مچوقان* [ Michoacán]
بفتح میم و ضم جیم عجمی و سکون واو و فتح قاف و الف و نون
ماهیت آن
از ادویۀ جدیده است که از ارض جدید از بلدی که مچوقان نامند نصاری می آورند و آن بیخ نباتی است سفید رنک شبیه به فاشرا نبات آن کثیر الاصول شاخهای آن مفروش بر زمین و برک آن مدور و در ان رکهای بسیار و ثمر آن شبیه بکشنیز و در خوشۀ مانند خوشه عنب الثعلب و در وسط تابستان در تموز می رسد و بیخ آن سطبر و سفید مانند بیخ فاشرا و بعضی آن را بیخ فاشرا دانسته اند و نیست چنین جهت آنکه بیخ فاشرا با حرافت و حدت بسیار است بخلاف این بیخ
طبیعت آن
در دوم کرم و خشک با قوت مسهله و قابضه مانند راوند و ازین جهت بغلط بعضی نوعی از راوند دانسته اند و نیست چنین جهت آنکه درین دوا نیست کیفیتی که مستکره طبیعت باشد و رائحۀ ثقیل و طعم کریهی چنانچه در راوند است
افعال و خواص آن
جهت نوازل و وجع مفاصل و کرده و قولنج و سلعۀ رطبه نافع جهت آنکه مسهل و مخرج بلغم و مائیت فاسده از بدن و مخرج خلاصۀ آن و بسا است که استعمال یک قیراط آن با شربتی و یا معجونی موافق پنج شش مجلس بی تعب اطلاق می نماید و بالجمله از مسهلات ملوکیه است که معالجه کرده می شود بآن چوب چینی و عشبه و شجره النبی و صاسفراس و قوت قنبا که عصارۀ ریوند نامند و امثال اینها جهت آتشک و حکه و جرب و وجع مفاصل و ظهر و غیرها و در حمیات مزمنۀ مستمره عظیم النفع است جهت آنکه مفتح سده است بقوت تمام و کیفیت استعمال آن بانحاء بسیار است از مربای آن مانند مربای اصول دیکر و معجون بیشتر سفوف آن با شکر یا اشربۀ مناسبۀ مرض با عرق رازیانه یا انیسون یا دارچینی و یا مطبوخ هریک آنها و بهترین معاجین معجون ورد مسهل است جهت آنکه مناسب و موافق آنست در غایت موافقت و همچنین آب مطبوخ آن مانند چوب چینی که قوت آن در آب باز داده شود که یک شبانه روز در آب اول خیسانیده باشند با شکر تنها و یا با مقویات دوا و اعضای رئیسه چنانچه در آب استعمال مسهلۀ لطیفه و شدیده است نیز و بعد استعمال آن اکر بمقدار نیم ساعت خواب نمایند باعث تقویت عمل آن می کردد بخلاف مسهلۀ لطیفۀ دیکر که خواب باعث ضعف و با بطلان عمل آنها است مقدار شربت آن در اطفال غیر بالغین نیم درم و در اقویا و بالغین از یک درم بحسب قوت و ضعف مزاج بدانکه درین دوا قوت انضاج است و لهذا جائز است استعمال آن بدون منضج و از خاصیت آن منع قئ و غثیان است بخلاف سائر ادویۀ مسهله و مفتح سدد است از مجاری ضیقه و عروق شعریه و سواقی و غیرها خواه در کبد باشد و خواه در سائر اعضا و جهت امراض رحم و اختناق آن و غیرها از امراض مختلفۀ مختصۀ بآن نافع و رب آن نیز مانند رب هلیله بعمل می آورند و مقدار یک قیراط آن با خوشابات و یا اشربۀ مناسبه چند مجلس کافی اجابت می نماید که نقا حاصل می کردد بی تعب الحاصل این دوا از ادویۀ ملوکیه است و اطفال و زنان حامله و مرضعات را سودمند و بیغائله است چنانکه کفته اند و باقی منوط بتجربه است
مخزن الادویه عقیلی خراسانی
* مَچوقان ـ (چو عموجان) به فرموده مخزن[ر.ض]، نام يكى از ادويه جديده است كه نصارى [مسيحيان] آن را از بلدى مچوقاننام از بلاد آمريك آرند و آن بيخ نباتى است سفيدرنگ شبيه به فاشرا[ر.م] و نبات آن كثيرالاصول، شاخه هاى آن مفروش بر زمين و برگ آن مدوّر و در آن رگ هاى بسيار و ثمر آن شبيه به گشنيز و در خوشه اى، مانند خوشه تاجريزى[ر.م] و در وسط تابستان در تموز مى رسد و بيخ آن سطبر سفيد، مانند بيخ فاشرا و بعضى آن را بيخ فاشرا دانسته و چنين نيست زيراكه آن با حدّت است و در اين حدّتى نيست و در پزشگى نامه[ر.ض] فرمايد: مچوكان (كه همان مچوقان است) كه به فرانسه «مشوكان» گويند، ريشه نباتى است كه در مكزيك مى رويد و در خواص مسهله چندان مطمئن نيست و اغلب محتمل الاثر است و لهذا امروز استعمال آن را در طب ترك كرده اند.
