|
0.226 g
|
|
|
0.191 g
|
|
|
0.542 g
|
|
|
0.329 g
|
|
|
0.679 g
|
|
|
1.060 g
|
|
|
0.389 g
|
|
|
0.799 g
|
|
|
1.261 g
|
|
|
2.259 g
|
|
|
1.636 g
|
|
|
0.698 g
|
|
|
1.148 g
|
|
|
(10%)
0.116 mg
|
|
|
(17%)
0.2 mg
|
|
|
(6%)
0.923 mg
|
|
|
(29%)
1.457 mg
|
|
|
(45%)
0.591 mg
|
|
|
(21%)
82 μg
|
|
|
(5%)
4.2 mg
|
|
|
(8%)
1.19 mg
|
|
|
(16%)
159 mg
|
|
|
(59%)
7.61 mg
|
|
|
(70%)
248 mg
|
|
|
(159%)
3.333 mg
|
|
|
(80%)
557 mg
|
|
|
(11%)
508 mg
|
|
|
(0%)
4 mg
|
|
|
(30%)
2.87 mg
|
|
|
Other constituents
|
|
|
water
|
11.13 g
|
|
|
|
|
·
Units
|
|
|
Percentages are roughly approximated usingUS recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database |
|
1
cup (2.4dl, 245g) of cooked amaranth grain (from approx. 65g
raw) provides 251 calories and is an excellent
source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of protein, dietary fiber, and some dietary minerals. Amaranth is
particularly rich in manganese (105% DV), magnesium (40% DV), iron (29% DV), and selenium (20% DV).[10]
Cooked
amaranth leaves are an excellent source of vitamin A, vitamin C,calcium, manganese and folate.[11]
Amaranth
contains phytochemicals that may be anti-nutrient factors, such aspolyphenols, saponins, tannins and oxalates which are reduced
in content and effect by cooking.[12][13]
Known
to the Aztecs as huauhtli,[14] it is thought to
have represented up to 80% of their caloric consumption before the Spanish
conquest. Another important use of amaranth throughout Mesoamerica was to prepare
ritual drinks and foods. To this day, amaranth grains are toasted much
like popcorn and mixed with honey, molasses or chocolate to make a treat calledalegría,
meaning "joy" in Spanish. Diego Durán described the
festivities forHuitzilopochtli, the name of which means
"hummingbird of the left side" or "left-handed hummingbird"
(Real hummingbirds feed on amaranth flowers). The Aztec month of Panquetzaliztli (7 December to 26 December)
was dedicated to Huitzilopochtli. People decorated their homes and trees with
paper flags; there were ritual races, processions, dances, songs, prayers, and
finally human sacrifices. This was one of the more important Aztec festivals,
and the people prepared for the whole month. They fasted or ate very little; a
statue of the god was made out of amaranth seeds and honey, and at the end of
the month, it was cut into small pieces so everybody could eat a little piece
of the god. After the Spanish conquest, cultivation of amaranth was outlawed,
while some of the festivities were subsumed into the Christmas celebration.
Because
of its importance as a symbol of indigenous culture, its gluten-free
palatability, ease of cooking, and a protein that is particularly well-suited
to human nutritional needs, interest in grain amaranth (especially A.
cruentusand A. hypochondriacus) revived in the 1970s. It was
recovered in Mexico from wild varieties and is now commercially cultivated. It
is a popular snack sold in Mexico, sometimes mixed with chocolate or puffed
rice, and its use has spread to Europe and parts of North America. Amaranth
and quinoa are non-grasses and
are called pseudocereals because of their
similarities to cereals in flavor and cooking.
Ancient
amaranth grains still used to this day include the three species,Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus cruentus, and Amaranthus hypochondriacus.[15] Although amaranth
was cultivated on a large scale in ancient Mexico, Guatemala, and Peru,
nowadays it is only cultivated on a small scale there, along with India, China,
Nepal, and other tropical countries; thus, there is potential for further
cultivation in those countries, as well as in the U.S. In a 1977 article
in Science, amaranth was described as "the crop
of the future."[16] It has been
proposed as an inexpensive native crop that could be cultivated by indigenous
people in rural areas for several reasons:
·
It is easily harvested.
