غوشنه . [
ش َ / ش ْ ن َ / ن ِ ] (اِ) گیاهی است که هم بخورند و هم دست شویند سیاه و سپیدفام .
(فرهنگ اسدی نخجوانی ). همان غوبنگ است اما در فرهنگ و نسخه ٔ وفائی گیاهی است که
موقع تری نان خورش کنند و چون بخشکد دست بدان شویند، و آن نوعی از سماروغ است و
زنان جهت فربهی در حلوا پزند. (از فرهنگ رشیدی ). دست و جامه بدان شویند و رنگ آن
سیاه و سفید است و نوعی از کماة باشد. (از انجمن آرا) (آنندراج ) (از فرهنگ
جهانگیری ) (برهان قاطع). و بعضی گویند نوعی از فُطر یعنی سماروغ است . (ذخیره ٔ
خوارزمشاهی ) (برهان قاطع). دزی ج 2 ص 231 ذیل غَوشَنَه به نقل از ابن البیطار آرد: نوعی از قارچ نامعلوم ، در
مغرب و بنقل از لغت نامه ٔ کتاب المنصوری رازی این عبارت را آورده : «الغوشفة
(کذا) عشبة قلویة تستعمل اشتاتاً». (حاشیه ٔ برهان قاطع چ معین ). صاحب الابنیه عن
حقائق الادویه گوید: غوشنه جنسی است از فطر، و سرد و تر است اندر درجه ٔ دوم قولنج
آرد و نفخ ، و غذای بد دهد. و محمدبن زکریا گوید: طبیعتش به کمی نزدیک است ، لیکن
از کمی به سردی کمتر است ، و از او بهتر است بخاصیت - انتهی . و داود ضریر انطاکی
گوید: غوشنه که معروف به مخرمه است مانند کاسه ٔ گردی است که در اندرون آن کاسه ٔ
دیگری کوچکتر از آن قرار دارد و مانند نمک است و قارچ نیست ، بلکه شبیه آن است .
(تذکره ٔ داود ضریر انطاکی ص 252). غوشه .
(بهار عجم ) (برهان قاطع). غرشنه . غویشه . (برهان قاطع). روشنک . (بحر الجواهر) :
آن روی او بسان یک آغوش غوش خشک
وآن موی او بسان یک آغوش غوشنه .
آن روی او بسان یک آغوش غوش خشک
وآن موی او بسان یک آغوش غوشنه .
یوسف عروضی (از فرهنگ اسدی ).
///////////
غوبنک (19) ( پ 1، م ) غوبنک. الصیدنه، ص 42: غوینک ( به زبان
مردم بلخ و ترمذ ). سروری و رشیدی: غوبِنَک ( گیاهی که بدل اشنان است و برای شستشو
به کار می رود و آن را غوشنه نیز می نامند ). نیز رک: برهان.
غوشنه ( پ 1، م ) فطر الحامض. م: اسحق گوید غوشنه به پارسی
سماروغ ترش بود. رک: الصیدنه، ص 452 که می گوید جنسی از قارچ است که زنان مجوس بدل
اشنان به کار می بردند.
واژگان فارسي کفايه ي الطب تفليسي
//////////////
الغُوْشَنَة[1][2] (الاسم العلمي:Morchella) هي جنس من الفطريات يتبع الفصيلة الغوشنية من رتبة الفنجانيات[3][4].
