خروع
بکسر خا و سکون راء مهمله و فتح واو و سکون عین مهمله بفارسی
بید انجیر و به شیرازی کنتو و بترکی کوچک و بهندی آریند نامند
ماهیت آن
دو نوع می باشد سفید و سرخ مائل به بنفشی و دوم قویتر از سفید
برک آن شبیه ببرک انجیر و شرفها از ان بلندتر و ساق آن بقدر دو ذرع و از ان بزرکتر
نیز دیده شده و بیخ آن مانند نی مجوف و ثمر آن خاردار و خوشه دار و مدور و تخم آن بمقدار
دانۀ قهوه و پوست آن منقط و مغز آن سفید و پرروغن و منبت آن بلاد معتدله در حرارت و
رطوبت
طبیعت آن
در آخر دوم کرم و خشک
افعال و خواص آن
محلل و ملین عصب و مسهل قوی خلط بارد و منقی عروق و مقوی اعضا
و جهت صداع و فالج و لقوه و رعشه و امراض بارده و ضیق النفس و سرفۀ بارد و تحلیل قولنج
و ریاح و تلیین صلابات و اوجاع ظهر و مثانه و استسقا خصوصا مغز آنکه قوت اسهال آن زیاده
است و برای ادرار حیض و اخراج مشیمه نافع و چون ده عدد مغز دانۀ آن را سائیده با ماء
العسل بیاشامند اسهال بلغم و رطوبات مائی نماید و مرخی و مسقط اشتها است و موجب کرب
و غثیان و قئ مصلح آن کثیرا و مصطکی و نعناع مقدار شربت آن از پنج عدد تا ده عدد و
مستعمل مقشر آنست و بیست عدد آن مسکر قوی و بادزهر آن ریباس و عصارۀ رمان و بدل آن
عشر آن دنداست و ضماد آن جهت ثآلیل و کلف و تحلیل اورام بلغمی و صلابت و تسکین اوجاع
اورام و نقرس و مفاصل و با سرکه جهت ورم پستان و اواخر حمره که باد سرخ نامند برک آن
ضعیف تر از حب آنست در اسهال و تریاقیت آن زیاده و آشامید عصارۀ تازۀ آن مکرر و قئ
نمودن بدان جهت رفع سم بارد بیش و افیون و امثال اینها و ضماد آن با آرد جو جهت اورام
حارۀ چشم و ورم زیر کلو و سائر اعضای بعیده و مقئ و مسهل و اشامیدن دو مثقال آن با
شیر تازۀ دوشیده جهت تسکین وجع الفواد بارد و پوست بیخ آن جهت رفع مغص و انفتاح مجاری
و سدد نافع و با ماء العسل جهت تحلیل بلغم لزج از اعضای بعیده خصوصا که تازه ساخته
باشند و طلای آن جهت رفع تشنج و تلیین صلابات و درد کوش و انضمام فم رحم و انقلاب آن
و جرب متقرح و قروح رطبۀ سر و ورم معده و رفع اثار کبودی جلد و با زبد البحر جهت داء
الثعلب و با آب کندنا جهت بواسیر شربا و ضمادا و چون در ظرف مس کنند و بر آتش کذارند
و سر آن را بظرف مس بپوشند تا خوب کرم شود و در هریک مثقال از ان یک حبۀ کافور خالص
اصلی در عین کرمی سر آن را باز کرده در ان اندازند و باز سر آن را بپوشند تا کداخته
کردد و فرود آورند و بکذارند تا سرد شود و همان قسم پوشیده باشد و بعد از طهارت از
قضای حاجت هر مرتبه موضع بواسیر را خشک نموده این روغن را نیمکرم کرده بمالند زائل
کرداند و جوشانیدۀ آن با سلخ الحیه و خردل و تدهین بدان جهت کزاز و داء الحیه و اقسام
قوبا و کلف بیعدیل بدل آن روغن ترب است اهل هند بید انجیر را دافع جذام دانسته اند
مخزن الادویه عقیلی خراسانی
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خروع . [ خ ِرْ وَ ] (ع اِ) هرچه کوتاه شود از گیاه بسبب سستی
ساق . (منتهی الارب ) (از تاج العروس ) (از اقرب الموارد) (از لسان العرب ). || بیدانجیر.
