اسروزع/اسروع، یسروع، کرم پیله ساز، سندی، کاترپیلار، آمی تیگ، غنج، کرم حشره، کرم صدپا، کرم صد پای

اسروزع [اسروع!]*

اسروزع

بفتح همزه و سکون سین و ضم راء مهملتین و سکون واو و فتح زای معجمه و سکون عین مهمله

ماهیت آن

کرمی است که در سبزه زارها و ریکزارها بهم می رسد

افعال و خواص و منافع آن

ضماد آن عصب مقطوع را در ساعت التیام دهد

مخزن الادویه عقیلی خراسانی

* اسروع . [ اُ ] (ع اِ) کرمکی است سپید و سرخ سر که در ریگ و وادی ظبی یافت میشود و انگشتان زنان را در لطافت و نازکی بدان تشبیه کنند. کرمی سرخ که میان سبزیها و تره هاست و بعضی گفته اند در میان ریگ باشد و در طب بکار می برده اند. کرم که در ریگ بود. (مهذب الاسماء). کرم تره . اسروع کرمی است که در سبزه زار و ریگزار میباشد، ضماد او عصب مقطوع را در ساعت التیام دهد. (تحفه ٔ حکیم مؤمن ). ج ، اَساریع. || نقش و خطی که بر کمان می باشد. خطها که در کمان پیدا آید. (مؤید الفضلاء). || طاق رز. (مهذب الاسماء). تاک رز. || شاخ رز و گیاهی که از بیخ درخت و تن درخت روید.شاخی که از بن درخت روید. (مؤید الفضلاء). پاجوش . || پی باطن پای و دست آهو. (منتهی الارب ).

نیز:

یسروع . [ ی ُ ] (ع اِ) اسروع . (یادداشت مؤلف ) (منتهی الارب ). کِرمی که در میان تره بود. ج ، یساریع. (مهذب الاسماء). کرمی است در ریگ که تن سپید و سر سرخ دارد و انگشت خضاب کرده ٔ سرانگشت را عرب بدان تشبیه کند. (یادداشت مؤلف ). و رجوع به اسروع شود.

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کرم پیله‌ساز ، غنج، کرم حشره، کرم صدپا یا کرم صد پای پیله ساز عنوان عمومی است که به لارو راسته پروانه‌سانان (شامل شاپرک و پروانه) اطلاق می‌شود.

شفیره کرم ابریشم که پسماند فرایند ریسندگی می‌باشد یک خوراک پروتئینی غیر متداول برای حیوانات است که به نظر می‌رسد دارای ارزش غذایی نسبتاً بالایی است.

در لغت، محفظه ابریشمین کرم ابریشم پیله نامیده می‌شود. پیله ماده‌ای است که کرم ابریشم از لعاب دهان، دور خود می‌تند و در ساخت ابریشم بکار می‌آید. به آن در قدیم، بادامه، نوغان و کناغ نیز می‌گفتند.[۱]

جستارهای وابسته[ویرایش]

آفت‌ها و بیماری‌های گل رز

لارو

منابع[ویرایش]

پرش به بالا ↑ دهخدا: پیله.

مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا، «Caterpillar»، ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی، دانشنامهٔ آزاد (بازیابی در ۲۴ نوامبر ۲۰۱۴).

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به عربی یسروع:

اليُسْروع هي يرقة تمثل المرحلة الثانية من مراحل حياة الفراشة. فعندما تفقس الفراشة بيضها تظهر دودة صغيرة وتبدأ في الدّبيب والأكل. وينمو اليسروع إلا أن جلده ـ خلافاً لمعظم الحيوانات ـ لا ينمو معه، وسرعان ما يصبح ضاغطاً بشدة، ثم يبدأ اليسروع في الاستعداد للتّخلُّص منه. يظهر شق في الجزء الأعلى بالقرب من نهاية الرأس ثم يَنْسَلّ اليسروع من جلده. ويظهر جلد ناعم جديد تحت الجلد القديم، وخلال أيام يبلى ذلك الجلد أيضاً ويكرر اليسروع نفس العمليّة مرات ومرات. ويظل اليسروع في تلك المرحلة الثانية من تطوّره من أسبوعين لأربعة أسابيع في المناطق الحارة، أما في المناطق شديدة البرودة فيستمر اليسروع في ذلك الطّور من عامين إلى ثلاثة أعوام لينتقل من البيضة إلى طور الفراشة.[1]

