Azalai(salt caravans). The caravans still
cross the desert from southern Niger to Bilma,
although much of the trade now takes place by truck. Each camel takes two bales
of fodder and two of trade goods northwards
and returns laden with salt pillars and dates.[20]
Salzburg, Hallstatt, and Hallein lie within 17 km
(11 mi) of each other on the river Salzach in central Austria in an area
with extensive salt deposits. Salzach literally means "salt
river" and Salzburg "salt castle", both taking their names from
the German word Salz meaning salt and
Hallstatt was the site of the world's first salt mine.[21] The town gave its
name to the Hallstatt culture that
began mining for salt in the area in about 800 BC. Around 400 BC, the
townsfolk, who had previously used pickaxes and shovels, began open pan salt making.
During the first millennium BC, Celtic communities grew rich trading salt
and salted meat to Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome in exchange for wine and
other luxuries.[7]The word salary originates from Latin: salarium which referred to
the money paid to the Roman Army's soldiers
for the purchase of salt.[22] The word salad literally
means "salted", and comes from the ancient Roman practice of
salting leaf vegetables.[23]
Wars
have been fought over salt. Venice fought and won
a war with Genoa over the product, and it played an
important part in the American Revolution.
Cities on overland trade routes grew rich by levying duties,[24] and towns
like Liverpool flourished on the export of
salt extracted from the salt mines of Cheshire.[25] Various governments
have at different times imposed salt taxes on their peoples. The voyages
of Christopher Columbus are
said to have been financed from salt production in southern Spain, and the
oppressive salt tax in France was one of the causes
of the French Revolution.
After being repealed, this tax was reimposed by Napoleon when he became emperor to pay
for his foreign wars, and was not finally abolished until 1945.[24] In 1930, Mahatma Gandhi led at least 100,000
people on the "Dandi March" or "Salt Satyagraha", in which protesters
made their own salt from the sea thus defying British rule and avoiding paying
the salt
tax. This civil disobedience inspired
millions of common people, and elevated the Indian
independence movement from an elitist movement to a national
struggle.[26]
Chemistry
SEM image
of a grain of table salt
Main article: Sodium chloride
Salt
is mostly sodium chloride,
the ionic compound with
the formula NaCl,
representing equal proportions of sodium and chlorine. Sea salt and freshly mined salt (much of
which is sea salt from prehistoric seas) also contain small amounts of trace elements (which in these small
amounts are generally good for plant and animal health). Mined salt is often refined in the
production of table salt; it is dissolved in water, purified via precipitation of
other minerals out of solution, and re-evaporated. During this same refining
process it is often also iodized. Salt crystals are translucent and
cubic in shape; they normally appear white but impurities may give them a blue
or purple tinge. The molar mass of
salt is 58.443 g/mol, its melting point is 801 °C (1,474 °F) and its
boiling point 1,465 °C (2,669 °F). Its density is 2.17 grams per
cubic centimetre and it is readily soluble in water. When dissolved in water it
separates into Na+ and Cl−ions and the solubility
is 359 grams per litre.[27] From cold
solutions, salt crystallises as the dihydrate NaCl·2H2O. Solutions of sodium
chloride have very different properties from those of pure water; the freezing point is −21.12 °C
(−6.02 °F) for 23.31 wt% of salt, and the boiling point of saturated
salt solution is around 108.7 °C (227.7 °F).[28]
Edible salt
Further information: List of edible salts
Salt shaker
Salt
is essential to the health of humans and animals, and is one of the five basic taste sensations.[29]
Salt
is used in many cuisines around the world, and is often found in salt shakers on diners' eating tables for
their personal use on food. Salt is also an ingredient in many manufactured
foodstuffs. Table salt is a refined salt containing about 97 to
99 percent sodium chloride.[30][31][32] Usually, anticaking
agents such as sodium
