مداخل مخزن الادویه عقیلی خراسانی (ششم) 3

افیقطس (اسم) [مٲخوذ از یونانی] (زیست‌شناسی) ['afiqatos] گیاهی با شاخه‌های باریک، برگ‌های پهن، تخم‌های شبیه تخم شلغم، ریشه کلفت و سفید که در سواحل دریاها و جویبارها و بیشتر در مصر می‌روید. فرهنگ عمید

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افیقطس

بفتح اول و کسر فا و سکون یای مثناه تحتانیه و فتح قاف و ضم طای مهمله و سین مهمله لغت یونانی است بمعنی محلل

ماهیت آن

نباتی است ربیعی کمتر از ذرعی و ساق آن باریک و پر شاخ و کل آن مختلف الشکل و اللون و مائل بسفیدی و برک آن عریض شبیه ببرک سداب با تشریفات خفی و مزغب بزغمهای سفید مانند برک کاسنی کبیر و اندک طولانی و ساق برک آن باریک و تخم آن شبیه بتخم شلغم و بزرکتر از ان و یا تخم ترب و در غلافی مانند آن و سیاه و اغبر و بیخ آن بی ریشه و نرم و با عطریت و از وسط ساق آن سه و یا چهار شعبه شبیه بانکشتان باریک بطول یک اصبع روئیده بطرف بالا و بوی کیاه آن شبیه ببوی ترنج

ص: 287

و منبت آن

سواحل دریا و ممر آبها و جاهایی که آب در ان فرو می رود و می باشد و مزرعهای جو و عدس و نخود و در مصر و سواحل دریای شام بسیار است و در صعید مصر آن را شلجم نامند بهترین آن رسیده سنکین آن است و مغشوش بتخم شلغم می نمایند و فرق به بزرکی آن است

طبیعت آن

دو دوم کرم و خشک و با اندک حدت و کرمی آن زیاده از خشکی آن

افعال و خواص و منافع آن

برک و تخم و

سائر اجزای آن جهت وجع کبد و ورم بارد غلیظۀ آن و تفتیح سدۀ آن و سدۀ طحال و تحلیل اورام و اخلاط غلیظه و ریاح و نفخۀ طحال و احشا و صلابات سائر اعضا و درد پا و دفع جمیع سموم قتاله شربا و ضمادا نافع و باید که سه روز با شراب حلو یعنی شیرین استعمال نمایند و عصارۀ بیخ آن در جمیع امراض مذکوره نافع و قویتر و باید که در فصل بهار عصارۀ آن را بکیرند زیرا که بعد از ان در ان رطوبتی نمی ماند مقدار شربت آن تا دو مثقال و از تخم آن نیم مثقال و روغن آن در آثار مانند آن است و آن را زیت الشلجم نامند.

مخزن الادویه عقیلی خراسانی

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از ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد

خربقی (سرده)

خربقی، Epipactis

طبقه‌بندی علمی

فرمانرو: گیاهان

راسته:   مارچوبه‌سانان

تیره:     ثعلبیان

سرده:   Epipactis

خربقی (نام علمی: Epipactis) نام یک سرده از تیره ثعلبیان است.

منابع[ویرایش]

مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا، «Epipactis»، ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی، دانشنامهٔ آزاد (بازیابی در ۶ مه ۲۰۱۶).

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به عربی:

الأفيبقطس[1] (باللاتينية: Epipactis) جنس نباتي ينتمي إلى الفصيلة السحلبية. يضم هذا الجنس 70 نوعا مقبولا و13 نوعا لم يحسم وضعها بعد.[2] كثير منها واطنة في الوطن العربي.

من أنواعه الواطنة في الوطن العربي[عدل]

الأفيبقطس البرتغالي (باللاتينية: Epipactis lusitanica) في المغرب العربي وأيبيريا

الأفيبقطس الخربقي (باللاتينية: Epipactis helleborine) في بلاد الشام والمغرب العربي وتركيا والقوقاز ومعظم مناطق أوروبا

الأفيبقطس كندسي الأوراق (باللاتينية: Epipactis veratrifolia) في بلاد الشام وسيناء وتركيا والقوقاز

الأفيبقطس المتكثف (باللاتينية: Epipactis condensata) في بلاد الشام وقبرص وتركيا والقوقاز

من أنواعه الأخرى[عدل]

المصادر[عدل]

^ أحمد عيسى بك، 1931. معجم أسماء النبات. وزارة المعارف العمومية. القاهرة. الطبعة الأولى. ص 76.

^ موقع لائحة النباتات. أنواع الأفيبقطس (بالإنكليزية). تاريخ الولوج 14 شباط 2014.

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به آذری:

Epipactis (lat. Epipactis) – səhləbkimilər fəsiləsinə aid bitki cinsi.

Növləri[redaktə | əsas redaktə]

• Epipactis leptochila
• Epipactis distans
• Epipactis gigantea
• Epipactis helleborine
• Epipactis microphylla
• Epipactis muelleri
• Epipactis palustris
• Epipactis phyllanthes
• Epipactis purpurata
• Epipactis youngiana

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Epipactis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Epipactis
Broad-leaved Helleborine (Epipactis helleborine)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Monocots
Order:	Asparagales
Family:	Orchidaceae
Subfamily:	Epidendroideae
Tribe:	Neottieae
Subtribe:	Limodorinae
Genus:	Epipactis Zinn 1757
Species
See text.