محتويات
[أظهر]
قائمة أنواع الغوشنة[عدل]
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella abietina)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella acerina)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella angusticeps)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella anteridiformis)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella anthracina)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella anthracophila)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella apicata)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella bicostata)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella bispora)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella bohemica)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella brunnea)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella brunneorosea)
·
(الاسم العلمي:Morchella canina)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella capitata)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella carbonaria)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella castaneae)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella cava)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella claviformis)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella conicopapyracea)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella contigua)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella continua)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella crassipes)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella cryptica)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella deliciosa)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella deqinensis)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella diminutiva)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella distans)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella dunalii)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella dunensis)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella elata)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella elatoides)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella esculentoides)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella eximia)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella eximioides)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella exuberans)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella finoti)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella foraminulosa)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella frustrata)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella galilaea)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella gigas)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella gigaspora)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella guatemalensis)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella herediana)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella hetieri)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella hiemalis)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella hortensis)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella importuna)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella inamoena)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella lepida)
·
(الاسم العلمي:Morchella libera)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella lutescens)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella meiliensis)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella mesomorpha)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella mitra)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella miyabeana)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella neuwirthii)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella norvegiensis)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella ochraceoviridis)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella odorata)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella patula)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella populina)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella populiphila)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella praerosa)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella pragensis)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella pratensis)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella prava)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella procera)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella prunarii)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella pseudoumbrina)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella pseudoviridis)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella pseudovulgaris)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella pterigoides)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella punctipes)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella quercus-ilicis)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella radicosa)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella rielana)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella rigidoides)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella rimosipes)
·
(الاسم العلمي:Morchella robiniae)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella rudis)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella rufobrunnea)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella sceptriformis)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella semilibera)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella septentrionalis)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella septimelata)
·
(الاسم العلمي:Morchella sextelata)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella smithiana)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella snyderi)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella spongiola)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella steppicola)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella sulcata)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella tatari)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella tremelloides)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella tridentina)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella ulmaria)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella umbrina)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella umbrinovelutipes)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella undosa)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella vaporaria)
·
(الاسم
العلمي:Morchella varisiensis)
////////////////
به عبری رمسوتس:
גַּמְצוּץ (שם מדעי: Morchella מוכר בשם האנגלי Morel) הוא סוג של פטריית מאכל במערכת פטריות השק. הגמצוץ מורכבת מרגל ומגוף שעליו נאדיות, ונקרא כך בשל צורתן השקועה (גומץ = שקע, חור).
הפטרייה גדלה בקרקעות לחות ובאדמות שנשרפו בעבר, והיא נחשבת לפטרייה נדירה שאופן
גידולה עדיין נחקר ומנסים לביית אותה. הפטרייה נמכרת לרוב כשהיא מיובשת, מחירה הוא
גבוה.
////////
Morchella, the true morels, is a genus of edible
mushrooms closely related to anatomically simpler cup fungi.
These distinctive fungi appear honeycomb-like,
with their cap composed of a network of ridges with pits.
Morels are sought by thousands of enthusiasts every spring for their supreme
taste and the joy of the hunt, and are highly prized by gourmet cooks,
particularly in French cuisine.
Morels have been called by many
local names; some of the more colorful include dryland fish,
because when sliced lengthwise then breaded and fried, their outline resembles
the shape of a fish; hickory chickens, as they are known in many
parts of Kentucky;
and merkels or miracles, based on a story of how a
mountain family was saved from starvation by eating morels. In parts of West
Virginia, they are known as molly moochers ormuggins.
Due to the partial structural and textural similarity to some species of Poriferans (sponges),
a common name for any true morel is sponge mushroom.
The scientific name of the
genus Morchella is derived from morchel, an
old German word for mushroom (this may be another
source for the name "merkel"), while morel itself is
derived from the Latin maurus meaning brown.
Contents
[show]
Classification[edit]
Taxonomy[edit]
The fruit bodies of Morchella are
highly polymorphic, varying in shape, color and
size, while in many cases, they do not exhibit clear-cut dichotomous features
microscopically; this has contributed to uncertainties regarding taxonomy.[2] Discriminating
between the various species is further complicated by uncertainty regarding
which species are truly biologically distinct. Authors in the past had
suggested that the genus only contains as few as 3 to 6 species,[3][4][5] while
others recognised over 50.[6][7][8] Mushroom
hunters mostly refer to them by their color (e.g., gray, yellow,
black) as the species are very similar in appearance and can vary considerably
within species and age of individual. The genus is currently undergoing
extensive reevaluation with regards to the taxonomical status of many species.