aluminosilicate or magnesium carbonate are
added to make it free-flowing. Iodized salt, containing potassium iodide, is widely available. Some
people put a desiccant, such as a few
grains of uncooked rice[33] or a saltine cracker, in their salt shakers to
absorb extra moisture and help break up salt clumps that may otherwise form.[34]
Fortified table salt
Some
table salt sold for consumption contain additives which address a variety of
health concerns, especially in the developing world. The identities and amounts
of additives vary widely from country to country. Iodine is an important micronutrient for
humans, and a deficiency of
the element can cause lowered production of thyroxine (hypothyroidism) and enlargement of the thyroid
gland (endemic goitre)
in adults orcretinism in children.[35] Iodized salt has been used to correct
these conditions since 1924[36] and consists of
table salt mixed with a minute amount of potassium iodide, sodium iodide or sodium iodate. A small amount of dextrose may also be added to stabilize
the iodine.[37] Iodine deficiency
affects about two billion people around the world and is the leading
preventable cause of mental retardation.[38] Iodized table salt
has significantly reduced disorders of iodine deficiency in countries where it
is used.[39]
The
amount of iodine and the specific iodine compound added to salt varies from
country to country. In the United States, the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) recommends [21 CFR 101.9 (c)(8)(iv)]
150 micrograms of iodine per day for both men
and women. US iodized salt contains 46–77 ppm (parts per million), whereas in
the UK the iodine content of iodized salt is recommended to be 10–22 ppm.[40]
Sodium ferrocyanide,
also known as yellow prussiate of soda,
is sometimes added to salt as an anticaking agent. The additive is considered
safe for human consumption.[41][42] Such anti-caking
agents have been added since at least 1911 when magnesium carbonate was first
added to salt to make it flow more freely.[43] The safety of
sodium ferrocyanide as a food additive was found to be provisionally acceptable
by theCommittee on Toxicity in
1988.[41] Other anticaking
agents sometimes used include tricalcium phosphate, calcium or magnesium carbonates,fatty acid salts (acid salts), magnesium oxide, silicon dioxide, calcium silicate, sodium aluminosilicate
and calcium
aluminosilicate. Both the European Union and the United States Food
and Drug Administration permitted the use of aluminium in the latter two compounds.[44]
In
"doubly fortified salt", both iodide and iron salts are added. The
latter alleviates iron deficiency
anaemia, which interferes with the mental development of an
estimated 40% of infants in the developing world. A typical iron source
is ferrous fumarate.[45] Another additive,
especially important for pregnant women,
is folic acid (vitamin B9), which gives the table
salt a yellow color. Folic acid helps prevent neural tube defects and
anaemia, which affect young mothers, especially in developing countries.[45]
A
lack of fluorine in the diet is the cause of a
greatly increased incidence of dental caries.[46] Fluoride salts can be added to table salt
with the goal of reducing tooth decay, especially in countries that have not
benefited from fluoridated toothpastes and fluoridated water. The practice is
more common in some European countries where water fluoridation is
not carried out. In France, 35% of the table
salt sold contains addedsodium fluoride.[45]
Other kinds
Irregular crystals of sea salt
Unrefined sea salt contains small amounts of magnesium and calcium halides and sulfates, traces ofalgal
products, salt-resistant bacteria and sediment particles. The
calcium and magnesium salts confer a faintly bitter overtone, and they make
unrefined sea salt hygroscopic (i.e.,
it gradually absorbs moisture from air if stored uncovered). Algal products
contribute a mildly "fishy" or "sea-air" odour, the latter
fromorganobromine
compounds. Sediments, the proportion of which varies with the
source, give the salt a dull grey appearance. Since taste and aroma compounds
are often detectable by humans in minute concentrations, sea salt may have a
more complex flavor than pure sodium chloride when sprinkled on top of food.