(دهار) (مهذب الاسماء). طَمْرا. (یادداشت بخط مولف ). کَرْچَک .
خواص طبی خروع : در اختیارات بدیعی آمده : خروع را بپارسی
بیدانجیر خوانند و بشیرازی کنتو و بهترین بحری بود و طبیعت آن گرم و خشک بود در دویم
و گویند تر است . اسحاق گوید گرم و خشک بود در سیم و مسهل بلغم بود و قولنج بگشاید
و فالج را بگشاید و سودمند بود. صاحب منهاج گوید شربتی از وی دانه مقشر بود و صاحب
تقویم گویدپانزده حب بود و اعصاب را نافع بود و هر صلابتی که بود چون ضماد کنند یا
بیاشامند نرم گرداند و سی حب ازوی مقشر چون مسحق کنند و بیاشامند مسهل بلغم بود و مره
و رطوبت مائی بود و ورق وی چون بکوبند و با سویق خلط کنند و ضماد کنند و بر ورمهای
بلغمی و ورمهای گرم که در چشم بود، سودمند بود خواه پخته خواه خام و بر نقرس و درد
مفاصل چون ضماد کنند بغایت نافع بود اما خوردن وی مضر بود بسینه و مصلح وی کتیرا بود.
رجوع به ضریر انطاکی ص 41 نیز شود.
- بیدانجیر. [ اَ ] (اِ مرکب ) در اصل بادانجیر بمعنی شکافته
و شکسته باد چون چوبش کمال نازک باشد از شدت
باد شکسته میشود. (از غیاث ). بوته کرچک .
(جهانگیری ). درختی است که در عرف هند «آرند» خوانند و روغنش در امراض بلغمی مستعمل
. (آنندراج ). کرچک و طمرا که عبارت از گیاهی است بومی آسیا و از آنجا بفرنگستان برده
اند و در آسیا و ایران روغن دانه های این گیاه راکه کرچک و کنتون نیز مینامند جهت روشن
کردن منازل استعمال میکنند و یکی از مسهلات کثیرالاستعمال است که در اطفال ده ساله
پنج تا شش مثقال آنرا می آشامانند و در جوانان ده تا دوازده مثقال . (ناظم الاطباء).
خروع .طمرا؛ تخم بیدانجیر. حب الخروع . رجوع به کرچک و روغن کرچک و گیاه شناسی گل گلاب
ص 205 شود[ : زحل دلالت دارد بر ] مازو... و بیدانجیر... (التفهیم ).
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خروع یا کرچک( در متون طب سنتی بید انجیر نیز) ([۱] (نام علمی:
Ricinus communis) نام یک گونه از تیره فرفیونیان است.
نگارخانه[ویرایش]
Ornamental Castor Bean Zanzibariensis.tiff
منابع[ویرایش]
پرش به بالا ↑ «کرچک» [گیاهان دارویی]
هم‌ارزِ «Ricinus»؛ منبع: گروه واژه‌گزینی و زیر نظر غلامعلی حدادعادل،
«فارسی»، در دفتر سیزدهم، فرهنگ واژه‌های مصوب فرهنگستان، تهران: انتشارات فرهنگستان
زبان و ادب فارسی (ذیل سرواژه کرچک)
مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا، «Castor oil
plant»، ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی، دانشنامه آزاد (بازیابی در ۲۲ مارس ۲۰۱۴).
ویکی
///////////
به عربی خروع:
الخروع (بالإنجليزية: Castor oil
plant) واسمه العلمي (باللاتينية: Ricinus
communis) هي بذور وأوراق نبات الخروع وهي سامة جدا.نبات شجري يتبع العائلة
الفربيونية، أوراقه ذات خمسة فصوص في شكل راحة اليد، وثماره تحتوي على لوزة زيتية تعتصر
ويخرج منها زيت مشهور، وتحتوي بذرة الخروع على حوالي 50 % من وزنها زيتا، وهذا الزيت
هو المستخدم طبيا. الزيت غير سام ويحضر من البذور التي تحتوي مادة ريسين السامة وتذوب
في الماء ولا تذوب في الزيت.