محتويات  [أظهر]

تركيبه[عدل]

يتميز اليسروع بثلاث عشرة حلقة بخلاف الرّأس، يلتصق بكلِّ حلقة من الحلقات الثلاثة الأولى زوج من أرجل خماسية المفاصل وتتطّور في وقت لاحقٍ لتصبح أرجلاً للحشرة الكاملة. في رأس اليسروع ست عيون بسيطة على كل جانب، ويتحسس طريقه بوساطة قرني استشعار مُتصلين. ويكون الجسم عادة عاريًا أو مغطى بشعر أو أشواك.

دفاعه[عدل]

لبعض اليساريع غدد تفرز سائلاً كريهاً، وبعضها له رائحة مُقزّزة تنفِّر الطيور والحيوانات الأخرى من أكلها. وتُغطي الأشواك أجسام بعض اليساريع، وتفرز سائلاً لاسعاً إذا ما تكسَّرت في جلد الإنسان. وتساعد البؤر البصرّية الزائفة لدى بعض اليساريع في ترويع من يهاجمها، بينما تلوِّح بعض اليساريع بذيلها الذي يشبه السوط دفاعًا عن نفسها.[1]

وعلى الرّغم من كلِّ هذه الدفاعات فإنّ قليلاً من اليساريع التي فقست يستطيع العيش حتى يبلغ مرحلة النّمو الكامل، إذ تأكله الحيوانات الأكبر. وتقتل بعض يرقات الذّباب والطُفيليات اليساريع وتتغذى بأجسامها.

نمو[عدل]

يكتمل نمو الفراشة خلال مرحلة اليسروع. وتخزن اليرقة الغذاء الذي تستخدمه لاحقاً في التّحول إلى حشرة كاملة. ولا تنمو الحشرة الكاملة أكثر من ذلك بعد نمو أجنحتها الوظيفية. وتُعَدُّ بعض اليرقات كدودة القّز من الحشرات القيّمة، بينما الأغلبية ليست كذلك. ففي بعض الأحيان تقضي اليساريع على العشب في الحقول وتعرّي الأشجار من أوراقها. وتُعَدُّ دودة الكرنب ويسروع فراشة الغجر ويسروع القطن ويسروع الجيش ويسروع مقصف السويقات من اليساريع الضارة.[1]

مراجع[عدل]

^ تعدى إلى الأعلى ل: أ ب ت اليسروع الموسوعة، تاريخ الولوج 29 مارس 2011

وصلات خارجية[عدل]

اليسروع الموسوعة المعرفية الشاملة.

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به پنجابی سندی:

سنڈی پکھڑوں دی آنڈے وچوں نکلن دے مگروں بنن والا وکھالا اے۔ سنڈیاں پتے کھا کے جیندیاں نین پر کج کیڑے وی کھاندیاں نیں۔ ایناں دے انے واہ کھان نال فصلاں دی تبائی ہوجاندی اے۔ ایناں دے پنڈے نرم ہوندے نیں۔

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به عبری آمی تیگ:

זחל אמיתי או זַחַל רַגְלִי[1] הוא פגית (אחד משלבּי החיים) של הפרפראים.

הזחל האמיתי בוקע מהביצה ועסוק רוב ימיו באכילה, לרוב של רקמות צמחיות. בפרק זמן זה הוא עובר מספר התנשלויות. בסופו של דבר הוא הופך לגולם, אשר בתורו הופך לפרפר, חיפושית, דבורה, או כל חרק מעופף אחר. השלב הסופי של מחזור החיים שבו הפעילות מרוכזת סביב הזדווגות והטלת ביצים על צמח פונדקאי מתאים. מחזור חיים זה מכונה "גלגול מלא."