·
It is easy to cook.
·
As befits its weedy life
history, amaranth grains grow rapidly and, in three cultivated species of
amaranth, their large seedheads can weigh up to 1 kilogram and contain a
half-million small seeds.[18]
Amaranth
seed flour has been evaluated as an additive to wheat flour by food
specialists. To determine palatability, different levels of amaranth grain
flour were mixed with the wheat flour and baking ingredients (1% salt, 2.5%
fat, 1.5% yeast, 10% sugar and 52–74% water), fermented, molded, pan-proofed
and baked. The baked products were evaluated for loaf volume, moisture content,
color, odor, taste and texture. The amaranth containing products were then
compared with bread made from 100% wheat flour. The loaf volume decreased by 40%
and the moisture content increased from 22 to 42% with increase in amaranth
grain flour. The study found that the sensory scores of the taste, odor, color,
and texture decreased with increasing amounts of amaranth. Generally, above 15%
amaranth grain flour, there were significant differences in the evaluated
sensory qualities and the high amaranth-containing product was found to be of
unacceptable palatability to the population sample that evaluated the baked
products.[20]
Amaranth
species are cultivated and consumed as a leaf vegetable in many parts of
the world. Four species ofAmaranthus are documented as cultivated
vegetables in eastern Asia: Amaranthus cruentus, Amaranthus blitum,Amaranthus dubius, and Amaranthus tricolor.[21]
In
Indonesia and Malaysia, leaf amaranth is called bayam. In the
Philippines, the Ilocano word for the plant
is "kalunay"; the Tagalog word for the plant is kilitis or kulitis.
In the state of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in India, it is called chaulai and
is a popular green leafy vegetable (referred to in the class of vegetable
preparations called saag). It is called chua in
Kumaun area of Uttarakhand, where it is a popular red-green vegetable. In
Karnataka state in India, it is called harive (ಹರಿವೆ). It is used to prepare
curries like hulee, palya, majjigay-hulee, and so on. In the state
of Kerala, it is called cheera and is consumed by stir-frying
the leaves with spices and red chillies to make cheera thoran. In Tamil Nadu, it is
called mulaikkiraமுளைக்கீரை and is regularly consumed as a favourite
dish, where the greens are steamed, and mashed, with light seasoning of salt,
red chili, and cumin. It is called keerai masial (கீரை மசியல்). In Andhra Pradesh, this
leaf is added in preparation of a popular dal called thotakura
pappu తోట కూర పప్పు (Telugu). In Maharashtra, it is
called shravani maath(literally माठ grown in month of Shravan)
and it is available in both red and white colour. In Orissa, it is called khada
saga, it is used to prepare saga bhaja, in which the leaf is
fried with chili and onions.
The
root of mature amaranth is a popular vegetable. It is white and cooked with
tomatoes or tamarind gravy. It has a milky taste and is alkaline.[citation needed]
In
China, the leaves and stems are used as a stir-fry vegetable, or in soups, and
called 苋菜 (Mandarin Pinyin: xiàncài;
Cantonese jyutping: jin6 coi3) with
variations in various dialects). Amaranth greens are believed to help enhance
eyesight.[citation needed] In Vietnam, it is
called rau dền and is used to make soup. Two species are popular
as edible vegetable in Vietnam: dền đỏ- Amaranthus tricolor and dền
cơm or dền trắng- Amaranthus viridis.
A
traditional food plant in Africa, amaranth has the potential to improve
nutrition, boost food security, foster rural
development and support sustainable land care.[22] In East Africa,
amaranth leaf is known in chewa as bonongwe,
and inSwahili as mchicha, as terere in Kikuyu, Meru and Embu; and as telele in Kamba. In Bantu regions of
Uganda, it is known as doodo.[23] It is recommended
by some doctors for people having low red blood cell count. It is also known among
theKalenjin as a drought crop (chepkerta).