محتويات [أظهر]
الاستعمالات[عدل]
زيت الخروع وعصير الليمون[عدل]
لنعومة زيت الخروع وعصير الليمون لنعومة الساقين : لتطرية
بشرة الساقين يستخدم زيت الخروع وعصير اليمون لدهان باطن واسفل الساقين والا ستمرار
في التدليك لمدة تتراوح ما بين 5-10 دقائق. ولصلابة الأظافر ادهني أظافرك كل مساء قبل
النوم بطبقة من زيت الخروع
لازالة البقع السوداء[عدل]
يستخدم زيت الخروع لتدليك البقع السوداء في الجسم وينصح بتدليك
البقعة ثلاث مرات يوميا على مدى 15 يوما
زيت الخروع مفيد ومغذي للشعر[عدل]
ويساعد على إطالة الشعر, واستخدامه بشكل يومي للرموش يزيد
من كثافتها و طولها بشكل سريع!
لكن تأثيره على العين جد مضر لذا لا ينصح بستخدامه لرموش
.
زيت الخروع لصقل وتلميع الشفاه[عدل]
المكونات : 1 ملعقة صغيرة زيت خروع. 9 ملاعق صغيرة لانولين.
التحضير والاستعمال : تخلط المكونات جيدا، وتحفظ في زجاجة... تستخدم كمية بسيطة من
هذا الخليط في دهان الشفاه. إلا أنه يجب الحذر من تناول حبات الخروع لأنها سامة وقد
تكون مميتة، وخاصة إذا ما تم مضغها، أي تكسير الحبة في الفم.
الإنتاج[عدل]
الهند هي الأولى في إنتاج الخروع تتبعها الصين ثم البرازيل.
أكثر عشرة دول إنتاجا لبذور زيت الخروع — 11 يوليو
2008
الدولة الإنتاج (بالأطنان) ملاحظات
الهند 830000 *
الصين 210000 *
البرازيل 91510
إثيوبيا 15000 F
باراغواي 12000 F
تايلاند 11052
فيتنام 5000 *
جنوب أفريقيا 4900 F
الفلبين 4500 F
أنغولا 3500 F
العالم 1209757 A
No symbol == official figure, P = official
figure, F = FAO estimate, * = Unofficial/Semi-official/mirror data, C =
Calculated figure A == Aggregate(may include official, semi-official or
estimates);
Source: Food And Agricultural Organization of
United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Devision
معرض الصور[عدل]
حبوب لقاح الخروع (مكبرة بالمجهر الإلكتروني)
بذور الخروع
شجرة الخروع
Seedling showing prominent cotyledons
أزهار وفاكهة الخروع
حديقة تحتوي على الخروع في هولندا
مراجع[عدل]
قراءة إضافية[عدل]
Everitt، J.H.
(2007). Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico. Lubbock: Texas Tech University
Press. ISBN 0-89672-614-2
انظر أيضا[عدل]
زيت الخروع
ريسين
سم
وصلات خارجية[عدل]
Ricinus communis L. at Purdue University
Castor beans at Purdue University
Ricinus communis (castor bean) at Cornell
University
أيقونة بوابةبوابة علم النبات أيقونة بوابةبوابة صيدلة
مشاريع شقيقة شاهد في كومنز صور وملفات عن: خروع
معرفات الأصنوفة
موسوعة الحياة: 1151096
GBIF: 5380041
PlantList: kew-178867 Tropicos:
12800093 ITIS: 28393 ncbi: 3988
IPNO: 355498-1 GRIN:
ps://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=31896 FOC:
200012604 PLANTS: RICO3 AFPD: 143294
تصنيفات: حياة نباتية في حوض البحر الأبيض المتوسطزيوتفربيونيةنبات
زيت الخروعنباتات الهندنباتات سامةنباتات شرق أفريقيانباتات طبيةنباتات طبية في أفريقيانباتات
طبية في آسيانباتات متوطنة في أستراليانباتات مجتاحةنباتات مجتاحة في أستراليانباتات
مجتاحة في الولايات المتحدةنباتات مجتاحة في كاليفورنيانباتات نيبالنباتات وصفت في
1753
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به آذری گِنِه کِرچِک:
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به عبری ماتسوئس، کیکویون؟:
קיקיון מצוי (שם מדעי: Ricinus communis) הוא מין יחיד בסוג קיקיון (שם מדעי: Ricinus) שבמשפחת החלבלוביים (Euphorbiaceae). הצמח רעיל לאדם.