לפיכך, הזחל האמיתי איננו טיפוס עצמאי של בעל חיים, כפי שרבים חושבים בטעות, אלא מהווה שלב בחייו של בעל חיים - הפרפראי. בנוסף, רבים מבלבלים בין זחל אמיתי לבין רבי-הרגליים ותולעים. השניים האחרונים הם אורגניזמים בזכות עצמם לכל דבר, שלא כמו הזחל האמיתי, שהוא רק שלב בחיי הפרפראי. מלבד דמיון מורפולוגי שטחי, אין קשר סיסטמטי בין שלוש הקבוצות הללו.

באנגלית ובשפות אחרות קרוי הזחל "caterpillar". מקור המילה בלטינית: "קאטר" פירושו חתול, ו"פילר" - שיער (במיקרוביולוגיה ידועות שעריות הזוויג המכסות סוגים שונים של חיידקים; הללו קרויות בלועזית Pilli ברבים, Pillus ביחיד); המונח הלטיני לזחל הוא, אם כן, "חתול שעיר".

לרוב הזחלים יש 3 זוגות רגליים אמיתיות ועד 5 זוגות של רגליים מדומות. כמו כן, הפרק האחרון של גופו מסוגל לרוב לאחוז בענף או להוציא קור דביק שמונע את נפילת הזחל. התנועה היא גלית או בצעדים כמו של הזחל המודד. בשלב זה הזחלים אוכלים כמויות הגדולות פי כמה ממשקל גופם. כשהם מגיעים לגודל מסוים, או כשתקופה מסוימת בשנה מגיעה, הזחלים מתגלמים, לרוב במקום מוגן (מתחת לאדמה, כגון זחלי הדובון המנומר, למשל).

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به کردی: Maşot, kurmikê larva perîdankan e.

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به سواحلی کیواوی:

Kiwavi ni hali ya metamofosisi ya mdudu wa oda ya Lepidoptera (wadudu kama vipepeo na nondo). Kwa kawaida hula majani. Wakitokea kwa wingi, k.m. viwavijeshi, wanaweza kuharibu mimea na hasa mashamba.

Jinsi ilivyo kwa wadudu wengi maisha ya kiwavi hunanza kama yai. Inatoka kwa umbo la kiwavi. Baada ya muda kiwavi huwa bundo. Ndani ya bundo hugeuka kuwa kipepeo anayetoka na kutaga mayai tena. Mzunguko huu kwa jumla ni metamofosisi.

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به ترکی :

Tırtıl gündüz ve gece kelebeklerinin larvasıdır. Göğüs bölümlerinde üç çift bacakları vardır. Tırtıl büyüdüğünde kelebek olacağını gösteren hiçbir ipucu vermediğinden, larvaya iyi bir örnektir. Çoğu tırtılın uzun gövdesi 13 bölümden oluşur. Başın ardındaki ilk üç bölüm, kelebeğin kanatlarının ve bacakların bağlandığı göğüs bölümüne dönüşecektir. Bu bölümlerdeki bacaklar sert ve parlaktır. Etli, yumuşak ve küt uçları yüzeylere tutunmayı sağlayan küçük kancalarla donanmış öbür bacaklar, tırtıl kelebek olduğunda kaybolur. Tırtılların kancalı bacakları beş çiftten az olabilir ama hiçbirinde beş çifti aşmaz.

Tırtıllar annelerinin yumurtladığı ağacın yapraklarını yiyerek beslenirler.Tırtıllar renkleri ve desenleri sayesinde kolay kamufle olurlar. Bu yüzden diğer canlılar tarafından fark edilmeleri kolay değildir. Tırtıllar, kelebek olma zamanlarında pupa adı verilen bir kozaya girerler.Bu kozada birkaç gün kaldıktan sonra ıslak kanatları olan bir kelebeğe döneşeceklerdir,1-2 saat sonra tamamen kuru kanatları olmasıyla birlikte bir kelebek olurlar.Yapraklarla beslenirler.

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Caterpillar

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Caterpillar (disambiguation).