In Lingala (spoken in the Congo), it is known
as lɛngalɛnga or bítɛkutɛku.[24] In Nigeria, it is a
common vegetable and goes with all Nigerian starch dishes. It is known in Yoruba as shoko a
short form ofshokoyokoto (meaning make the husband fat) or arowo
jeja (meaning "we have money left over for fish"). In the
Caribbean, the leaves are called bhaji in Trinidad and callaloo in
Jamaica, and are sautéed with onions, garlic, and tomatoes, or sometimes used
in a soup called pepperpot soup. In Botswana, it is referred to as morug and
cooked as a staple green vegetable.
In
Sri Lanka, it is called koora thampala. Sri Lankans cook it and eat
it with rice. Fiji Indians call it choraiya bhaji.
In
Greece, green amaranth (A. viridis) is a popular dish called
βλήτα, vlita or vleeta. It is boiled, then served
with olive oil and lemon juice like a salad, sometimes alongside fried fish.
Greeks stop harvesting the plant (which also grows wild) when it starts to
bloom at the end of August.
In
Brazil, green amaranth was, and to a degree still is, frequently regarded as an
invasive species as all other species of amaranth (except the generally
imported A. caudatus cultivar), though some have traditionally
appreciated it as a leaf vegetable, under the names of caruru or bredo, which is consumed
cooked, generally accompanying the staple food, rice and beans.
The
flowers of the 'Hopi Red Dye' amaranth were used by the Hopi (a tribe in the
western United States) as the source of a deep red dye. Also a synthetic dye
was named "amaranth" for its similarity
in color to the natural amaranth pigmentsknown as betalains. This synthetic dye is
also known as Red No. 2 in North America and E123 in the European Union.[25]
Amaranthus flowering
The
genus also contains several well-known ornamental plants, such asAmaranthus
caudatus (love-lies-bleeding), a vigorous, hardy annual with dark
purplish flowers crowded in handsome
drooping spikes. Another Indian annual, A. hypochondriacus (prince's
feather), has deeply veined lance-shaped leaves, purple on the under face, and
deep crimson flowers densely packed on erect spikes.
Amaranths
are recorded as food plants for some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species including
the nutmeg
moth and
various case-bearer moths of the genusColeophora: C. amaranthella, C.
enchorda (feeds exclusively on Amaranthus), C.
immortalis (feeds exclusively on Amaranthus), C.
lineapulvella and C. versurella(recorded on A.
spinosus).
Amaranth
weed species have an extended period of germination, rapid growth, and high
rates of seed production,[2] and have been
causing problems for farmers since the mid-1990s. This is partially due to the
reduction in tillage, reduction in herbicidal
use and the evolution of herbicidal resistance in several species where
herbicides have been applied more often.[26] The following 9
species of Amaranthus are considered invasive and noxious
weeds in the U.S and Canada: A. albus, A. blitoides, A.
hybridus, A. palmeri, A. powellii, A.
retroflexus, A. spinosus, A. tuberculatus,
and A. viridis.[27]
A
new herbicide-resistant strain of Amaranthus palmeri has appeared; it
is glyphosate-resistant and so cannot
be killed by herbicides using the chemical. Also, this plant can survive in
tough conditions.This could be of particular concern to cottonfarmers using
glyphosate-resistant cotton.[28] The species Amaranthus
palmeri (Palmer amaranth) causes the greatest reduction in soybean yields and has the
potential to reduce yields by 17-68% in field experiments.[2] Palmer amaranth is
among the "top five most troublesome weeds" in the southeast of the
United States and has already evolved resistances to dinitroaniline herbicides
and acetolactate synthase inhibitors.[29] This makes the
proper identification of Amaranthusspecies at the seedling stage
essential for agriculturalists. Proper weed control needs to be applied before
the species successfully colonizes in the crop field and causes significant
yield reductions.
The
word amaranth comes from the Greek word amaranton,
meaning "unwilting" (from the verb marainesthai meaning
"wilt").[30] The word was
applied[by whom?] to amaranth because
it did not soon fade and so symbolized immortality. "Amarant" is a
more correct, albeit archaic form, chiefly used in poetry. The current
spelling, amaranth, seems to have come from folk etymology that assumed the
final syllable derived from the Greek word anthos ("flower"),
common in botanical names.