Epipactis, or Helleborine, is a genus of terrestrial orchids consisting of approximately 70 species. This genus is abbreviated as Epcts in horticultural trade.

They occur in temperate and subtropical climates of America, Asia, and Europe. These orchids grow in open spaces in forests, in undergrowth, on calcareous soils and are often found in wet dune-slacks near the sea. The only original American species is Giant Helleborine (Epipactis gigantea). One species from Europe, Broad-leaved Helleborine (Epipactis helleborine), is invasive in North America. Most species are protected.

Marsh Helleborine
(Epipactis palustris)

Most of these hardy orchids grow in a wet environment, but there are exceptions. The Marsh helleborine (Epipactis palustris) is the only European orchid able to survive in a flooded habitat. Epipactis gigantea is a species found in the American west, and into southernCanada, in wet areas and even streams. It can grow to a height of 1 m. However,Epipactis helleborine grows in more diverse habitats, from sheltered sandy beaches to open spaces in deciduous or coniferous forests, on roadsides, in meadows, and on moist soils. It is sometimes called the Weed Orchid.

As characteristic of all orchids, Epipactisspp. are dependent on a mycorrhizal symbiosis (see also Orchid mycorrhiza). This allows some species to have reduced leaves and need little chlorophyll. Violet Helleborine (Epipactis viridiflora) can even do without chlorophyll. These forms can be recognized by their purple instead of violet flowers.

Their creeping, fleshy rhizomes grow offshoots, from which then emerge the 20–70 cm long stems during the next spring.

There are four to eight alternate, lanceolate leaves, that grow progressively shorter near the top. The margins are entire, the top is acute. Species with less chlorophyll have blue-purple leaves.

Their bilaterally symmetrical colorful flowers grow from a terminal raceme. The three sepals and the two lateral petals are ovate and acuminate. Their color can vary from greenish-white to violet and purple.

The lip is divided in a bowl-shaped hypochile, with the outer surface greenish-white and threaded with dark veins. The wavy, snow-white epichile is fan-shaped.

The ovary is inferior. It produces a dry capsule with countless minute seeds.

Species[edit]

Giant Helleborine (Epipactis gigantea) - habitat

·         Epipactis africana (Ethiopia to Malawi).

·         Epipactis albensis (C. Europe).

·         Epipactis albensis var. albensis (EC. Europe). Rhizome geophyte

·         Epipactis albensis var. fibri (France). Hemicryptophye or rhizome geophyte

·         Epipactis aspromontana (Italy) - now synonym of Epipactis leptochila subsp.aspromontana (Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch) Kreutz

·         Epipactis atromarginata (Vietnam).

·         Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser : Dark Red Helleborine, Royal Helleborine (Europe to Caucasus).

·         Epipactis atrorubens var. atrorubens

·         Epipactis atrorubens var. atrata A.Waldner & Webernd (2005)(Austria).

·         Epipactis atrorubens subsp. danubialis (Robatsch & Rydlo) Ciocârlan & R.Rösler

·         Epipactis atrorubens subsp. spiridonovii (Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz

·         Epipactis atrorubens subsp. subclausa (Robatsch) Kreutz

·         Epipactis atrorubens var. triploidea (Gelbr. & G.Hamel) Kreutz

·         Epipactis autumnalis D. Doro (Italy)

·         Epipactis baumanniorum Ströhle

·         Epipactis bithynica (Turkey) - now synonym of Epipactis helleborine subsp. bithynica (Robatsch) Kreutz

·         Epipactis bugacensis (Hungary, near Bugacpusztaháza).

·         Epipactis campeadorii (Spain).

·         Epipactis cardina (Spain).

·         Epipactis condensata (Turkey to Lebanon, Cyprus, W. Transcaucasus).

·         Epipactis cretica (Crete).

·         Epipactis danubialis (Romania) - now synonym of Epipactis atrorubens subsp. danubialis (Robatsch & Rydlo) Ciocârlan & R.Rösler

·         Epipactis degenii (Greece) - now synonym of Epipactis halacsyi subsp. degenii (Szentp. & Mónus) Kreutz

·         Epipactis distans Arvet-Touvet (Central Europe)

·         Epipactis dunensis (Great Britain: N. England to N. Wales).

·         Epipactis duriensis Bernardos, D.Tyteca (Portugal) - now synonym of Epipactis tremolsii var. duriensis (Bernardos, D.Tyteca, Revuelta & Amich) P.Delforge

·         Epipactis exilis P.Delforge - now a synonym of Epipactis persica subsp. exilis (P.Delforge) Kreutz

·         Epipactis flaminia (EC. Europe) - synonym of Epipactis greuteri var. flaminia (P.R.Savelli & Aless.) Kreutz

·         Epipactis flava (Laos, Thailand).

·         Epipactis futakii (EC. Europe) - now synonym of Epipactis leptochila var. futakii (Mered'a & Potek) P.Delforge

Giant helleborine (Epipactis gigantea)

·         Epipactis gigantea : Stream Orchid, Chatterbox, Giant Helleborine (W. Canada to N. Mexico).

·         Epipactis greuteri H.Baumann & Künkele (Greece).

·         Epipactis greuteri var. flaminia (P.R.Savelli & Aless.) Kreutz

·         Epipactis greuteri var. preinensis (Seiser) P.Delforge

·         Epipactis greuteri subsp. preinensis (Austria)

·         Epipactis guegelii (Romania).