Phylogeny[edit]
Early phylogenetic analyses
supported the hypothesis that the genus comprises only a few species with
considerable phenotypic variation.[9][10] More
recent DNA work, however, has revealed more than a dozen genealogically
distinct species in North America and more from Europe.[11] An
extensive DNA study revealed three discrete clades, or genetic
groups, consisting of the white morels (Morchella rufobrunnea, Morchella anatolica), the yellow morels (M. esculenta and
others), and the black morels (M. elata and others). Within
the yellow and black clades, there are dozens of individual species, most endemic to
individual continents or regions.[12] This
species-rich view is supported by studies in Western
Europe,[13] Turkey,[14] Cyprus,[15] Israel,[16] China[17] and
theHimalayas.[18]
Morchella tomentosa, a fire-associated species described from western North America,
commonly known as the "gray morel", may also deserve its own clade
based on DNA evidence. M. tomentosa is easily identified
by its post-fire occurrence, fine hairs on
the surface of young fruiting bodies, and unique sclerotia-like
underground parts.[19][20][21]
Species[edit]
A number of species have been
described in the past, many of which have been recently redefined, while others
have been shown to be synonyms or illegitimate. A study by Clowez described
over 20 new species in 2012.[22] In
the same year, another study by Kuo and colleagues described 19 phylogenetic species from North
America,[23] while molecular phylogenetics currently
suggest there are almost 70 species of Morchellaworldwide.[17] A
further revision of the taxonomy of the genus provided by Richard and
colleagues in 2014, applied names to 30 of the genealogical lineages recognized
so far.[24] Also
in 2014, Clowez and colleagues described Morchella fluvialis from
riparian forests in Spain.[25] In
2015, Loizides and colleagues clarified the taxonomy of Morchella tridentina,
a cosmopolitan species described under many names, and recombinedMorchella kakiicolor as
a distinct species,[26] while
later in the same year Clowez and colleagues describedMorchella palazonii from
Spain.[27] Early
in 2016, in an extensive phylogenetic and morphological study from the island
of Cyprus,
Loizides and colleagues added two more Mediterranean species, Morchella arbutiphilaand Morchella disparilis.[15]
Section Rufobrunnea[edit]
·
synonym: Morchella lanceolata
Section Morchella[edit]
·
synonyms: Morchella californica, Morchella claviformis, Morchella esculentoides, Morchella populina
·
synonym: Morchella brunneorosea
·
synonym: Morchella andalusiae
·
synonyms: Morchella pseudoumbrina,Morchella pseudoviridis
·
synonym: Morchella virginiana
·
synonym: Morchella cryptica
·
synonyms: Morchella acerina, Morchella anthracina, Morchella
conica, Morchella lepida,Morchella robiniae, Morchella spongiola
Section Distantes[edit]
·
synonym: Morchella
conica
·
synonym: Morchella fallax
·
synonyms: Morchella anthracophila, Morchella carbonaria, Morchella septimelata
·
synonym: Morchella capitata
·
synonyms: Morchella
elata, Morchella vaporaria
·
synonyms: Morchella elata
var. purpurascens,Morchella
conica, Morchella
conica var. purpurascens, Morchella conica
var. crassa
·
synonym: Morchella gigas
·
synonyms: Morchella quercus-ilicis, Morchella frustrata, Morchella elatoides, Morchella
elatoides var. elagans, Morchella
conica var. pseudoeximia
Uncertain classification[edit]
Habitat and ecology[edit]
Yellow morels in West
Virginia, USA
The ecology of Morchella species
is not fully understood. Many species appear to form symbiotic or endophyticrelationships
with trees,[29][30][31][32] while
others appear to act as saprotrophs.[19][33] Yellow
morels (Morchella esculenta and related
species) are more commonly found under deciduous
trees rather than conifers, while black morels (Morchella
elata and related species) are mostly found in coniferous forests,
disturbed ground and recently burned areas.[34][35][15] Morchella galilaea,[36] and
occasionally Morchella rufobrunnea,[37] appear
to fruit in the autumn or winter months rather than spring, which is the
typical fruiting season for morels.