הקיקיון הוא שיח שיכול להגיע לגובה של עד 5 מטר. עלה הקיקיון הוא בצורת כף יד וגודלו עד 30 סנטימטרים. העלים ירוקים, ולעתים עם גוון עמוק של כחול כהה, והם מבריקים, בעוד העלים הצעירים והגבעולים הם בעלי גוון אדמדם. הפרחים מקובצים בתפרחת שצבעה הכללי אדום בגלל עמודי העלי האדומים. הפריחה בישראל נמשכת כל הקיץ. הזרעים חלקים ומבריקים בעלי פסים ונקודות בצבע חום בהיר וכהה ומופצים על ידי נמלים. קליפת הזרע של הקיקיון מכילה את הרעל ריצין.
به کردی کرشیک:
Kerçik an
gêne riwekeka pelç pan e. Toximî xwe wek qirşaxan e. Wextekê li Kurdistanê di
mehsereyan da ji ew riwekê rûn derdixistine. Rûnî ev riwekê ji bo vêxistinê
lembeyan giring bûye.
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به ازبکی کاناکونجوت:
Kanakunjut
(Ricinus) - sutlamadoshlar oilasiga mansub koʻp yillik oʻsimlik, asosan, moy
olish uchun ekiladigan ekin. K.ning 3 turi uchraydi: mayda urugʻli K. — Ricinus
microcarpus G. Pop.; yirik urugʻli K. — Ricinus macrocarpus G. Pop.; Zanzibar
kanakunjuti [Ricinus zanzibarinus G. Pop (R. communis)]. Misrda mil. av. 2-ming
yillikdan boshlab ekilgan. Vatani — Shim.-Sharqiy Afrika. Jahondagi koʻpgina
mamlakatlar dehqonchiligida ikki, uch yillik yoki bir yillik ekin tarzida
oʻstiriladi. Oʻzbekistonning sugʻoriladigan mintaqalarida bir yillik ekin. K.
ekilgan maydonlar jahon boʻyicha 1280 ming ga, oʻrtacha hosildorlik 10,49 s/ga
ni tashkil qiladi (1999). Oʻzbekistonning sugʻoriladigan yerlarida hosildorligi
20—25 s/ga.
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به پنجابی ارنط:
ارنڈ ارنڈ ٹبر دا اک نکے ناپ دا رکھ اے۔ ایہدے بی توں تیل نکلدا اے جیدے کئی ورتن نیں۔ایہ اتلے افریقہ توں لے کے ہندستان تک اگدا
اے۔
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به پشتو آرهنده:
ارهنډه (په لاتين: Ricinus
communis) د فرفیونیانو د کورنی څخه یو زهرلرونکي
بوټی دی چی په شمالختيځی آفریقا او
سويل لويديځی آسيا کی شنه کېږي.[1]
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به ترکی استانبولی هینت یاغی بیکتیسی:
Hint yağı
bitkisi (Ricinus communis), anavatanı Hindistan olan, sütleğengiller
familyasından bir bitki türü.
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Akdeniz
iklimin görüldüğü yerlerde doğal olarak yetişir veya kültürü yapılır.
Tohumlarında bulunan risin maddesi zehirlidir.
Tohumlarından
elde edilen yağ, renksiz-soluk satı renkli, hafif kokulu bir yağdır. Alkolde
kolaylıkla çözünür. Yağın hazmı zor olduğu için yemeklik yağ olarak
kullanılmaz. Tıpta kullanımı yaygındır. Yağın bileşimini özellikle Risinoleik
asit oluşturur. Yağın incebağırsaklar üzerinde müshil etkisi vardır. 15-30
gramlık miktarı kuvvetli müshil etkisi yapar. Zor ısındığından motor yağı
olarak da kullanılır. Sanayide sabun ve boya yapımında, dericilikde, mürekkep
yapımında, issiz yanması ve beyaz alev vermesi nedeniyle kandillerde de bol
miktada kullanılmıştır. Bebekler için pişik önleyici kremlerde de katkı maddesi
olarak bulunur.