Caterpillar of Papilio machaon

A Monarch butterfly(Danaus plexippus) caterpillar feeding on a leaf of theSwamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) in a private garden in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

Caterpillar /ˈkætərˌpɪlər/ is the common name for the larvae of members of theorder Lepidoptera (the insect order comprising butterflies and moths).

As with most common names, the application of the word is arbitrary and the larvae of sawflies commonly are called caterpillars as well.^[1][2]

Caterpillars of most species are herbivorous, but not all; some areinsectivorous, even cannibalistic. Some feed on other animal products; for example clothes moths feed on wool, and horn moths feed on the hooves and horns of dead ungulates.

Caterpillars as a rule are voracious feeders and many of them are among the most serious of agricultural pests. In fact many moth species are best known in their caterpillar stages because of the damage they cause to fruits and other agricultural produce, whereas the moths are obscure and do no direct harm. Conversely, various species of caterpillar are valued as sources of silk, as human or animal food, or for biological control of pest plants.

Contents

  [hide] 

·         1Etymology

·         2Classification

·         3Defenses

o    3.1Appearance

o    3.2Chemical defenses

o    3.3Defensive behaviors

o    3.4Use of other insects

o    3.5Predators

·         4Behavior

·         5Economic effects

·         6Human health

·         7In popular culture

·         8Gallery

·         9See also

·         10References

·         11External links

Etymology

The origins of the word "caterpillar" date from the early 16th century. They derive from Middle English catirpel,catirpeller, probably an alteration of Old North French catepelose: cate, cat (from Latin cattus) + pelose, hairy (from Latin pilōsus).^[3]

Classification

A geometrid caterpillar or inchworm

Crochets on a caterpillar's prolegs

Larvae of Craesus septentrionalis, a sawfly showing 6 pairs of pro-legs.

The geometrids, also known as inchworms or loopers, are so named because of the way they move, appearing to measure the earth (the word geometrid means earth-measurer inGreek); the primary reason for this unusual locomotion is the elimination of nearly all theprolegs except the clasper on the terminal segment.

Caterpillars have soft bodies that can grow rapidly between moults. Only the head capsule is hardened. The mandibles are tough and sharp for chewing leaves (this contrasts with most adult Lepidoptera, which have highly reduced or soft mandibles). Behind the mandibles of the caterpillar are the spinnerets, for manipulating silk. Antennae are present on either side of the labrum, but small and relatively inconspicuous.^[4]

Some larvae of the Hymenoptera order (ants, bees and wasps) can appear like the caterpillars of the lepidoptera. Such larvae are mainly seen in the sawflyfamily. However while these larvae superficially resemble caterpillars, they can be distinguished by the presence of prolegs on every abdominal segment, an absence of crochets or hooks on the prolegs (these are present on lepidopteran caterpillars), prominent ocelli on the head capsule, and an absence of the upside-down Y-shaped suture on the front of the head.^[5]

Caterpillars can be confused with the larvae of sawflies (see image on right). Lepidopteran larvae can be differentiated by:

·         the numbers of pairs of pro-legs; sawfly larvae have 6 while caterpillars have up to 5 pairs.

·         the number of stemmata (simple eyes); the sawfly larvae have only two, while a caterpillar has six.

·         the presence of crochets on the prolegs; these are absent in the Symphyta (sawflies).

·         sawfly larvae have an invariably smooth head capsule with no cleavage lines, while lepidopterous caterpillars bear an inverted "Y" or "V" (adfrontal suture).

Defenses

The saddleback caterpillar hasurticating hair and aposematic colouring.

Many animals feed on caterpillars as they are rich in protein. As a result, caterpillars have evolved various means of defense. The appearance of a caterpillar can often repel a predator: its markings and certain body parts can make it seem poisonous, or bigger in size and thus threatening, or non-edible. Some types of caterpillars are indeed poisonous.