·         Epipactis halacsyi Robatsch (Greece) - now basionym of Epipactis viridiflora subsp. halacsyi

·         Epipactis halacsyi subsp. degenii (Szentp. & Mónus) Kreutz

·         Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz : Broad-leaved Helleborine (N. Africa, Europe to C. China, Type species).

·         Epipactis helleborine subsp. bithynica (Robatsch) Kreutz

·         Epipactis helleborine subsp. helleborine (N. Africa, Europe to C. China).

·         Epipactis helleborine subsp. latina (Italy to NW. Balkan Pen).

·         Epipactis helleborine subsp. leutei (Robatsch) Kreutz

·         Epipactis helleborine var. minor R.Engel (France)

·         Epipactis helleborine subsp. molochina (P.Delforge) Kreutz

·         Epipactis helleborine subsp. neerlandica (W. Europe).

·         Epipactis helleborine subsp. orbicularis (C. Europe) synonym ofEpipactis distans Arvet-Touvet

·         Epipactis helleborine subsp. schubertiorum (Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch) Kreutz

·         Epipactis helleborine subsp. transcaucasica (Caucasus). Hemicryptophye or rhizome geophyte

·         Epipactis helleborine subsp. tremolsii (W. Medit.) Hemicryptophye or rhizome geophyte

·         Epipactis helleborine var. youngiana (A.J.Richards & A.F.Porter) Kreutz

·         Epipactis ioessa Bongiorni, De Vivo, Fori & Romolini (Italy)

·         Epipactis kleinii (S. France to E. Spain)

·         Epipactis komoricensis (EC. Europe) - now synonym of Epipactis leptochila subsp. komoricensis (Mered'a) Kreutz

·         Epipactis lapidocampi E.Klein & Laminger (Austria)

·         Epipactis latifolia All. nom. illeg. (synonym of Epipactis helleborine)

·         Epipactis latifolia lus. rosea Erdner - now synonym of Epipactis viridiflora var. rosea (Erdner) Kreutz

·         Epipactis leptochila (Godfery) Godfery : Narrow-lipped Helleborine (Europe).

·         Epipactis leptochila subsp. aspromontana (Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch) Kreutz

·         Epipactis leptochila var. cleistogama (C.Thomas) Kreutz

·         Epipactis leptochila var. dinarica (S.Hertel & Riech.) P.Delforge

·         Epipactis leptochila var. futakii (Mered'a & Potek) P.Delforge

·         Epipactis leptochila subsp. komoricensis (Mered'a) Kreutz

·         Epipactis leptochila subsp. leptochila (Europe).

·         Epipactis leptochila subsp. maestrazgona (P.Delforge & Gévaudan) Kreutz

·         Epipactis leptochila subsp. naousaensis (Robatsch) Kreutz

·         Epipactis leptochila subsp. neglecta (WC. Europe). Hemicryptophyte or rhizome geophyte

·         Epipactis leptochila var. peitzii (H.Neumann & Wucherpf.) P.Delforge

·         Epipactis leptochila subsp. sancta (P.Delforge) Kreutz

·         Epipactis leutei (Austria) - now synonym of Epipactis helleborine subsp. leutei (Robatsch) Kreutz

·         Epipactis liestalensis (C. Europe).

·         Epipactis lusitanica (S. and N. Portugal)- now synonym of Epipactis tremolsii subsp. lusitanica (D.Tyteca) Kreutz

·         Epipactis maestrazgona P.Delforge & Gévaudan (Spain)

·         Epipactis magnibracteata (NC. China).

·         Epipactis mairei (Nepal to C. China)

·         Epipactis mecsekensis (Hungary) - now a synonym of Epipactis nordeniorum subsp. mecsekensis (A.Molnár & Robatsch) Kreutz

·         Epipactis meridionalis H.Baumann & R.Lorenz (Sicilia to S. Italy).

·         Epipactis microphylla (Europe to Iran).

·         Epipactis molochina P.Delforge (Spain)

·         Epipactis moravica Batousek (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary) - now a synonym of Epipactis nordeniorum subsp.moravica (Batousek) Kreutz

·         Epipactis muelleri (W. & C. Europe).

·         Epipactis muelleri subsp. cerritae (Sicilia).. Hemicryptophye or rhizome geophyte

·         Epipactis muelleri subsp. muelleri (W. & C. Europe) Rhizome geophyte

·         Epipactis nauosaensis (Greece) - now a synonym of Epipactis leptochila subsp. naousaensis (Robatsch) Kreutz

·         Epipactis nordeniorum Robatsch (Austria)

·         Epipactis nordeniorum subsp. mecsekensis (A.Molnár & Robatsch) Kreutz

·         Epipactis nordeniorum subsp. moravica (Batousek) Kreutz

·         Epipactis ohwii (C. Taiwan).

·         Epipactis olympica (Greece).

·         Epipactis palustris : Marsh Helleborine, Marsh Orchid (Europe to Caucasus and Mongolia)

·         Epipactis papillosa (Russian Far East to Korea, Japan)

·         Epipactis persica (Soó) Nannf. (SE. Europe to W. Pakistan)

·         Epipactis persica subsp. exilis (P.Delforge) Kreutz

·         Epipactis phyllanthes G.E.Sm.  : Green-flowered Helleborine (W. & NW. Europe).