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Ricinus
From Wikipedia, the
free encyclopedia
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Ricinus communis
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Leaves and flowers (male flowers on
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Ricinus communis
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Ricinus communis
Ricinus communis, the castorbean[2] or castor-oil-plant,[3] is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. It is the sole species in the monotypic genus, Ricinus, and subtribe, Ricininae. The evolution of
castor and its relation to other species are currently being studied using
modern genetic tools.[4] It reproduces with a mixed
pollination system which favor selfing by geitonogamy but at the same time can be an
out-crosser by anemophily or entomophily.[1]
Its seed is the castor bean, which, despite
its name, is not a true bean. Castor is indigenous to the southeastern Mediterranean Basin, Eastern Africa, and India, but is widespread throughout tropical regions (and widely
grown elsewhere as an ornamental plant).[5]
(Persian: خروع، کرچک، بیدانجیر، Arabic: خروع)
Castor seed is the source of castor oil, which has a wide variety of uses.
The seeds contain between 40% and 60% oil that is rich in triglycerides, mainly ricinolein. The seed also contains ricin, a water-soluble toxin, which is also present in lower
concentrations throughout the plant.
An unrelated plant species, Fatsia japonica, is similar in
appearance and known as the false castor oil plant.
Contents
[show]
Ricinus communis can vary greatly in its growth habit and appearance. The variability
has been increased by breeders who have selected a range of cultivars for leaf
and flower colours, and for oil production. It is a fast-growing, suckeringperennial shrub that can reach the size of a small
tree (around 12 metres or 39 feet), but it is not cold hardy.
The glossy leaves are 15–45 centimetres
(5.9–17.7 in) long, long-stalked, alternate and palmate with 5–12 deep
lobes with coarsely toothed segments. In some varieties they start off dark
reddish purple or bronze when young, gradually changing to a dark green,
sometimes with a reddish tinge, as they mature. The leaves of some other
varieties are green practically from the start, whereas in yet others a pigment
masks the green colour of all the chlorophyll-bearing parts, leaves, stems and
young fruit, so that they remain a dramatic purple-to-reddish-brown throughout
the life of the plant. Plants with the dark leaves can be found growing next to
those with green leaves, so there is most likely only a single gene controlling
the production of the pigment in some varieties.[6] The stems (and the spherical, spiny
seed capsules) also vary in pigmentation. The fruit capsules of some varieties
are more showy than the flowers.
The green
capsule dries and splits into three sections, forcibly ejecting seeds
The flowers are borne in terminal panicle-like inflorescences of green or, in some varieties,
shades of red monoecious flowers without petals. The male flowers are yellowish-green with
prominent creamy stamens and are carried in ovoid spikes up to 15 centimetres (5.9 in)
long; the female flowers, borne at the tips of the spikes, have prominent
red stigmas.[7]
The fruit is a spiny, greenish (to
reddish-purple) capsule containing large, oval, shiny,
bean-like, highly poisonous seeds with variable brownish mottling. Castor seeds
have a warty appendage called the caruncle, which is a type of elaiosome. The caruncle promotes the dispersal of
the seed by ants (myrmecochory).
The name Ricinus is
a Latin word for tick; the seed is so named because it has
markings and a bump at the end that resemble certain ticks. The genus Ricinus De Geer, 1778 also exists
in zoology, and designates insects (not ticks) which are parasites of birds -
this is possible, since name of animals and plants are ruled by different nomenclature codes.
The common name "castor oil"
probably comes from its use as a replacement for castoreum, a perfume base made from the dried perineal glands of the beaver(castor in Latin).[8] It has another common name, palm
of Christ, or Palma Christi, that derives from castor oil's
reputed ability to heal wounds and cure ailments.
Castor oil has many uses in medicine and
other applications.