An
early Greek fable counted among Aesop's Fables compares the rose
to the amaranth to illustrate the difference in fleeting and everlasting
beauty:
An amaranth planted in a garden near a
Rose-Tree, thus addressed it: "What a lovely flower is the Rose, a
favourite alike with Gods and with men. I envy you your beauty and your
perfume." The Rose replied, "I indeed, dear Amaranth, flourish but
for a brief season! If no cruel hand pluck me from my stem, yet I must perish
by an early doom. But thou art immortal and dost never fade, but bloomest for
ever in renewed youth."[31]
Immortal amaranth, a
flower which once
In paradise, fast by the tree of life,
Began to bloom; but soon for man's offence
To heaven removed, where first it grew, there grows,
And flowers aloft, shading the fount of life,
And where the river of bliss through midst of heaven
Rolls o'er elysian flowers her amber stream:
With these that never fade the spirits elect
Bind their resplendent locks.
In paradise, fast by the tree of life,
Began to bloom; but soon for man's offence
To heaven removed, where first it grew, there grows,
And flowers aloft, shading the fount of life,
And where the river of bliss through midst of heaven
Rolls o'er elysian flowers her amber stream:
With these that never fade the spirits elect
Bind their resplendent locks.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, in Work Without Hope (1825), also refers
to the herb, likely referencing Milton's earlier work. (ll 7-10 excerpted):
Yet well I ken the banks where Amaranths
blow,
Have traced the fount whence streams of nectar flow.
Bloom, O ye Amaranths! bloom for whom ye may,
For me ye bloom not! Glide, rich streams, away!
Have traced the fount whence streams of nectar flow.
Bloom, O ye Amaranths! bloom for whom ye may,
For me ye bloom not! Glide, rich streams, away!
Percy Bysshe Shelley refers to the herb
in his poem "Bereavement" (Lines 13-16 excerpted):
Eternity points, in its amaranth bower
Where no clouds of fate o'er the sweet prospect lour,
Unspeakable pleasure, of goodness the dower,
When woe fades away like the mist of the heath.
Where no clouds of fate o'er the sweet prospect lour,
Unspeakable pleasure, of goodness the dower,
When woe fades away like the mist of the heath.
There are no fields of amaranth on this
side of the grave:
there are no voices, O Rhodopè, that are not soon mute, however tuneful:
there is no name, with whatever emphasis of passionate love repeated,
of which the echo is not faint at last.
there are no voices, O Rhodopè, that are not soon mute, however tuneful:
there is no name, with whatever emphasis of passionate love repeated,
of which the echo is not faint at last.
Joachim du Bellay mentioned the herb
in his "A Vow To Heavenly Venus," ca. 1500:
We that with like hearts love, we lovers
twain,
New wedded in the village by thy fane,
Lady of all chaste love, to thee it is
We bring these amaranths, these white lilies,
A sign, and sacrifice; may Love, we pray,
Like amaranthine flowers, feel no decay;
Like these cool lilies may our loves remain,
Perfect and pure, and know not any stain;
And be our hearts, from this thy holy hour,
Bound each to each, like flower to wedded flower.
New wedded in the village by thy fane,
Lady of all chaste love, to thee it is
We bring these amaranths, these white lilies,
A sign, and sacrifice; may Love, we pray,
Like amaranthine flowers, feel no decay;
Like these cool lilies may our loves remain,
Perfect and pure, and know not any stain;
And be our hearts, from this thy holy hour,
Bound each to each, like flower to wedded flower.
The spirit culls
Unfaded amaranth, when wild it strays
Through the old garden-ground of boyish days.
Unfaded amaranth, when wild it strays
Through the old garden-ground of boyish days.