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Jalap
Botanical and Common Names
- Family Convolvulaceae
- Ipomoea spp.
- Ipomoea purga syn. Convolvulus jalapa (Mexican Scammony Root, Purge Root, Ipomoea, Jalap Root, Mexican Morning Glory; Spanish: Jalapa, Raiz de Jalapa, Brionia, Michoacán, Tumba Vaqueros, Riñona, Espanta Vaqueros; Nahuatl: Chichicamolli, Tlanoquiloni, Tlaxapán; Maya: Xtabentum)
- Ipomoea leptophylla (Bush Morning Glory, Big-root Morning Glory, Man Root, Man-of-the-Earth, Bush Moonflower, Wild Potato Vine)
- Ipomoea pandurata (Big-Root Morning Glory)
Cautions
- It should be taken only under strict supervision of a knowledgeable practitioner, as even moderate doses can cause watery stools and vomiting.
Description
Native to Mexico, Jalap is a climbing, evergreen vine, reaching about twelve feet, with heart-shaped leaves and trumpet-like purple flowers. It is cultivated in Central America, parts of Peru, the West Indies, and Southeast Asia.
Jalap resin is derived from alcoholic extraction of the jalap root powder. The tuberous, thickened, secondary roots, called black rhubarb tubers, are harvested from May to autumn and dried in the sun, on hot ash, or over an open fire. Jalap resin is often confused with several other species and names, including the following: Brazil jalap, Aloe, Orizaba jalap, colophonium, starch, dextrin and guaiac resin, Ipomoea orizabensis, Ipomoea operculata, Operculina turpethum, Convolvulus scammonia, and Mirabilis jalapa.
History
Ipomoea means worm-like, referring to the peculiar, twisted nature of the root system.
Jalap is a centuries-old purgative and vermifuge used by the Mexicans, who then taught the Spanish colonizers how to use the herb.
It was introduced into Europe in 1565 and used for all types of illnesses until the 19th century.
Because it is considered a good remedy for kidney problems, the plant is also widely-known as riñona from the Spanish word for kidneys, riñones.
The Spanish name of Michoacán was given because that was the place where it was first found in the "New World" by Spanish invaders. Also known as Jalapa, the plant was named for the city in the state of Vera Cruz.
In the 16th century book, Joyfulle Newes Out of the Newe Founde Worlde, the physician-author, tells of a friar who fell gravely ill shortly after the conquest of the Aztecs. The local Aztec lord, who had befriended the friar, brought his personal physician to see the friar who, thinking he had nothing left to lose, decided to try the Aztec doctor's remedy. The friar purged so much that he started to get better, and the good news passed up the grapevine to counterparts in Spain. This "miracle cure" was soon embraced, and the root was renamed Rhubarb of the Indias, replacing the Rhubarb of Barbary as the favoured purging agent of the day. The root eventually became so popular that it was exported to Europe in great quantities and sold at such premium prices that fortunes were made in the purging business.