·         Epipactis phyllanthes subsp. fageticola (C.E.Hermos.) Kreutz

·         Epipactis phyllanthes var. olarionensis (France). Hemicryptophye or rhizome geophyte

·         Epipactis phyllanthes var. phyllanthes (W. & NW. Europe)

·         Epipactis placentina (Switzerland to Italy).

·         Epipactis pollinensis (Italy) - now synonym of Epipactis viridiflora var. pollinensis (B.Baumann & H.Baumann) Kreutz

·         Epipactis pontica (EC. Europe to N. Turkey).

·         Epipactis provincialis (France) .

·         Epipactis pseudopurpurata (Slovakia) - Epipactis viridiflora subsp. pseudopurpurata (Mered'a) Kreutz

·         Epipactis rechingeri (N. Iran.

·         Epipactis rhodanensis (France to Austria).

·         Epipactis robatschiana Bartolo, D'Emerico, Pulv., Terrasi & Stuto (Italy)

·         Epipactis royleana (E. Afghanistan to Himalaya).

·         Epipactis sancta: Lindisfarne helleborine

·         Epipactis schubertiorum (Italy) - now synonym of Epipactis helleborine subsp. schubertiorum (Bartolo, Pulv. & Robatsch) Kreutz

·         Epipactis spiridonovii (Bulgaria) - now synonym of Epipactis atrorubens subsp. spiridonovii (Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz

·         Epipactis stellifera (Switzerland).

·         Epipactis subclausa (Greece) - now synonym of Epipactis atrorubens subsp. subclausa (Robatsch) Kreutz

·         Epipactis tallosii (Slovakia, Hungary).

·         Epipactis tenii (China).

·         Epipactis thessala (N. & C. Greece).

·         Epipactis thunbergii (S. Russian Far East to Korea, Japan to Nansei-shoto).

·         Epipactis tremolsii Pau

·         Epipactis tremolsii subsp. densifolia (W.Hahn, Passin & R.Wegener) Kreutz

·         Epipactis tremolsii var. duriensis (Bernardos, D.Tyteca, Revuelta & Amich) P.Delforge

·         Epipactis tremolsii subsp. heraclea (P.Delforge & Kreutz) Kreutz

·         Epipactis tremolsii subsp. lusitanica (D.Tyteca) Kreutz

·         Epipactis tremolsii subsp. turcica (Kreutz) Kreutz

·         Epipactis troodi (Cyprus, Turkey ).

·         Epipactis turcica (E. Aegean Is. to Turkey) - now synonym of Epipactis tremolsii subsp. turcica (Kreutz) Kreutz

·         Epipactis turcomanica (C. Asia).

·         Epipactis ulugurica (Tanzania) .

·         Epipactis veratrifolia : Scarce Marsh Helleborine (Caucasus to Somalia and SC. China).

·         Epipactis viridiflora (Hoffm.) Krock: Clustered Helleborine, Violet Helleborine (Europe).

·         Epipactis viridiflora subsp. halacsyi (Robatsch) B.Baumann & H.Baumann (2005) (Greece)

·         Epipactis viridiflora subsp. pollinensis (B.Baumann & H.Baumann) B.Baumann & H.Baumann (2005) (Italy)

·         Epipactis viridiflora subsp. pseudopurpurata (Mered'a) Kreutz

·         Epipactis viridiflora var. rosea (Erdner) Kreutz

·         Epipactis xanthophaea (China).

·         Epipactis youngiana : Young's Helleborine (Great Britain) - now synonym of Epipactis helleborine var. youngiana(A.J.Richards & A.F.Porter) Kreutz

Hybrids[edit]

·         Epipactis × amigoi (E. helleborine × E. kleinii) (Europe).

·         Epipactis × barlae (E. helleborine × E. microphylla) (C. Europe).

·         Epipactis × barreana (E. latina × E. muelleri) (Italy).

·         Epipactis × breinerorum (E. helleborine subsp. helleborine × E. greuteri) (EC. Europe).

·         Epipactis × bruxellensis (E. helleborine × E. phyllanthes) (W. Europe).

·         Epipactis × capellonensis (E. atrorubens × E. latina) (Italy).

·         Epipactis × cardonneae (E. atrorubens × E. kleinii) (W. Europe).

·         Epipactis × conquensis (E. cardina × E. kleinii) (Spain).

·         Epipactis × gerbaudiorum (E. provincialis × E. tremolsii) (France)

·         Epipactis × gevaudanii (E. helleborine × E. rhodanensis) (France).

·         Epipactis × graberi (E. atrorubens × E. microphylla) (Europe).

·         Epipactis × heterogama (E. atrorubens × E. muelleri) (Europe).

·         Epipactis x nicolosii M.P.Grasso & Grillo (. (E. helleborine (L.) Crantz x E. meridionalis H.Baumann & R.Lorenz) (Sicilia)

·         Epipactis × populetorum ( E. helleborine × E. hispanica) (Spain).

·         Epipactis × pupplingensis ( E. atrorubens × E. palustris) (Europe).

·         Epipactis × reinekei (E. helleborine × E. muelleri) (Europe).

·         Epipactis x robatschii Gévaudan & P.Delforge (E. bugacensis Robatsch x E. atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser subvar.borbasii )

·         Epipactis × schmalhausenii (E. atrorubens × E. helleborine) (Europe).