The reported host trees of Morchella species
vary greatly depending on the continent or region. In western North America
morels are often found in coniferous forests, including species of Pinus, Abies, Larix, and Pseudotsuga,
as well as in cottonwood riparian forests.[38] Deciduous
trees commonly associated with morels in the northern hemisphere include ash, sycamore, tulip tree, dead and dying elms, cottonwoods and old apple trees (remnants
of orchards).
The fruiting of yellow morels in Missouri, USA,
was found to correlate with warm weather, precipitation, and tree species, and
most usually in the springtime. In the UK, they appear during May and June.
Morels are rarely found in the vicinity of most common poisonous mushrooms such
as the sulphur tuft and fly agaric (April–May
time frame),[39] but
can occur alongside "false morels" (Gyromitraspp.)
and "elfin saddles" (Verpa spp.)
Association with wildfire[edit]
Longneck morel in Indiana, USA
Certain Morchella species
exhibit a pyrophilic behaviour and may grow abundantly in forests which have
been recently burned by a forest
fire.[40][41] The
mechanism for this behavior is not well known,[19] but
appears to be related to both the death of trees and the removal of organic
material on the forest floor.[40] Moderate-intensity
fires are reported to produce higher abundances of morels than low or high
intensities.[21] Where
fire suppression is practiced, morels often grow in small amounts in the same
spot year after year. If these areas are overrun by wildfire they often produce
a bumper crop of black morels the following spring. Commercial pickers and
buyers in North America target recently burned areas for
this reason. The Finnish name, huhtasieni, refers to huhta,
area cleared for agriculture by the slash and burn method. These spots may be
closely guarded by mushroom pickers, as the mushrooms are a delicacy and
sometimes a cash crop.[38]
Efforts to grow morels are
rarely successful and the commercial morel industry is based on harvest of wild
mushrooms.[38]
False morels[edit]
Main article: False
morel
When gathering morels, care must
be taken to distinguish them from the poisonous false morels, including Gyromitra esculenta, Verpa
bohemica, and others. Although the false
morels are sometimes eaten without ill effect, for some people, they
can cause severe gastrointestinal upset and loss of muscular coordination
(including cardiac muscle) if eaten in large quantities or over several days in
a row. They contain a gyromitrin-like toxin (an organic, carcinogenic poison)
that is produced by the mushroom.
The key differentiating features
of false morels in comparison to morels include:[42]
·
The false
morels can be told apart from the true morels by careful study of the cap,
which is often "wrinkled" or "brainy", rather than
honeycomb or net-like. Gyromitra esculenta has a cap that is
generally darker and larger than the true morels (Morchella sp.).
·
The caps of
early morels (Verpa sp.)
are attached only at the apex (top) of the cap, unlike true morels which have
caps that are attached at or near the bottom. The easiest way to tell the false
from the true variety, is to simply look inside the stem.
·
False morels
contain a cotton-ball looking substance inside their stem while true morels are
hollow inside.
·
The caps of
the false morel can be easily twisted in comparison to the normal morel.
·
False morels
are often a brown, reddish color.
Gastronomical value[edit]
Yellow morels in France
Morels are a feature of many
cuisines, including Provençal.[43] Their
unique flavor is prized by cooks worldwide, with recipes and preparation methods
designed to highlight and preserve it. As with most edible fungi, they are best
when collected or bought fresh. One of the best and simplest ways to enjoy
morels is by gently sauteeing them in butter, cracking pepper on top and
sprinkling with salt. They are great additions to meat dishes or soups.
However, as morels are known to contain thermolabile toxins,
they must always be cooked before eating.
See also: § Toxicity
Black morels in British
Columbia, Canada
Morels are not improved by
extensive washing or soaking, as it may ruin the delicate flavor and require
long cooking times. Due to their natural porosity, morels may contain trace
amounts of soil which cannot be washed out. They can best be 'flash frozen' by
simply running under cold water or putting them in a bucket to soak for a few
minutes, then placing on a cookie sheet or pizza pan and placing into a
freezer. After freezing they keep very fresh with the frozen glaze for a long
time in airtight plastic containers. However, when thawed they can sometimes
turn slightly mushy in the cap, so they are best frozen after steaming or
frying.[44] Any
visible soil should be removed with a brush, after cutting the body in half
lengthwise if needed.