When salt is added during cooking however, these flavors would likely be
overwhelmed by those of the food ingredients.[47] The refined salt
industry cites scientific studies saying that raw sea and rock salts do not
contain enough iodine salts to
prevent iodine deficiency
diseases.[48]
Different
natural salts have different mineralities depending on their source,
giving each one a unique flavour. Fleur de sel, a natural sea salt from the
surface of evaporating brine in salt pans, has a unique flavour varying with
the region from which it is produced. In traditional Korean cuisine, so-called "bamboo salt" is prepared by roasting salt[49] in a bamboo container plugged with mud at both
ends. This product absorbs minerals from the bamboo and the mud, and has been
claimed to increase the anticlastogenic andantimutagenic properties of doenjang (a fermented bean paste).[50]
Kosher salt, though refined, contains no
iodine and has a much larger grain size than most refined salts. This can give
it different properties when used in cooking, and can be useful for
preparing kosher meat. Some
kosher salt has been certified to meet kosher requirements by ahechsher, but this is not true for all
products labelled as kosher salt.[51]
Pickling salt is ultrafine to speed
dissolving to make brine. Gourmet salts may be
used for specific tastes.
Salt in food
Salt
is present in most foods, but in naturally
occurring foodstuffs such as meats, vegetables and fruit, it is present in very
small quantities. It is often added to processed foods (such as canned foods and especially salted foods, pickled foods, and snack foods or other convenience foods), where it functions as both
a preservative and a flavoring. Dairy salt is used in the preparation of
butter and cheese products.[52] Before the advent
of electrically powered refrigeration, salting was one of the main
methods of food preservation.
Thus, herring contains 67 mg sodium per
100 g, while kipper, its preserved form,
contains 990 mg. Similarly, pork typically
contains 63 mg while bacon contains
1,480 mg, andpotatoes contain 7 mg but potato crisps 800 mg per 100 g.[11] The main sources of
salt in the diet, apart from direct use of sodium chloride, are bread and
cereal products, meat products and milk and dairy products.[11]
In
many East Asian cultures, salt is not traditionally used as a condiment.[53] In its place,
condiments such as soy sauce, fish sauce and oyster sauce tend to have a high sodium
content and fill a similar role to table salt in western cultures. They are
most often used for cooking rather than as table condiments.[54]
Sodium consumption and
health
Main article: Health effects of
salt
Table
salt is made up of just under 40% sodium by weight, so a 6 g serving
(1 teaspoon) contains about 2,300 mg of sodium.[55] Sodium serves a
vital purpose in the human body: via its role as an electrolyte, it helps
nerves and muscles to function correctly, and it is one factor involved in
the osmotic regulation of
water content in body organs (fluid balance).[56] Most of the sodium
in the Western diet comes
from salt.[3] The habitual salt
intake in many Western countries is about 10 g per day, and it is higher than
that in many countries in Eastern Europe and Asia.[57] The high level of
sodium in many processed foods has a major impact on the total amount consumed.[58] In the United
States, 75% of the sodium eaten comes from processed and restaurant foods, 11%
from cooking and table use and the rest from what is found naturally in
foodstuffs.[59]
Because
consuming too much salt increases risk of cardiovascular
diseases,[3] health
organizations generally recommend that people reduce their dietary intake of
salt.[3][60][61][62] High salt intake is
associated with a greater risk of stroke, total cardiovascular
disease and kidney disease.[2][57] A reduction in
sodium intake by 1,000 mg per day may reduce cardiovascular disease by
about 30 percent.[1][3] In adults and
children with no acute illness, a decrease in the intake of sodium from the
typical high levels reduces blood pressure.[61][63] A low salt diet
results in a greater improvement in blood pressure in people with hypertension.[64][65]
The World Health
Organization recommends that adults should consume less than
2,000 mg of sodium (which is contained in 5 g of salt) per day.[60] Guidelines by the
United States recommend that people with hypertension, African Americans, and
middle-aged and older adults should limit consumption to no more than
1,500 mg of sodium per day and meet the potassium recommendation of
4,700 mg/day with a healthy diet of fruits and vegetables.[3][66]
While
reduction of salt intake to less than 2,300 mg per day is recommended by
developed countries,[3] one review
recommended that salt intake be no less than 1,200 mg (contained in
3 g) per day, as it is an essential nutrient required from the diet.[61] Another review
indicated that reducing sodium intake to lower than 2,300 mg per day may
not be beneficial.[2]
Non-dietary uses
Main article: Sodium chloride
Only
about 6% of the salt manufactured in the world is used in food. Of the
remainder, 12% is used in water conditioning processes, 8% goes for de-icing
highways and 6% is used in agriculture. The rest (68%) is used for
manufacturing and other industrial processes,[67] and sodium chloride
is one of the largest inorganic raw materials used by volume. Its major
chemical products are caustic soda and chlorine, which are separated by the electrolysis of a pure brine solution.