In
ancient Greece, the amaranth (also
called chrysanthemum and helichrysum) was sacred to
Ephesian Artemis. It allegedly had
special healing properties, and, as a symbol of immortality, was used to
decorate images of the gods andtombs. In legend, Amarynthus (a form of
"Amarantus") was a hunter of Artemis and king of Euboea; in a village of
Amarynthus, of which he was the eponymous hero, there was a famous temple of
Artemis Amarynthia or Amarysia (Strabo x. 448; Pausan. i. 31, p. 5). The
Chinese used amaranth widely for its healing chemicals, treating illnesses such
as infections, rashes, and migraines. "Amarantos" is
the name of a several-centuries-old popular Greek folk-song:
Look at the amaranth:
on tall mountains it grows,
on the very stones and rocks
and places inaccessible.
on tall mountains it grows,
on the very stones and rocks
and places inaccessible.
In
the poem "The Hound of Heaven" (1893), Francis Thompson compares God's love
to "an amaranthine weed..."
Ah! is Thy love indeed
A weed, albeit an amaranthine weed,
Suffering no flowers except its own to mount?[34]
A weed, albeit an amaranthine weed,
Suffering no flowers except its own to mount?[34]
·
Loves-lies-bleeding
(Amaranthus caudatus)
·
Green Amaranth (A.
hybridus)
·
·
Red-root Amaranth (A.
retroflexus) - from Thomé,Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der
Schweiz1885
·
Spiny Amaranth (Amaranthus
spinosus)
·
Green Amaranth (Amaranthus
viridis)
·
Popping Amaranth (Amaranthus
sp.)
·
·
·
.jpg)
2.
^ Jump up to:a b c Bensch et al.
(2003). Interference of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), Palmer
amaranth (A. palmeri), and common waterhemp (A. rudis) in
soybean. Weed Science 51: 37-43.
3.
Jump up^ RHS A-Z
encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008.
p. 1136. ISBN 1405332964.
5.
^ Jump up to:a b Juan; et al.
(2007). "Electrophoretic characterization of Amaranthus L. seed
proteins and its systematic implication".Botanical Journal of the Linnean
Society 155: 57–63. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00665.x.
6.
^ Jump up to:a b Costea M,
DeMason D (2001). "Stem morphology and anatomy in Amaranthus L.
(Amaranthaceae)- Taxonomic significance". Journal of the Torrey
Botanical Society 128 (3): 254–281. doi:10.2307/3088717.
7.
Jump up^ Judd et al. (2008).
Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, Third Edition. Sinauer Associates,
Inc. Sunderland, MA
8.
Jump up^ Mosyakin &
Robertson (1996). "New infrageneric taxa and combinations
in Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae)". Ann. Bot. Fennici33:
275–281.
10.
Jump up^ "Amaranth grain,
cooked". USDA National Nutrient Database, release SR-28. 2015.
Retrieved 4 February 2016.
11.
Jump up^ "Amaranth leaves,
cooked, boiled, drained, without salt, per 100 g". Conde Nast for the USDA
National Nutrient Database, release SR-21. 2015. Retrieved 4
February 2016.
12.
Jump up^ "Legacy - The
Official Newsletter of Amaranth Institute; see pages 6-9" (PDF). Amaranth Institute.
1992.
13.
Jump up^ Hotz C, Gibson
RS (2007). "Traditional
food-processing and preparation practices to enhance the bioavailability of
micronutrients in plant-based diets". J Nutr 137 (4):
1097–100. PMID 17374686.
14.
Jump up^ Coe, S.D.
(1994). America's First Cuisines. University of Texas
Press. ISBN 9780292711594.
15.
Jump up^ Costea et al.
(2006). Delimitation of A. cruentus L. and A. caudatus L.
using micromorphology and AFLP analysis: an application in germplasm
identification. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 53: 1625-1633.
16.
Jump up^ Marx (1977).
Speaking of Science: Amaranth: A Comeback for the Food of the Aztecs? Science
198(4312): 40.
17.
Jump up^ De Macvean &
Pöll (1997). Chapter 8: Ethnobotany. Tropical Tree Seed Manual, USDA Forest
Service, edt. J.A Vozzo.
19.
Jump up^ "USDA National
Nutrient Database: cooked amaranth grain per 100 grams; Full report". 2014. Retrieved 30
November 2015.
20.