·         Epipactis × schmalhausenii nothosubsp. fleischmannii (E. atrorubens × E. helleborine subsp. orbicularis) (Europe). Hemicryptophye or rhizome geophyte

·         Epipactis × schmalhausenii nothosubsp. schmalhausenii (Europe). Rhizome geophyte

·         Epipactis × schulzei (Europe).

·         Epipactis × soguksuensis(E. helleborine × E. turcica) (Turkey).

·         Epipactis × stephensonii (E. helleborine × E. leptochila) (Europe).

·         Epipactis × trikalana (E. helleborine × E. thessala) (Greece).

·         Epipactis × vermionensis (E. gracilis × E. helleborine) (Greece).

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 Epipactis palustris (marsh helleborine^[1]) is an orchid native to Europe, Turkey, north Iraq, the Caucasus, north Iran, West and East Siberia and Central Asia.^[2][3]This species occurs in the Sarmatic mixed forests ecoregion.^[4]

Description[edit]

This species has a stem growing to 60 cm high with erect leaves up to 12 cm long. The flowers are 17 mm across arranged in a one-sided raceme. In the typical form, the sepals are coloured deep pink or purplish-red, the upper petals shorter and paler. The labellum at least as long as the sepals, white with red or yellow spots in the middle.^[5] Variants without most of the reddish colours of the typical form have been called E. palustris var. ochroleuca.^[6]

Variation in flower colour

References[edit]

1.     Jump up^ "BSBI List 2007". Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-02-25. Retrieved2014-10-17.

2.     Jump up^ "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families".

3.     Jump up^ "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families TDWG Geocodes" (PDF).

4.     Jump up^ C.Michael Hogan. 2011. "Sarmatic mixed forests". Topic ed. Sidney Draggan. Ed.-in-chief Cutler J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment

5.     Jump up^ Webb, D.A., Parnell, J. and Doogue, D. 1996. An Irish Flora Dundalgan Press Ltd, Dundalk. ISBN 0-85221-131-7

6.     Jump up^ Davies, Paul; Davies, Paul; Huxley, Anthony (1983). Wild Orchids of Britain and Europe. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 55.ISBN 978-0-7011-2642-1.

External links[edit]

·          Media related to Epipactis palustris at Wikimedia Commons

·          Data related to Epipactis palustris at Wikispecies

·         Epipactis palustris at the Encyclopedia of Life

·         Den virtuella floran - Distribution

This Epidendroideae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Categories: 

·         Epidendroideae species

·         Epipactis

·         Orchids of Europe

·         Orchids of Russia

·         Flora of Siberia

·         Epidendroideae stubs

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PREFERRED TERM	Epipactis
BROADER CONCEPT	Orchidaceae
ALTERNATIVE LABEL	helleborine
HAS TAXONOMIC RANK	genus
IN OTHER LANGUAGES	火烧兰属 Chinese Epipactis Czech Helleborine Epipactis French Epipactis German Stendelwurzen एपीपैक्टीस Hindi Epipactis Hungarian Epipactis Italian カキラン属 Japanese Epipactis Lao اپیپاکتیس Persian جنس خربقی جنس خربقان Epipactis Polish Epipactis Portuguese Epipactis Russian Epipactis Spanish Epipactis Thai Epipactis Turkish
URI	http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_37123
Download this concept:	RDF/XML TURTLE JSON-LDCreated 11/20/11, last modified 8/29/13
CLOSELY MATCHING CONCEPT	http://dbpedia.org/resource/Epipactis dbpedia.org
EXACT MATCH	http://lod.nal.usda.gov/nalt/37599

&&&&&&&&

افیمیدون (اسم) [مٲخوذ از یونانی] (زیست‌شناسی) ['afimidun] گیاهی بدون گل و میوه با ساقۀ بلند بی‌شاخه، ریشه‌های باریکِ سیاه با بوی تند که برگ و ریشۀ آن در طب قدیم به کار می‌رفته؛ فافبوس.  فرهنگ لغت عمید

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اثيمديون (افيميدون):

خاصيت درمانى: بشدت سردى می دهد و رطوبت آبى زياد با خود دارد. اندامان سينه: برجستگى پستان را حفظ

می كند. اندامان دفعى: گويند هركس بخورد عقيم می شود.

در اينجا فصل الف پايان مي یابد كه عدد داروهاى اين فصل مجموعا هفتاد و هفت است.

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افیمیدون

بفتح همزه و کسر فا و سکون یای مثناه تحتانیه و کسر میم و سکون یای مثناه تحتانیه و ضم دال و سکون واو و نون لغت یونانی است و آن را فافیوس* نامند

ماهیت آن

نباتی است ما بین شجر و کیاه و منحصر در یک شاخ و برک آن زیاده از دوازده عدد نمی باشد و کل و ثمری ندارد و ریشهای آن باریک و سیاه و تندبو و بی طعم

ص: 288

طبیعت آن

سرد و تر

افعال و خواص آن

ضماد آن مانع بزرک شدن پستان است خصوص با روغن زیتون نارس و آشامیدن آن مانع توالد زن و مرد مقدار شربت از برک و بیخ آن جهت قطع توالد سه مثقال است که با شراب بنوشند.

مخزن الادویه عقیلی خراسانی

* فافیوس . (معرب ، اِ) به یونانی کمون بری است ، و شاه ترج (شاه تره ) برّی را نیز نامند. (فهرست مخزن الادویه ).