Caterpillars have evolved defenses against physical conditions such as cold, hot or dry environmental conditions. Some Arctic species like Gynaephora groenlandica have special basking and aggregation behaviours^[6] apart from physiological adaptations to remain in a dormant state.^[7]

Appearance

Costa Rican hairy caterpillar. The spiny bristles are a self-defense mechanism

Many caterpillars are cryptically colored and resemble the plants on which they feed. They may even have parts that mimic plant parts such as thorns. Their size varies from as little as 1 mm to about 75 millimetres (3.0 in). Some look like objects in the environment such as bird droppings. Many feed enclosed inside silk galleries, rolled leaves or by mining between the leaf surfaces. Caterpillars of Nemoria arizonaria that grow in spring feed on oak catkins and appear green. The summer brood appear like oak twigs. The differential development is linked to the tannin content in the diet.^[8]

Chemical defenses

More aggressive self-defense measures are taken by some caterpillars. These measures include having spiny bristles or long fine hair-like setae with detachable tips that will irritate by lodging in the skin or mucous membranes.^[5] However some birds (such as cuckoos) will swallow even the hairiest of caterpillars. Other caterpillars acquire toxins from their host plants that render them unpalatable to most of their predators. For instance, Ornate moth caterpillars utilize pyrrolizidine alkaloids that they obtain from their food plants to deter predators.^[9] The most aggressive caterpillar defenses are bristles associated with venom glands. These bristles are called urticating hairs. A venom which is among the most potent defensive chemicals in any animal is produced by theSouth American silk moth genus Lonomia. Its venom is an anticoagulant powerful enough to cause a human tohemorrhage to death (See Lonomiasis).^[10] This chemical is being investigated for potential medical applications. Most urticating hairs range in effect from mild irritation to dermatitis.

Giant swallowtail caterpillar everting its osmeterium in defense

Plants contain toxins which protect them from herbivores, but some caterpillars have evolved countermeasures which enable them to eat the leaves of such toxic plants. In addition to being unaffected by the poison, the caterpillarssequester it in their body, making them highly toxic to predators. The chemicals are also carried on into the adult stages. These toxic species, such as theCinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae) and monarch (Danaus plexippus) caterpillars, usually advertise themselves with the danger colors of red, yellow and black, often in bright stripes (see aposematism). Any predator that attempts to eat a caterpillar with an aggressive defense mechanism will learn and avoid future attempts.

Some caterpillars regurgitate acidic digestive juices at attacking enemies. Many papilionid larvae produce bad smells from extrudable glands called osmeteria.

Defensive behaviors

Some caterpillars, like the tomato hornworm and tobacco hornworm, have long "whip-like" organs attached to the ends of their body. The caterpillar wiggles these organs to frighten away flies and predatory wasps.^[11] Some caterpillars can evade predators by using a silk line and dropping off from branches when disturbed. Many species thrash about violently when disturbed to scare away potential predators. One species (Amorpha juglandis) even makes high pitched whistles that can scare away birds.^[12] Pine processionary (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) caterpillars often link into a long train, moving through trees or over the ground like a snake.^{[citation needed]} The head of the lead caterpillar is visible, but all other heads are hidden.

Eight caterpillars linked together into a train; the head of the lead caterpillar is visible, but the other seven heads are hidden.

Use of other insects

Some caterpillars obtain protection by associating themselves with ants. TheLycaenid butterflies are particularly well known for this. They communicate with their ant protectors by vibrations as well as chemical means and typically provide food rewards.^[13]

Some caterpillars are gregarious; large aggregations are believed to help in reducing the levels of parasitization and predation.^[14] Clusters amplify the signal of aposematic coloration, and individuals may participate in group regurgitation or displays.

Predators

The caterpillar suffers predation from a number of species. The European pied flycatcher is one species that preys upon caterpillars. The flycatcher typically finds caterpillars amongst oak foliage. Paper wasps, like Polistes metrics, Polistes apachus, and Polistes instabilis', also catch caterpillars to feed their young and themselves. Green and brown caterpillars are the most common prey for Polybia sericea.