Jump up^ Jerome Ayo
(2001). "THE EFFECT OF
AMARANTH GRAIN FLOUR ON THE QUALITY OF BREAD". International
Journal of Food Properties 4 (2). doi:10.1081/JFP-100105198.
22.
Jump up^ National
Research Council (2006-10-27). "Amaranth". Lost Crops of Africa:
Volume II: Vegetables. Lost Crops of Africa 2. National
Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-10333-6. OCLC 34344933.
Retrieved 2008-07-15.
23.
Jump up^ Goode, P. M.
(1989). Edible plants of Uganda. Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations. ISBN 9789251027134.
24.
Jump up^ Enama, M.
(1994). "Culture: The missing nexus in ecological economics
perspective". Ecological Economics 10 (10): 93–95.doi:10.1016/0921-8009(94)00010-7.
25.
Jump up^ "The following
color additives are not authorized for use in food products in the United
States: (1) Amaranth (C.I. 16185, EEC No. E123, formerly certifiable as
FD&C red No. 2);" FDA/CFSAN Food Compliance
Program: Domestic Food Safety Program
26.
Jump up^ Wetzel et al.
(1999). Use of PCR-based molecular markers to identify weedy Amaranthus
species. Weed Science 47: 518-523.
28.
Jump up^ "Herbicide Resistant
Weeds Causing Problems for US Cotton Growers". organicconsumers.org.
29.
Jump up^ Culpepper et al.
(2006). Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri)
confirmed in Georgia. Weed Science 54: 620-626.
30.
Jump up^ Nagy, Gregory
(2013). The Ancient Greek Hero in 24 Hours. Cambridge, MA, USA: Harvard
University Press. p. 14§32.ISBN 978-0674073401. Technically, the
blossoms that form the circles of these garlands come from the name of a flower
known as amaranton or 'amaranth', which literally means 'unwilting'
(from the verb marainesthai, meaning 'wilt'). The blossoms of the
flower amaranth that are plaited into garlands mimic eternity, since
the blossom of the amaranth is observably slow in wilting, unlike the blossoms
of most flowers.
·
Howard, Brian Clark.
"Amaranth: Another Ancient
Wonder Food, But Who Will Eat It?". National Geographic Online, August 12,
2013.
·
Lenz, Botanik der
alt. Greich. und Rom. Botany of old. (1859)
·
J. Murr, Die
Pflanzenwelt in der griech. Mythol. Plants in Greek Mythology. (1890)
·
Fanton M., Fanton J. Amaranth The
Seed Savers' Handbook. (1993)
 |
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|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
See also
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
یا:
گل بیمرگ، گل خشک (نام علمی: Helichrysum) نام
یک سرده از گیاهان از خانواده کاسنیان است که دارای ۶۰۰ گونه دارد.
منابع[ویرایش]
مشارکتکنندگان ویکیپدیا، «Editing
Helichrysum»،
ویکیپدیای انگلیسی، دانشنامه آزاد (بازیابی در ۷ آوریل ۲۰۱۴).
////////////
ذهب الشمس[1] أو الخالدة[2] (باللاتينية: Helichrysum) جنس
نباتي من الفصيلة النجمية. يضم بضعة أنواع من النباتات العشبية موطنها حوض البحر الأبيض
المتوسط. نبتة عشبية معمرة ورقها كثيف بشكل خطي الرؤوس مسننة ، نستخدم الاوراق لاستخراج
الزيت يحتوي على (NEROLE / TANNINS / AND FLAVONOIDS )
. نستخدم الزيت كمضاد التهاب ، مطهر جلدي ، ألم المفاصل و اضطرابات الجهاز التنفسي
.