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Epimedium

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Epimedium
Epimedium × versicolor
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Ranunculales
Family:	Berberidaceae
Genus:	Epimedium L.[1]
Synonyms[2]
·         Aceranthus C.Morren & Decaisne ·         Vindicta Raf.

Epimedium, also known as barrenwort, bishop's hat, fairy wings, horny goat weed, or yin yang huo (Chinese: 淫羊藿), is a genus of flowering plantsin the family Berberidaceae. The majority of the species are endemic to China, with smaller numbers elsewhere in Asia, and a few in the Mediterraneanregion.^[2]

Epimedium species are deciduous or evergreen hardy perennials. The majority have four-parted "spider-like" flowers in spring.

The plant^[which?] contains icariin, which is a weak PDE5 inhibitor in vitro. Its clinical effects are unknown.

Contents

  [show] 

Description[edit]

Epimedium alpinum flower; note the spurs almost as long as the sepals

Labelled flowers ofE. × perralchicum 'Fröhnleiten'

Species of Epimedium are herbaceous perennials, growing from an underground rhizome. Their growth habits are somewhat variable. Some have solitary stems, others have a "tufted" habit, with multiple stems growing close together. There may be several leaves to a stem or the leaves may be solitary, produced from the base of the plant. Individual leaves are generally compound, often with three leaflets, but also with more. Leaflets usually have spiny margins. The leaves may be annual, making the plant deciduous, or longer lasting, so that the plant is evergreen. The inflorescence is an open raceme orpanicle, the number of flowers varying by species.^[3]

Individual flowers have parts in fours. There are four smaller outer sepals, usually greenish and shed when the flower opens. Moving inwards, these are followed by four larger petal-like inner sepals, often brightly coloured. Inside the sepals are four true petals. These may be small and flat, but often have a complex shape including a nectar-producing "spur" that may be longer than the sepals. There are four stamens.^[3]

One of the common names for the genus, bishop's hat, arises from the shape of the flowers, particularly where the spurs are longer than the sepals.^{[citation needed]}

Systematics[edit]

The genus was given its name by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, along with the European species E. alpinum.^[1][4] The name is derived from a Greek word for a different plant, epimedion. The meaning of the original name is unclear.^[5]

accepted species

1.   Epimedium acuminatum

2.   Epimedium alpinum

3.   Epimedium baiealiguizhouense

4.   Epimedium baojingensis

5.   Epimedium borealiguizhouense

6.   Epimedium brachyrrhizum

7.   Epimedium brevicornum

8.   Epimedium campanulatum

9.   Epimedium chlorandrum

10. Epimedium circinatocucullatum

11. Epimedium coactum

12. Epimedium davidii

13. Epimedium dewuense

14. Epimedium diphyllum

15. Epimedium dolichostemon

16. Epimedium ecalcaratum

17. Epimedium elatum

18. Epimedium elongatum

19. Epimedium enshiense

20. Epimedium epsteinii

21. Epimedium fangii

22. Epimedium fargesii

23. Epimedium flavum

24. Epimedium franchetii

25. Epimedium glandulosopilosum

26. Epimedium grandiflorum

27. Epimedium hunanense

28. Epimedium ilicifolium

29. Epimedium jingzhouense

30. Epimedium koreanum

31. Epimedium latisepalum

32. Epimedium leptorrhizum

33. Epimedium lishihchenii

34. Epimedium lobophyllum

35. Epimedium macrosepalum

36. Epimedium membranaceum

37. Epimedium mikinorii

38. Epimedium multiflorum

39. Epimedium myrianthum

40. Epimedium ogisui

41. Epimedium parvifolium

42. Epimedium pauciflorum

43. Epimedium perralderianum

44. Epimedium pinnatum

45. Epimedium platypetalum

46. Epimedium pinnatum

47. Epimedium pseudowushanense

48. Epimedium pubescens

49. Epimedium pubigerum

50. Epimedium pudingense

51. Epimedium qingchengshanense

52. Epimedium reticulatum

53. Epimedium rhizomatosum

54. Epimedium sagittatum

55. Epimedium sempervirens

56. Epimedium setosum

57. Epimedium shennongjiaensis

58. Epimedium shuichengense

59. Epimedium stellulatum

60. Epimedium sutchuenense

61. Epimedium trifoliolatobinatum

62. Epimedium truncatum

63. Epimedium wushanense

64. Epimedium zhushanense

Hybrids[edit]

Epimedium × versicolor

Some artificial hybrids are cultivated in gardens. These include:^[6]

·         E. × cantabrigiense Stearn, hybrid between E. alpinum and E. pubigerum

·         E. × perralchicum Stearn, hybrid between E. perralderianum and E. pinnatumsubsp. colchicum

·         E. × rubrum Morr., hybrid between E. alpinum and E. grandiflorum

·         E. × versicolor Morr., hybrid between E. grandiflorum and E. pinnatum subsp.colchicum

·         E. × warleyense Stearn, hybrid between E. alpinum and E. pinnatum subsp.colchicum

·         E. × youngianum Fisch & C.A.Mey, hybrid between E. diphyllum and E. grandiflorum

Cultivation[edit]

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Some varieties and hybrids have been in western cultivation for the last 100 to 150 years. There is now a wide array of new Chinese species being cultivated in the west, many of which have only recently been discovered, and some of which have yet to be named. There are also many older Japanese hybrids and forms, extending the boundaries of the genus in cultivation. Few genera of plants have seen such a dramatic increase in newly discovered species, primarily thanks to the work of Mikinori Ogisu of Japan and Darrell Probst of Massachusetts. The majority of the Chinese species have not been fully tested for hardiness nor indeed for any other aspect of their culture. The initial assumption that the plants would only thrive where their native conditions could be closely replicated have proven to be overly cautious, as most varieties are proving extraordinarily amenable to general garden and container cultivation.