Behavior

A Pasture Day Moth caterpillar feeding on capeweed

Caterpillars have been called "eating machines", and eat leaves voraciously. Most species shed their skin four or five times as their bodies grow, and they eventually pupate into an adult form.^[15] Caterpillars grow very quickly; for instance, a tobacco hornworm will increase its weight ten-thousandfold in less than twenty days. An adaptation that enables them to eat so much is a mechanism in a specialized midgut that quickly transports ions to the lumen (midgut cavity), to keep the potassium level higher in the midgut cavity than in the blood.^[16]

A Gypsy Moth caterpillar

Most caterpillars are solelyherbivorous. Many are restricted to one species of plant, while others are polyphagous. A few, including the clothes moth, feed on detritus. Most predatory caterpillars feed on eggs of other insects, aphids, scale insects, or ant larvae. Some are predatory, and others prey on caterpillars of other species (e.g. Hawaiian Eupithecia). A few are parasitic on cicadas or leaf hoppers.^[17] Some Hawaiian caterpillars (Hyposmocoma molluscivora) use silk traps to capture snails.^[18]

Many caterpillars are nocturnal. For example, the "cutworms" (of the Noctuidae family) hide at the base of plants during the day and only feed at night.^[19] Others, such as gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) larvae, change their activity patterns depending on density and larval stage, with more diurnal feeding in early instars and high densities.^[20]

Economic effects

Hypsipyla grandela damagesmahogany in Brazil

Caterpillars cause much damage, mainly by eating leaves. The propensity for damage is enhanced by monocultural farming practices, especially where the caterpillar is specifically adapted to the host plant under cultivation. The cotton bollworm causes enormous losses. Other species eat food crops. Caterpillars have been the target of pest control through the use of pesticides, biological control and agronomic practices. Many species have become resistant topesticides. Bacterial toxins such as those from Bacillus thuringiensis which are evolved to affect the gut of Lepidoptera have been used in sprays of bacterial spores, toxin extracts and also by incorporating genes to produce them within the host plants. These approaches are defeated over time by the evolution of resistance mechanisms in the insects.^[21]

Plants evolve mechanisms of resistance to being eaten by caterpillars, including the evolution of chemical toxins and physical barriers such as hairs. Incorporating host plant resistance (HPR) through plant breeding is another approach used in reducing the impact of caterpillars on crop plants.^[22]

Some caterpillars are used in industry. The silk industry is based on the silkworm caterpillar.

Human health

Buck Moth caterpillar sting on a shin twenty-four hours after occurrence in southLouisiana. The reddish mark covers an area about 20 mm at its widest point by about 70 mm in length.

Caterpillar hair can be a cause of human health problems. Caterpillar hairs sometimes have venoms in them and species from approximately 12 families of moths or butterflies worldwide can inflict serious human injuries ranging from urticarial dermatitis and atopic asthma to osteochondritis, consumption coagulopathy, renal failure, andintracerebral hemorrhage.^[23] Skin rashes are the most common, but there have been fatalities.^[24] Lonomia is a frequent cause of envenomation in Brazil, with 354 cases reported between 1989 and 2005. Lethality ranging up to 20% with death caused most often by intracranial hemorrhage.^[25]

Caterpillar hair have also been known to cause kerato-conjunctivitis. The sharp barbs on the end of caterpillar hairs can get lodged in soft tissues and mucous membranessuch as the eyes. Once they enter such tissues, they can be difficult to extract, often exacerbating the problem as they migrate across the membrane.^[26]

This becomes a particular problem in an indoor setting. The hair easily enter buildings through ventilation systems and accumulate in indoor environments because of their small size, which makes it difficult for them to be vented out. This accumulation increases the risk of human contact in indoor environments.^[27]

Caterpillars are a food source in some cultures. For example, in South Africa mopane worms are eaten by thebushmen, and in China silkworms are considered a delicacy.

In popular culture

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caterpillars in art.

Caterpillars have been used symbolically in media to symbolize characters' positioning at or reluctance to progress past an early stage of development (e.g., in the Mad Men season 3 episode, "The Fog", in which Betty Draper has a drug-induced dream, while in labor, that she captures a caterpillar and holds it firmly in her hand^[28]) or in combination with butterflies to show their maturation (e.g., in The Sopranos season 5 episode, "The Test Dream", in which Tony Soprano dreams that Ralph Cifaretto has a caterpillar on his bald head that changes into a butterfly).