These are used in the manufacture of PVC, plastics, paper pulp and many other inorganic and
organic compounds. Salt is also used as a flux in the production of aluminium. For this purpose, a layer of melted
salt floats on top of the molten metal and removes iron and other metal
contaminants. It is also used in the manufacture of soaps and glycerine, where it is added to the vat to
precipitate out the saponified products.
As an emulsifier, salt is used in the manufacture of synthetic rubber, and another use is in the
firing of pottery, when salt added to the furnace
vaporises before condensing onto the surface of the ceramic material, forming a
strong glaze.[68]
When
drilling through loose materials such as sand or gravel, salt may be added to
the drilling fluid to
provide a stable "wall" to prevent the hole collapsing. There are
many other processes in which salt is involved. These include its use as
a mordant in textile dying, to regenerate resins in
water softening, for the tanning of hides, the
preservation of meat and fish and the canning of meat and vegetables.[68][69][70]
Production
See also: List
of countries by salt production
Food
grade salt accounts for only a small part of salt production in industrialized countries (7% in Europe),[71] although worldwide,
food uses account for 17.5% of total production.[72]
In
2013, total world production of salt was 264 million tonnes,
the top five producers being China (71 million), the United States (40
million), India (18 million), Germany (12 million) and Canada (11 million).[73]
Brine from salt wells is boiled to produce salt atBo Kluea, Nan Province, Thailand
Salt mounds in Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia
The manufacture of salt is one of the
oldest chemical industries.[74] A major source of
salt is seawater, which has a salinity of approximately 3.5%. This
means that there are about 35 grams (1.2 oz) of dissolved salts, predominantly sodium (Na+
) and chloride (Cl−
) ions, per kilogram (2.2 lbs) of water.[75] The world's oceans are a virtually inexhaustible source of salt, and this abundance of supply means that reserves have not been calculated.[69] The evaporation of seawater is the production method of choice in marine countries with high evaporation and low precipitation rates. Salt evaporation ponds are filled from the ocean and salt crystals can be harvested as the water dries up. Sometimes these ponds have vivid colours, as some species of algae and other micro-organisms thrive in conditions of high salinity.[76]
) and chloride (Cl−
) ions, per kilogram (2.2 lbs) of water.[75] The world's oceans are a virtually inexhaustible source of salt, and this abundance of supply means that reserves have not been calculated.[69] The evaporation of seawater is the production method of choice in marine countries with high evaporation and low precipitation rates. Salt evaporation ponds are filled from the ocean and salt crystals can be harvested as the water dries up. Sometimes these ponds have vivid colours, as some species of algae and other micro-organisms thrive in conditions of high salinity.[76]
Elsewhere,
salt is extracted from the vast sedimentary deposits which have been laid down
over the millennia from the evaporation of seas and lakes. These are
either mined directly, producing rock salt, or
are extracted in solution by pumping water into the deposit. In either case,
the salt may be purified by mechanical evaporation of brine. Traditionally,
this was done in shallow open pans which
were heated to increase the rate of evaporation. More recently, the process is
performed in pans under vacuum.[70] The raw salt is
refined to purify it and improve its storage and handling characteristics. This
usually involves recrystallization during which a brine solution is treated
with chemicals that precipitate most impurities (largely magnesium and calcium
salts). Multiple stages of evaporation are then used to collect pure sodium
chloride crystals, which are kiln-dried.[77] Some salt is
produced using the Alberger process,