An alcoholic extract of the leaf was shown,
in lab rats, to protect the liver from damage from certain poisons.[9][10][11]Methanolic extracts of the leaves
of Ricinus communis were used in antimicrobial testing against
eight pathogenic bacteria in rats and showed antimicrobial properties. The
extract was not toxic.[12] The pericarp of Ricinus showed
central nervous system effects in mice at low doses. At high doses mice quickly
died.[13] A water extract of the root
bark showed analgesic activity in rats.[13] Antihistamine and
anti-inflammatory properties were found in ethanolic extract of Ricinus
communis root bark.[14]
Extract of Ricinus communis exhibited acaricidal and insecticidal activities against the adult
of Haemaphysalis bispinosaNeumann (Acarina: Ixodidae) and hematophagous fly Hippobosca maculata Leach (Diptera: Hippoboscidae).[15]
The Bodo tribals of Bodoland, Assam (India), use the leaves
of this plant to feed and rear the larvae of muga and endisilkworms.
Castor oil is an effective motor lubricant
and has been used in internal
combustion engines, including those of World War Iairplanes, some racing cars and
some model airplanes. It has historically been popular for lubricating two-stroke enginesdue to high resistance to heat compared to petroleum-based oils. It does
not mix well with petroleum products, particularly at low temperatures, but
mixes better with the methanol based fuels used in glow model engines. In
total-loss-lubrication applications, it tends to leave carbon deposits and
varnish within the engine. It has been largely replaced by synthetic oils that
are more stable and less toxic.
In Greece R.
communis is hardy enough to grow as a small tree. In northern
countries it is grown instead as an annual.
Cotyledons (round) and first true leaves
(serrated) on a young plant. This castor oil plant is about four weeks old.
Although Ricinus communis is
indigenous to the southeastern Mediterranean Basin, Eastern Africa, and India, today it is widespread throughout tropical regions.[5] In areas with a suitable climate,
castor establishes itself easily where it can become an invasive plant and can often
be found on wasteland.
It is also used extensively as a decorative
plant in parks and other public areas, particularly as a "dot plant"
in traditional bedding schemes. If sown early, under glass, and kept at a temperature of around
20 °C (68 °F) until planted out, the castor oil plant can reach a
height of 2–3 metres (6.6–9.8 ft) in a year. In areas prone to frost it is usually shorter, and grown as
if it were an annual.[5] However, it can grow well outdoors in
cooler climates, at least in southern England, and the leaves do not appear to
suffer frost damage in sheltered spots, where it remains evergreen.[citation needed] It was used in Edwardian times in the
parks of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Although not cultivated there, the plant
grows wild in Southern California, notably Griffith Park in Los Angeles.[17]
Selections have been made by breeders for
use as ornamental plants (heights refer to plants grown as annuals) and for
commercial production of castor oil.[7]
Ornamental varieties:
·
'Gibsonii' has red-tinged leaves with reddish veins and pinkish-green seed
pods;
·
'Carmencita Pink' is similar, with pinkish-red stems;
·
'Carmencita Bright Red' has red stems, dark purplish leaves and red seed
pods;
·
'Impala' is compact (only 1.2 metres or 3.9 feet tall) with reddish foliage
and stems, brightest on the young shoots;
·
'Red Spire' is tall (2–3 metres or 6.6–9.8 feet) with red stems and bronze
foliage;
·
'Zanzibarensis' is also tall (2–3 metres or 6.6–9.8 feet), with large,
mid-green leaves (50 centimetres or 20 inches long) that have white midribs.[7]
Varieties for oil production:
·
'Hale' was launched in the 1970s for the State of Texas, United States. It
is short (up to 1.2 m or 3 ft 11 in) and has several racemes.
·
'Brigham' is a variety with reduced ricin content adapted for Texas, United
States. It grows up to 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) and has 10% of the ricin
content of variety Hale.
·
'BRS Nordestina' was developed by Embrapa (Brazil) 1990 for hand harvest
and semi-arid environments.
·
'BRS Energia" was developed by Embrapa (2004) for mechanised or hand
harvest.
·
'GCH6' was developed by Sardarkrushinaga Dantiwada University (India),
2004. It is resistant to root rot and tolerant to fusarium wilt.
·
'GCH5' was developed by Sardarkrushinaga Dantiwada University (India),
1995. It is resistant to fusarium wilt.
·
'Abaro' was developed by Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, EORC
(Ethiopia) for hand harvest.
·
'Hiruy' was developed by Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research,
Melkassa and Wondo Genet (Ethiopia) for hand harvest during 2010/2011.