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A 1907 illustrations byArthur Rackham of the Caterpillar talking to Alice in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

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William Blake'sillustration of a caterpillar overlooking a child from his illustrated book For Children The Gates of Paradise. This copy is from copy D currently held by the Library of Congress.^[29]

Gallery

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Caterpillar of the Spurge Hawk-moth, near Binn,Valais, Switzerland at ca. 2 km altitude.

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Caterpillar of theEmperor Gum Moth.

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A poplar hawk-moth caterpillar (a common species of caterpillar in the UK).

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Ant tending a lycaenidcaterpillar.

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Life cycle of the red-humped caterpillar (Schizura concinna ).

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Forest tent caterpillar(Malacosoma disstria)

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Camouflage: apparently with eight eyes, only two of them are real. Photo in a eucalyptus tree, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Caterpillar of thePolyphemus moth(Antheraea polyphemus), Virginia, USA

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Caterpillars hatching on an apple tree in Victoria, BC, Canada

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Caterpillar on a leaf

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Caterpillar of Belize

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Dryas iulia

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Caterpillar of Great Orange Tip resembling the Common green vine snake Ahaetulla nasuta.

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Pupae of Cabbage looper

See also

·         Edible caterpillars

·         Larval food plants of Lepidoptera

·         Lepidopterism - Caterpillar dermatitis

·         List of pests and diseases of roses

References

1.     Jump up^ Eleanor Anne Ormerod (1892). A text-book of agricultural entomology: being a guide to methods of insect life and means of prevention of insect ravage for the use of agriculturists and agricultural students. Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co.

2.     Jump up^ Roger Fabian Anderson (January 1960). Forest and Shade Tree Entomology. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-02739-3.

3.     Jump up^ "Caterpillar". Dictionary.com. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. (accessed: March 26, 2008).

4.     Jump up^ "Caterpillar Head Anatomy". deviantart.com.

5.     ^ Jump up to:^a b Scoble, MJ. 1995. The Lepidoptera: Form, function and diversity. Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-854952-0

6.     Jump up^ Kukal, O.; B. Heinrich & J. G. Duman (1988). "Behavioral thermoregulation in the freeze-tolerant arctic caterpillar, Gynaeophora groenlandica". J. Exper. Biol. 138 (1): 181–193.

7.     Jump up^ Bennett, V. A. Lee, R. E. Nauman, L. S. Kukal, O. (2003). "Selection of overwintering microhabitats used by the arctic woollybear caterpillar, Gynaephora groenlandica" (PDF). Cryo Letters 24 (3): 191–200. PMID 12908029.

8.     Jump up^ Greene, E (1989). "A Diet-Induced Developmental Polymorphism in a Caterpillar". Science 243 (4891): 643–646.Bibcode:1989Sci...243..643G. doi:10.1126/science.243.4891.643. PMID 17834231.

9.     Jump up^ Dussourd, D. E. "Biparental Defensive Endowment of Eggs with Acquired Plant Alkaloid in the Moth Utetheisa Ornatrix." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 85.16 (1988): 5992-996. Print.

10.  Jump up^ Malaque, Ceila M. S., Lúcia Andrade, Geraldine Madalosso, Sandra Tomy, Flávio L. Tavares, And Antonio C. Seguro.; Andrade; Madalosso; Tomy; Tavares; Seguro (2006). "A case of hemolysis resulting from contact with a Lonomia caterpillar in southern Brazil". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 74 (5): 807–809. PMID 16687684.

11.  Jump up^ Darby, Gene (1958). What is a Butterfly. Chicago: Benefic Press. p. 13.

12.  Jump up^ Bura, V. L.; Rohwer, V. G.; Martin, P. R.; Yack, J. E. (2010). "Whistling in caterpillars (Amorpha juglandis, Bombycoidea): Sound-producing mechanism and function". Journal of Experimental Biology 214 (Pt 1): 30–37. doi:10.1242/jeb.046805.PMID 21147966.