Propagation[edit]

While they can be successfully propagated in early spring, epimediums are best divided in late summer, with the aim of promoting rapid re-growth of roots and shoots before the onset of winter. Several breeders (in particular Darrell Probst, Tim Branney & Robin White) have also undertaken their own hybridization programmes with the genus. Various newnursery selections are gradually appearing in the horticulture trade, the best of which are extending the colour and shape range of the flowers available to the gardener.

Garden uses[edit]

Hugely popular as garden plants for centuries in Japan, epimediums are only just beginning to garner attention in the West. While they vary somewhat in their respective hardiness, all are essentially dwellers of the forest floor, and, as such, all require fundamentally similar conditions of moist, free-draining, humus-rich soil and cool shade, with some shelter for the newly emerging leaves. Some of the more robust varieties are often recommended as plants for dry shade, and whilst their tough foliage and stout rhizomes can allow them to grow successfully in such conditions, (and in more open, exposed positions too, in some instances) they will certainly not give their best. Furthermore, dryness and exposure will pretty much guarantee the early death of many of the newer and more delicate species.

Given suitable conditions most epimediums will form beautiful groundcover plants, often with magnificent new leaves tinted in bronze, copper and reds combining with a huge variety of flower colours and forms in spring. Handsome and dense-growing foliage remains present for much of the year, with the leaves often turning purple, crimson and scarlet in autumn in some forms, and remaining evergreen in others. With all varieties, however, the foliage is best cut off at ground level shortly before new leaves emerge, so as to fully reveal their beauty of form and colour. Ideally, a mulch should then be applied to protect the new growth from frosts.

Experimental[edit]

This section needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2012)

Erectile dysfunction[edit]

It is sold as a health supplement, usually in raw herb, tablet, or capsule form and sometimes blended with other supplements. The over-exploitation of wild populations of Epimedium for use in traditional Chinese medicine is having potentially serious consequences for the long-term survival of several species, none of which is widely cultivated for medicinal purposes.^{[citation needed]}

Herbal epimedium contains icariin, which has demonstrated in vitro PDE5 inhibitory properties.^[7]

Icariin is purported to work by increasing levels of nitric oxide, which relax smooth muscle. It has been demonstrated to relax rabbit penile tissue by nitric oxide and PDE-5 activity.^[8] Other research has demonstrated that injections of Epimedium extract directly into the penis of the rat results in an increase in penile blood pressure.^[9]

Like sildenafil (the erectile dysfunction drug commonly sold as Viagra), icariin, the active compound in epimedium, inhibits the activity of PDE-5. In vitro assays have demonstrated that icariin weakly inhibits PDE-5 with an IC₅₀ of around 1 μM,^[10][11] while sildenafil has an IC₅₀ of about 6.6 nM (.0066 μM) and vardenafil (Levitra) has an IC₅₀ of about 0.7 nM (.0007 μM).^[12] Measured differently, the EC₅₀ of icariin is approximately 4.62 μM, while sildenafil's is .42 μM.^[13] With the weak potency of epimedium, and its unknown oral bioavailability, whether orally administered epidemium extract has any effect is unclear from the literature.

A published Italian study modified icariin structurally and investigated a number of derivatives.^[14] Inhibitory concentrations for PDE-5 close to sildenafil could be reached. Moreover, the most potent PDE-5 inhibitor of this series was also found to be a less potent inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-6 (PDE-6) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate-phosphodiesterase (cAMP-PDE), thus showing it to have more specificity for PDE-5 than sildenafil.

Epimedium has been shown to up-regulate genes associated with nitric oxide production and changes in adenosine/guanine monophosphate balance in ways that other PDE5 inhibitors do not.

Epimedium was used in a patent infringement case to rescind parts of the U.S. Viagra patent based on historic use in Chinese medicine. The specific claim was that Viagra was the first medical example of a PDE5 inhibitor which treated erectile dysfunction and therefore claimed patent protection from all similar PDE5 inhibitors. Patent examiners used epimedium as an example of prior use and rescinded those portions of the patent, however, the Viagra patent still protects the manufacturing process or chemical formula for sildenafil.^[15]

Osteoporosis[edit]

Animal, human, and in vitro studies indicate that icariin also stimulates osteoblast activity in bone tissue.^{[16][17][18][19][20][21]}

Chemistry[edit]

Epimedium wushanense contains a number of flavanoids. 37 compounds were characterized from the underground and aerial parts of the plant. Among them, 28 compounds were prenylflavonoids. The predominant flavonoid, epimedin C,^[22]ranged from 1.4 to 5.1% in aerial parts and 1.0 to 2.8% in underground parts.^[23]

Literature[edit]

·         Stearn, W. T. The Genus Epimedium, revised edition 2002. ISBN 0-88192-543-8

·         Avent, T. An Overview of Epimedium. The Plantsman. March, 2010.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Epimedium.

References[edit]

1.     ^ Jump up to:^a b "IPNI Plant Name Query Results for Epimedium". The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2013-05-11.