من أنواعه الواطنة في الوطن العربي[عدل]
ذهب الشمس الأبيض (باللاتينية: Helichrysum
virgineum)
في بلاد الشام
ذهب الشمس الأرمني (باللاتينية: Helichrysum
armenium)
في بلاد الشام وتركيا والقوقاز
ذهب الشمس الأوشري (باللاتينية: Helichrysum
aucheri)
في بلاد الشام وتركيا وبعض مناطق شرق أوروبا
ذهب الشمس البلاسي (باللاتينية: Helichrysum
pallasii)
في بلاد الشام وتركيا وأرمينيا
ذهب الشمس الدموي (باللاتينية: Helichrysum
sanguineum)
في بلاد الشام وتركيا
ذهب الشمس الرملي (باللاتينية: Helichrysum
arenarium)
في بلاد الشام وتركيا والقوقاز ومعظم مناطق أوروبا
ذهب الشمس القزم (باللاتينية: Helichrysum
pygmaeum)
في بلاد الشام
ذهب الشمس المطوي (باللاتينية: Helichrysum
plicatum)
في بلاد الشام وتركيا والقوقاز والبلقان
ذهب الشمس المكور (باللاتينية: Helichrysum
stoechas)
في بلاد الشام ومصر والمغرب العربي وعموم حوض المتوسط
ذهب الشمس المكور نويع بارلييه (باللاتينية: Helichrysum
stoechas subsp. barrelieri)
في بلاد الشام ومصر والمغرب العربي والقسم الشرقي من حوض المتوسط
من أنواعه الأخرى[عدل]
مصادر[عدل]
^ الموسوعة العربية. الفصيلة المركبة. تاريخ الولوج 9 آذار 2013.
^ قاعدة البيانات الأوروبية-المتوسطية للنباتات.الخالدة (بالإنكليزية).
تاريخ الولوج 9 آذار 2013.
أيقونة بوابة
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به آذری:
Ödotu, solmazçiçək, süpürgəgülü, quruçiçək (lat. Helichrysum Mill.) —Çobanyastığı fəsiləsindən bitki növü.
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Helichrysum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Red Everlasting (Helichrysum sanguineum)
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The flat and pubescent
leaves ofHelichrysum orientale
Helichrysum (H.
italicum) essential oil in clear glass vial
The
genus Helichrysum /hɛlᵻˈkraɪsəm/ consists of an estimated 600 species,
in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). The type species
is Helichrysum orientale. The name is derived
from the Greek words ἑλίσσω (helisso, to turn around)
andχρῡσός (chrysos, gold).
It
occurs in Africa (with 244 species in South Africa), Madagascar, Australasia
and Eurasia. The plants may be annuals, herbaceous perennials or shrubs, growing to a height of
60–90 cm (24–35 inches). The genus was a wastebasket taxon, and many of its members
have been reclassified in smaller genera, most notably the Everlastings, now in
the genus Xerochrysum.
Their leaves are oblong to
lanceolate. They are flat and pubescent on both sides. The bristles of the
pappus are scabrous, barbellate, or plumose.
The
receptacle (base of the flower head) is often smooth, with a fringed
margin, or honey-combed, and resemble daisies. They may be in almost all
colors, except blue. There are many capitula and generally
flat-topped corymbs or panicles. Thecorolla lobes show
glandular hairs at the abaxial surface.
Several
species are grown as ornamental plants, and for dried flowers. When cut young and dried, the open
flowers and stalks preserve their colour and shape for long periods.
Helichrysum species are used as
food plants by the larvae of some Lepidopteraspecies including
the bucculaticid leaf-miners Bucculatrix
gnaphaliella (which feeds exclusively on Helichrysum arenarium)
and Bucculatrix helichrysella (feeds exclusively on H.
italicum) and the Coleophora case-bearers C.
caelebipennella,C. gnaphalii (feeds exclusively on H
arenarium) and C. helichrysiella (feeds exclusively
on H. italicum).
Helichrysum italicum (synonym Helichrysum
angustifolium) is steam distilled to produce a yellow-reddish essential oil popular in
fragrance for its unique scent, best described as a mixture of burnt sugar and
ham. Angustifolium means narrow leaved. The name is commonly misspelled as
"augustifolium".[1]
Contents
Hilliard
(1983) divided this large and heterogeneous genus in 30 morphological groups.