Ricinus communis is the host plant of the common castor butterfly (Ariadne merione), the Eri
silkmoth (Samia cynthia ricini), and the castor semi-looper moth (Achaea janata). It is also
used as a food plant by the larvae of some other species of Lepidoptera, including Hypercompe hambletoni and the
nutmeg (Discestra trifolii).
Ricinus is extremely allergenic, and has an OPALS allergy scale rating of 10 out of 10. The plant is also a very strong
trigger for asthma, and allergies to Ricinus are commonplace
and severe.[18]
The castor oil plant produces abundant
amounts of very light pollen, which easily become airborne and can be inhaled
into the lungs, triggering allergic reactions. The sap of the plant causes skin
rashes. Individuals who are allergic to the plant can also develop rashes from
merely touching the leaves, flowers, or seeds. These individuals can also have
cross-allergic reactions to latex sap from the related Hevea
brasiliensis plant.[18]
Seeds
The toxicity of raw castor beans is due to
the presence of ricin. Although the lethal dose in adults is considered to be four to eight
seeds, reports of actual poisoning are relatively rare.[19] According to the 2007 edition
of Guinness World
Records, this plant is the most poisonous in the
world. Symptoms of overdosing on ricin, which can include nausea, diarrhea,
tachycardia, hypotension and seizures persisting for up to a week. However, the
poison can be extracted from castor by concentrating it with a fairly
complicated process similar to that used for extracting cyanide from almonds.
If ricin is ingested, symptoms may be
delayed by up to 36 hours but commonly begin within 2–4 hours. These include a
burning sensation in mouth and throat, abdominal pain, purging and bloody
diarrhea. Within several days there is severe dehydration, a drop in blood
pressure and a decrease in urine. Unless treated, death can be expected to
occur within 3–5 days, however in most cases a full recovery can be made.[20][21]
Poisoning occurs when animals, including humans,
ingest broken seeds or break the seed by chewing: intact seeds may pass
through the digestive tract without releasing the toxin.[20] Toxicity varies among animal
species: four seeds will kill a rabbit, five a sheep, six an ox or horse, seven
a pig, and eleven a dog. Ducks have shown far more resistance to the seeds: it
takes an average of 80 to kill them.[22] The toxin provides the castor
oil plant with some degree of natural protection from insect pests such
as aphids. Ricin has been investigated for its
potential use as an insecticide.[22] The castor oil plant is also
the source for undecylenic acid, a
natural fungicide.
Commercially available cold-pressed castor
oil is not toxic to humans in normal doses, either internal or externally.[23]
Three terpenoids and a tocopherol-related compound have been found in
the aerial parts of Ricinus communis. Compounds named (3E,7Z,11E)-19-hydroxycasba-3,7,11-trien-5-one,
6α-hydroxy-10β-methoxy-7α,8α-epoxy-5-oxocasbane-20,10-olide,
15α-hydroxylup-20(29)-en-3-one, and (2R,4aR,8aR)-3,4,4a,8a-tetrahydro-4a-hydroxy-2,6,7,8a-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,
12-trimethyltridecyl)-2H-chromene-5,8-dione were isolated from the
methanol extracts of Ricinus communis by chromatographic
methods.[24] Partitioned h-hexane fraction
of Ricinus communis root methanol extract resulted in
enrichment of two triterpenes: lupeol and urs-6-ene-3,16-dione (erandone).
Crude methanolic extract, enriched n-hexane fraction and isolates at doses
100 mg/kg p.o. exhibited significant (P < 0.001) anti-inflammatory
activity in carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema model.[25]
Castor oil seed
output in 2006
Global castor seed production is around two
million tons per year. Leading producing areas are India (with over
three-quarters of the global yield), China and Mozambique, and it is widely
grown as a crop in Ethiopia. There are several active breeding programmes.