The Pawnees burned the enormous, human-sized roots of the Bush Morning Glory as a smoke treatment for nervousness and bad dreams. They also pulverized the dried root and dusted it on the body to alleviate pain or to revive a person who had fainted. The Lakota scraped off a portion of the root and ate it raw for stomach trouble.
In the days before matches, Great Plains tribes would start a fire in a portion of the dried root and let it smolder for later use as a fire-starter.
The root was also used as an emergency food by the Pawnee, Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Kiowa.US Pharmacopoeia from 1820 to 1864 as a cathartic.
Key Actions
- powerful cathartic (purgative)
Key Components
- resin (convolvulin)
Medicinal Parts
- Root, resin from root
Traditional Uses
The resin is a powerful purgative and used to facilitate bowel evacuation in the most dramatic cases of constipation. It is so strong that it must be combined with such other herbs as ginger, licorice, or some other digestive stimulant. It is occasionally used for constipation, colic and pain in the intestinal region, dysentery, colitis, and rheumatism.
Homeopathic remedies are used for night restlessness in children and in cases of diarrhea..
Another Ipomoea species, I. turpethum, is native to Asia and Australia and is also a drastic purgative. Other related species have interesting uses. I. batatas, from South America, is the common sweet potato and is an important food plant. The seeds of the morning glory (I. violacea), native to Mexico, contains compounds similar to LSD and were taken for rituals by the Zapotecs and Aztecs.
The Morning Glory or Jalapa roots are considered to be such an effective antispasmodic that they are used in a syrup to treat epilepsy. A simple boiled tea of the roots is used for less severe conditions, like spastic diarrhea, menstrual cramps, and general hysteria.
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Jalap
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is largely based on an article in the out-of-copyright Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, which was produced in 1911. It should be brought up to date to reflect subsequent history or scholarship (including the references, if any). When you have completed the review, replace this notice with a simple note on this article's talk page. (August 2017)
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Chemical structure of scammonin I, one of the primary chemical constituents of jalap
Jalap is a cathartic drug, its use largely archaic in the West, consisting of the tuberous roots of Ipomoea purga, a convolvulaceous plant growing on the eastern declivities of the Sierra Madre Oriental of Mexico at an elevation of 5000 to 8000 ft. above sea level, more especially about the neighbourhood of Chiconquiaco on the eastern slope of the Cofre de Perote in the state of Veracruz.
Jalap has been known in Europe since the beginning of the 17th century, and derives its name from the city of Xalapa in Mexico, near which it grows, but its botanical source was not accurately determined until 1829, when Dr. J. R. Coxe of Philadelphia published a description.
The ordinary drug is distinguished in commerce as Vera Cruz jalap, from the name of the port whence it is shipped. Jalap has been cultivated for many years in India, chiefly at Ootacamund, and grows there as easily as a yam, often producing clusters of tubers weighing over 9 lb; but these, as they differ in appearance from the commercial article, have not as yet obtained a place in the English market. They are found, however, to be rich in resin, containing 18%. The plant also has been grown in Jamaica, at first amongst the cinchona trees, but more recently in new ground, as it was found to exhaust the soil. Besides Mexican or Vera Cruz jalap, a drug called Tampico jalap has been imported for some years in considerable quantity. It has a much more shrivelled appearance and paler colour than ordinary jalap, and lacks the small, transverse scars present in the true drug. This kind of jalap, the purga de Sierra Gorda of the Mexicans, was traced by Daniel Hanbury to Ipomoea simulans.
Ipomoea jalapa is yet another morning glory species from which jalap is obtained; it was first scientifically described (as Convolvulus jalapa) by Linnaeus. However, it is not of great commercial importance. As it also occurs in Veracruz, it was long confused with I. purga, even by such eminent botanists as David Don, Thomas Nuttall or C.J.W. Schiede. Consequently, the name I. jalapa is often seen as an invalid junior homonym referring to I. purga, in particular in sources older than 1989 (when the confusion was finally resolved). Throughout much of the 20th century, the I. jalapa of Linnaeus was called I. carrizalia.
· Ipomoea
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "article name needed". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
· Herbs