2.     ^ Jump up to:^a b Epimedium. Flora of China.

3.     ^ Jump up to:^a b Ying, Junsheng; Boufford, David E. & Brach, Anthony R. (1994 onwards). "Epimedium". In Wu, Zhengyi; Raven, Peter H. & Hong, Deyuan. Flora of China (online). eFloras.org. Retrieved 2013-05-11. Check date values in: |date= (help)

4.     Jump up^ Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 117 in Latin

5.     Jump up^ Johnson, A.T. & Smith, H.A. (1972). Plant Names Simplified : Their Pronunciation Derivation & Meaning. Buckenhill, Herefordshire: Landsmans Bookshop. ISBN 978-0-900513-04-6.

6.     Jump up^ Beckett, K., ed. (1993). "Epimedium". Encyclopaedia of Alpines : Volume 1 (A–K). Pershore, UK: AGS Publications. ISBN 978-0-900048-61-6. pp. 437–441.

7.     Jump up^ PubChem Entry for Icariin.

8.     Jump up^ Chiu, JH; Chen, KK; Chien, TM; et al. (2006). "Epimedium brevicornum Maxim extract relaxes rabbit corpus cavernosum through multitargets on nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling pathway". Int J Impot Res. 18 (4): 335–42.doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3901437. PMID 16395327.

9.     Jump up^ Chen, KK; Chiu, JH (2006). "Effect of Epimedium brevicornum Maxim extract on elicitation of penile erection in the rat.". Urology67 (3): 631–5. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2005.09.051. PMID 16527595.

10.  Jump up^ Ning, H; Xin, ZC; Lin, G; et al. (2006). "Effects of icariin on phosphodiesterase-5 activity in vitro and cyclic guanosine monophosphate level in cavernous smooth muscle cells.". Urology 68 (6): 1350–4. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2006.09.031.PMID 17169663.

11.  Jump up^ Xin, ZC; Kim, EK; Lin, CS; et al. (2003). "Effects of icariin on cGMP-specific PDE5 and cAMP-specific PDE4 activities.". Asian J Androl 5 (1): 15–8. PMID 12646997.

12.  Jump up^ Saenz; de Tejada, I; Angulo, J; Cuevas, P; et al. (2001). "The phosphodiesterase inhibitory selectivity and the in vitro and in vivo potency of the new PDE5 inhibitor vardenafil.". Int J Impot Res. 13 (5): 282–90. doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3900726.PMID 11890515.

13.  Jump up^ Jiang, Z; Hu, B; Wang, J; et al. (2006). "Effect of icariin on cyclic GMP levels and on the mRNA expression of cGMP-binding cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE5) in penile cavernosum.". J Huazhong Univ Sci Technology Med Sci. 26 (4): 460–2.doi:10.1007/s11596-006-0421-y. PMID 17120748.

14.  Jump up^ Dell'Agli, M; Galli, GV; Dal Cero, E; et al. (2008). "Potent Inhibition of Human Phosphodiesterase-5 by Icariin Derivatives". J Nat Prod. 71 (9): 1513–7. doi:10.1021/np800049y. PMID 18778098.

15.  Jump up^ Board of Patent Appeals Affirms Rejection of Pfizer’s Broad Patent over ED Treatment

16.  Jump up^ Yin XX, Chen ZQ, Liu ZJ, Ma QJ, Dang GT (February 2007). "Icariine stimulates proliferation and differentiation of human osteoblasts by increasing production of bone morphogenetic protein 2". Chin. Med. J. 120 (3): 204–10. PMID 17355822.

17.  Jump up^ Zhang G, Qin L, Shi Y (July 2007). "Epimedium-derived phytoestrogen flavonoids exert beneficial effect on preventing bone loss in late postmenopausal women: a 24-month randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial". J. Bone Miner. Res. 22(7): 1072–9. doi:10.1359/jbmr.070405. PMID 17419678.

18.  Jump up^ Chen KM, Ge BF, Liu XY, et al. (May 2007). "Icariin inhibits the osteoclast formation induced by RANKL and macrophage-colony stimulating factor in mouse bone marrow culture". Pharmazie 62 (5): 388–91. PMID 17557750.

19.  Jump up^ Huang J, Yuan L, Wang X, Zhang TL, Wang K (August 2007). "Icaritin and its glycosides enhance osteoblastic, but suppress osteoclastic, differentiation and activity in vitro". Life Sci. 81 (10): 832–40. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2007.07.015. PMID 17764702.

20.  Jump up^ Zhang DW, Cheng Y, Wang NL, Zhang JC, Yang MS, Yao XS (January 2008). "Effects of total flavonoids and flavonol glycosides from Epimedium koreanum Nakai on the proliferation and differentiation of primary osteoblasts". Phytomedicine 15 (1-2): 55–61. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2007.04.002. PMID 17482445.

21.  Jump up^ Qin L, Han T, Zhang Q, et al. (July 2008). "Antiosteoporotic chemical constituents from Er-Xian Decoction, a traditional Chinese herbal formula". J Ethnopharmacol 118 (2): 271–9. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.04.009. PMID 18501540.

22.  Jump up^ epimedin C

23.  Jump up^ Li HF, Guan XY, Ye M, Xiang C, Lin CH, Sun C, Guo DA.,"Qualitative and quantitative analyses of Epimedium wushanense by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry." J Sep Sci. 2011 May 10;

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