But this genus is controversial and is considered by many as an artificial
genus. The taxonomy of the large polymorphic and probably polyphyleticHelichrysum genus is complex
and not yet satisfactorily resolved. Several Australian species, such as H.
acuminatum and H. bracteatum, have been reclassified in
the genus Xerochrysum in 1991, resp.
as X. subundulatum and X. bracteatum. In 1989,
misaligned species of Helichrysum were reclassified inSyncarpha. Species included
in Pseudognaphalium, Anaphalis, Achyrocline andHumeocline are probably
congeneric with Helichrysum.[2] In 2004, A. Miller
identified five potentially new species that have not yet been published but
were included in the IUCN Red List data, given their
restricted range in Yemen. They are as follows:
·
Helichrysum sp. nov. A - Its natural
habitat is rocky areas. It was given a status of "Vulnerable" by the
IUCN.[3]
·
Helichrysum sp. nov. B - Its natural
habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and rocky areas. It was
given a status of "Vulnerable".[4]
·
Helichrysum sp. nov. C - Its natural
habitat is rocky areas. It is threatened by habitat loss. It was given a status
of "Endangered".[5]
·
Helichrysum sp. nov. D - Its natural
habitat is rocky areas. It was given a status of "Endangered".[6]
·
Helichrysum sp. nov. E - Its natural
habitat is rocky areas. It was given a status of "Data deficient".[7]
Established
species include:
Helichrysum moeserianum in Habitat, De Hoop
N.R., South Africa
·
Helichrysum arenarium ssp. arenarium
·
Helichrysum arenarium ssp. ponticum
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Helichrysum italicum ssp. italicum
·
Helichrysum italicum ssp. microphyllum
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Helichrysum italicum ssp. serotinum
·
Helichrysum saxatile ssp. errerae
·
Helichrysum saxatile ssp. saxatile
·
Helichrysum stoechas This is similar to
the Helichrysum arenariumspecies (Immortelle), but
the leaves are all linear, with rolled under Edges. It is found in western
France on dunes near the sea : Shrubby Everlasting
·
Helichrysum stoechas ssp. barrelieri
·
Helichrysum stoechas ssp. stoechas
1.
Jump up^ http://www.floralimages.co.uk/info/botanicallatin.html for more details on
botanical naming.
2.
Jump up^ Galbany-Casals, M.
et al. 2014 Taxon, 63:608-624. Phylogenetic relationships in Helichrysum
(Compositae: Gnaphalieae) and related genera: Incongruence between nuclear and
plastid phylogenies, biogeographic and morphological patterns, and implications
for generic delimitation
3.
Jump up^ Miller, A. 2004. Helichrysum sp. nov. A. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 20
July 2007.
4.
Jump up^ Miller, A.
2004. Helichrysum sp. nov. B. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 20
July 2007.
5.
Jump up^ Miller, A.
2004. Helichrysum sp. nov. C. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 20
July 2007.
6.
Jump up^ Miller, A.
2004. Helichrysum sp. nov. D. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 20
July 2007.
7.
Jump up^ Miller, A.
2004. Helichrysum sp. nov. E. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 20
July 2007.
8.
Jump up^ Bussmann, R. W., et
al. (2006). Plant use of the Maasai
of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya. J Ethnobiol
Ethnomed 2 22.
·
HILLIARD, O. 1983. Flora
of Southern Africa, Part 7 Inuleae, Fascicle 2 Gnaphaliinae. Government
Printer, Pretoria, South Africa.
·
WILSON, P.G. 1992c. The
classification of some Australian species currently included in Helipterum and
Helichrysum (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae): part 3 Anemocarpa and Argentipallium,
two new genera from Australia. Nuytsia 8: 447–460.
·
Mesfin Tadesse &
Reilly, T. 1995. 17. A contribution to studies on Helichrysum (Compositae -
Gnaphalieae) - a revision of the species of north-east tropical Africa. In:
Advances in Compositae Systematics (eds. D.J.H. Hind, C. Jeffrey & G.V.
Pope). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp. 379–450.
·
Dressler, S.; Schmidt, M.
& Zizka, G. (2014). "Helichrysum". African plants – a Photo
Guide.
Frankfurt/Main: Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg.
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