which involves vacuum pan evaporation combined with the seeding of the solution
with cubic crystals, and produces a grainy-type flake.[78] The Ayoreo, an indigenous group from the
Paraguayan Chaco, obtain
their salt from the ash produced by burning the timber of the Indian salt tree
(Maytenus vitis-idaea) and other trees.[79]
One
of the largest salt mining operations
in the world is at the Khewra Salt Mine in Pakistan. The mine
has nineteen storeys, eleven of which are underground, and 400 km
(250 mi) of passages. The salt is dug out by the room and pillar method, where about half
the material is left in place to support the upper levels. Extraction of Himalayan salt is expected to last 350
years at the present rate of extraction of around 385,000 tons per annum.[80]
Usage in religion
Bread and salt at a Russian wedding
ceremony
Salt
has long held an important place in religion and culture. At the time of Brahmanic sacrifices,
in Hittiterituals and during festivals held
by Semites and
Greeks at the time of the new moon, salt was
thrown into a fire where it produced crackling noises.[81] The ancient
Egyptians, Greeks and Romans invoked their gods with offerings of salt and
water and some people think this to be the origin of Holy Water in the Christian faith.[82] In Aztec mythology, Huixtocihuatl was a fertility goddess who
presided over salt and salt water.[83]
Salt
is considered to be a very auspicious substance in Hinduism and is used in particular
religious ceremonies like house-warmings and weddings.[84] In Jainism, devotees lay an offering of raw rice
with a pinch of salt before a deity to signify their devotion and salt is
sprinkled on a person's cremated remains before the ashes are buried.[85] Salt is believed to
ward off evil spirits in Mahayana Buddhisttradition, and when returning
home from a funeral, a pinch of salt is thrown over the
left shoulder as this prevents evil spirits from entering the house.[86] In Shinto, salt is used for ritual purification of
locations and people (harae, specifically
shubatsu), and small piles of salt are placed in dishes by the entrance of
establishments for the two-fold purposes of warding off evil and attracting
patrons.[87]
In
the Hebrew Bible, there
are thirty-five verses which mention salt.[88] One of these is the
story of Lot's wife, who
was turned into a pillar of salt when she looked back at the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:26) as they were destroyed.
When the judge Abimelech destroyed
the city of Shechem, he is said to have "sown salt on it," probably as a
curse on anyone who would re-inhabit it (Judges 9:45). The Book of Jobcontains the first mention of salt
as a condiment. "Can that which is unsavoury be eaten without salt? or is
there any taste in the white of an egg?" (Job 6:6).[88] In the New Testament, six verses mention salt. In
the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus referred
to his followers as the "salt of the earth". The apostle Paul also encouraged
Christians to "let your conversation be always full of grace, seasoned
with salt" (Colossians 4:6).[88]Salt is mandatory in the
rite of the Tridentine Mass.[89] Salt is used in the
third item (which includes an Exorcism) of the Celtic Consecration (cf.Gallican Rite) that is employed in the
consecration of a church. Salt may be added to the water "where it is
customary" in the Roman Catholic rite of Holy water.[89]
In Judaism, it is recommended to have either a
salty bread or to add salt to the bread if this bread is unsalted when
doing Kiddush for Shabbat. It is customary to spread some salt
over the bread or to dip the bread in a little salt when passing the bread
around the table after the Kiddush.[90] To preserve the
covenant between their people and God, Jews dip the Sabbath bread in salt.[82] In Wicca,
salt is symbolic of the element Earth. It is also believed to cleanse an area
of harmful or negative energies. A dish of salt and a dish of water are almost
always present on an altar, and salt is used in a
wide variety of rituals and ceremonies.[91]
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