|
Top ten castor oil
seed producers – 2013
|
||||
|
Country
|
Footnote
|
|||
 India |
1,744,000
|
|||
 People's Republic of China |
60,000
|
*
|
||
 Mozambique |
60,000
|
F
|
||
 Ethiopia |
13,000
|
*
|
||
 Thailand |
12,000
|
*
|
||
 Brazil |
11,953
|
|||
 Paraguay |
11,000
|
*
|
||
 South Africa |
6,200
|
F
|
||
 Pakistan |
6,000
|
*
|
||
 Vietnam |
6,000
|
*
|
||
|
World
|
1,854,775
|
A
|
||
|
No symbol = official figure, F = FAO
estimate, * = Unofficial/Semi-official/mirror data, A = Aggregate (may
include official, semi-official or estimates);
|
||||
·
Whether natural, blended, or chemically altered, castor oil still has many
uses. For example, it remains of commercial importance as a non-freezing,
antimicrobial, pressure-resistant lubricant for special purposes, either of
latex or metals, or as a lubricating component of fuels.[26]
·
In Brazil, castor oil (locally known as mamona oil) is a raw material for
some varieties of biodiesel.
·
In rural areas, the abundant seeds are used by children for slingshot balls, as they have the right weight,
size, and hardness.
·
Because castor seeds are attractively patterned, they are popular in
low-cost personal adornments, such as non-durable necklaces and bracelets.
·
Castor oil has long been used on the skin to prevent dryness. Either
purified or processed, it still is a component of many cosmetics.
·
The high percentage of ricinoleic acid residues in castor oil and its
derivatives, inhibits many microbes, whether viral, bacterial or fungal. They
accordingly are useful components of many ointments and similar preparations.
·
Castor oil is the major raw material for Polyglycerol
polyricinoleate, a modifier that improves the flow
characteristics of cocoa butter in the manufacture of chocolate bars,and thereby the costs.
Castor seeds have been found in Egyptian tombs dating back to 4000 BC; the
slow burning oil was used mostly to fuel lamps. Herodotus and other Greek travellers noted the use of castor
seed oil for lighting, body ointments, and improving hair growth and
texture. Cleopatra is reputed to have used it to brighten the whites of her eyes.
The Ebers Papyrus is an ancient Egyptian medical treatise believed to date from 1552
BC. Translated in 1872, it describes castor oil as a laxative.[28]
The use of castor bean oil
("eranda") in India has been documented since 2000 BC in lamps and in
local medicine as a laxative, purgative, and cathartic in Unani, Ayurvedic and other ethnomedical systems. Traditional Ayurvedic
medicine considers castor oil the king of medicinals for curing arthritic diseases. It is
regularly given to children orally, for de-worming.[citation needed]
Castor seed and its oil have also been used
in China for centuries, mainly prescribed in local medicine for internal use or
use in dressings.[citation needed]
Castor oil was used as an instrument of
coercion by the paramilitary Blackshirts under the regime of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. Dissidents and
regime opponents were forced to ingest the oil in large amounts, triggering
severe diarrhea and dehydration, which could ultimately cause death. This punishment method was originally
thought of by Gabriele D'Annunzio, the Italian poet and Fascist supporter, during the First World War. (See also: Castor oil's use as a means of intimidation
in Fascist Italy.)[citation needed]
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^ Jump up to:a b Rizzardo, RA; Milfont, MO;
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^ Jump up to:a b c d Phillips, Roger; Rix, Martyn
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Everitt, J.H.; Lonard, R.L.; Little, C.R. (2007). Weeds in South Texas
and Northern Mexico. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 0-89672-614-2.
 |
&&&&&
خرموش
بهندی کهوس نامند
ماهیت آن
نوعی از موش است بغایت بزرک که با کربه جنک می کند و بر آن
غالب می آید
افعال و خواص آن
بخور پوست خشک شدۀ آن جهت بواسیر مجرب و استنجا بطبیخ آن نیز
همین اثر دارد و در سائر خواص از موش اقوی است
مخزن الادویه عقیلی خراسانی
//////////////
خرموش . [ خ َ ] (اِ مرکب ) نوعی از موش است که اندکی از خرگوش
کوچکتر باشد و گربه آنرا نتواند گرفت بلکه بسیار باشد که با گربه جنگ کند و غالب آید.
آنرا بهندی کهوس گویند. (فرهنگ جهانگیری ) (از انجمن آرای ناصری ) (از آنندراج ) (از
ناظم الاطباء) :
یابویی هست مرا خرد و خبزدوک صفت
کش ز خرگوش نمونه ست وز خرموش نژاد.
مطهر (از فرهنگ جهانگیری ).