Drying is a popular and
effective method of long-term storage for morels, and they are readily
available commercially in this form; dried morels can be reconstituted by
soaking in warm water or milk. Any insect larvae which might be present in the
fruit bodies drops out during the drying process.[45]
Black morels are known to be
consumed by grizzly bears (species Ursus arctos
horribilis) in Yellowstone National Park.[46]
Toxicity[edit]
Morels contain small amounts
of hydrazine[47] toxins that
are removed by thorough cooking; morel mushrooms should never be eaten raw.[48] It
has been reported that even cooked morels can sometimes cause mild symptoms
of upset stomach when consumed with alcohol.[49]
When eating this mushroom for
the first time it is wise to consume a small amount to minimize any allergic
reaction. As with all fungi, morels for consumption must be clean and free of
decay. Morels growing in old apple orchards that had been treated with the insecticide lead arsenate may accumulate levels
of toxic lead and arsenic that
are unsuitable for human consumption.[50]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
2.
Jump up^ Segula Masaphy, Limor
Zabari, Doron Goldberg, and Gurinaz Jander-Shagug (Spring 2010). "The
Complexity of Morchella Systematics: A Case of the Yellow Morel from
Israel" (PDF). Fungi Magazine 3 (2): 14–18.
4.
Jump up^ Weber, N.S. (1988). In A
Morel Hunter's Companion, pp. 111-67. Two Peninsula Press: Lansing.
6.
Jump up^ Korf, R.P. (1973).
Discomycetes and Tuberales. In The Fungi (G.C. Ainsworth, F.K.
Sparrow, and A.S. Sussman, Eds.), Vol. IVA, pp.249-318. Academic Press: New
York.
7.
Jump up^ Kimbrough, J.W. (1970).
"Current trends in the classification of discomycetes". Bot.
Rev. 36: 91–161. doi:10.1007/bf02858958.
9.
Jump up^ Bunyard, B.A.; Nicholson,
M.S.; Royse, D.J. (1994). "A systematic assessment
of Morchella using RFLP analysis of the 28S ribosomal gene".Mycologia 86:
762–72. doi:10.2307/3760589.
10.
Jump up^ Bunyard B.A., Nicholson
M.S., Royse D.J. (1995). Phylogenetic resolution ofMorchella, Verpa,
andDisciotis (Pezizales: Morchellaceae) based on restriction enzyme
analysis of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene. Experimental Mycology 19(3):223-33.
11.
Jump up^ Kuo, M. (March
2006). "Morel
Data Collection Project: Preliminary results".
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Morel
|
||||
A black morel in Poland
|
||||
Kingdom:
|
||||
Division:
|
||||
Class:
|
||||
Order:
|
||||
Family:
|
||||
Genus:
|
||||
Morchella esculenta
(L.) Pers. (1801) |
||||
~50 worldwide (see text)
|
||||
·
Mitrophora Lév. (1846)
|
||||
Morel mushrooms, raw
|
||||
Nutritional value per
100 g (3.5 oz)
|
||||
129 kJ (31 kcal)
|
||||
5.1 g
|
||||
0.6 g
|
||||
2.8 g
|
||||
0.57 g
|
||||
3.12 g
|
||||
(6%)
0.069 mg
|
||||
(17%)
0.205 mg
|
||||
(15%)
2.252 mg
|
||||
(9%)
0.44 mg
|
||||
(10%)
0.136 mg
|
||||
(2%)
9 μg
|
||||
(34%)
5.1 μg
|
||||
(4%)
43 mg
|
||||
(94%)
12.18 mg
|
||||
(5%)
19 mg
|
||||
(28%)
0.587 mg
|
||||
(28%)
194 mg
|
||||
(9%)
411 mg
|
||||
(21%)
2.03 mg
|
||||
·
Units
·
μg = micrograms •
mg = milligrams
·
IU = International units
|
||||
Percentages are roughly
approximated usingUS recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database |
||||