13.  Jump up^ Lycaenid butterflies and ants. Australian museum (2009-10-14). Retrieved on 2012-08-14.

14.  Jump up^ Entry, Grant L. G., Lee A. Dyer.; Dyer (2002). "On the Conditional Nature Of Neotropical Caterpillar Defenses against their Natural Enemies". Ecology 83 (11): 3108–3119. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[3108:OTCNON]2.0.CO;2.JSTOR 3071846.

15.  Jump up^ Monarch Butterfly. Scienceprojectlab.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-14.

16.  Jump up^ Chamberlin, M.E.; M.E. King (1998). "Changes in midgut active ion transport and metabolism during the fifth instar of the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta)". J. Exp. Zool. 280 (2): 135–141. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19980201)280:2<135::aid-jez4>3.0.CO;2-P.

17.  Jump up^ Pierce, N.E. (1995). "Predatory and parasitic Lepidoptera: Carnivores living on plants". Journal of the Lepidopterist's Society49 (4): 412–453.

18.  Jump up^ Rubinoff, Daniel; Haines, William P. (2005). "Web-spinning caterpillar stalks snails". Science 309 (5734): 575.doi:10.1126/science.1110397. PMID 16040699.

19.  Jump up^ "Caterpillars of Pacific Northwest Forests and Woodlands". USGS.

20.  Jump up^ Lance, D. R.; Elkinton, J. S.; Schwalbe, C. P. (1987). "Behaviour of late-instar gypsy moth larvae in high and low density populations". Ecological Entomology 12 (3): 267. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1987.tb01005.x.

21.  Jump up^ Tent Caterpillars and Gypsy Moths. Dec.ny.gov. Retrieved on 2012-08-14.

22.  Jump up^ van Emden; H. F. (1999). "Transgenic Host Plant Resistance to Insects—Some Reservations". Annals of the Entomological Society of America 92 (6): 788–797.

23.  Jump up^ Diaz, HJ (2005). "The evolving global epidemiology, syndromic classification, management, and prevention of caterpillar envenoming". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 72 (3): 347–357. PMID 15772333.

24.  Jump up^ Redd, JT; Voorhees, RE; Török, TJ (2007). "Outbreak of lepidopterism at a Boy Scout camp". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 56 (6): 952–955. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2006.06.002. PMID 17368636.

25.  Jump up^ Kowacs, PA; Cardoso, J; Entres, M; Novak, EM; Werneck, LC (December 2006). "Fatal intracerebral hemorrhage secondary to Lonomia obliqua caterpillar envenoming: case report". Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria 64 (4): 1030–2. doi:10.1590/S0004-282X2006000600029. PMID 17221019.

26.  Jump up^ Patel RJ, Shanbhag RM (1973). "Ophthalmia nodosa – (a case report)". Indian J Ophthalmol 21 (4): 208.

27.  Jump up^ Balit, C. R.; Ptolemy, H. C.; Geary, M. J.; Russell, R. C.; Isbister, G. K. (2001). "Outbreak of caterpillar dermatitis caused by airborne hairs of the mistletoe browntail moth (Euproctis edwardsi)". The Medical journal of Australia 175 (11–12): 641–3.ISSN 0025-729X. PMID 11837874.

28.  Jump up^ What's Alan Watching?: Mad Men, "The Fog"

29.  Jump up^ Morris Eaves, Robert N. Essick, and Joseph Viscomi (eds.). "For Children: The Gates of Paradise, copy D, object 1 (Bentley 1, Erdman i, Keynes i) "For Children: The Gates of Paradise"". William Blake Archive. Retrieved January 31, 2013.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caterpillar.

Wikispecies has information related to: Caterpillar

·         Photos of Larvae and Pupae Butterflies and Moths. Spain

·         Caterpillars photos plus species descriptions at Lepidoptera.pro

·         Larva Locomotion: A Closer Look — video clips showing how monarch larvae walk

·         More video clips from nature

·         3D animation Papilio polyxenes larvae walking

·         UK moths.Life cycle images

·         on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site

·         cabbage palm caterpillar

·         oleander caterpillar

·         spotted oleander caterpillar

Categories: 

·         Lepidoptera