[1] -فل . [ ف ُ ] (اِ) نیلوفر باشد.(برهان ). نیلوفر. (فرهنگ
فارسی معین ). رجوع به نیلوفر و نیلوفل شود. || بیخ نیلوفر، و بعضی گویند بیخ
نیلوفر هندی است ، و * همان است . (برهان ). فاغیه . (فرهنگ فارسی معین ). فاغیه
است که بیخ نیلوفر هندی باشد. (فهرست مخزن الادویه ). || چوب درخت آبی را نیز
گویند، و آبی میوه ای است که آن را به عربی سفرجل و به فارسی بِه ْ خوانند. (برهان ).
* فاغیه .[
ی َ / ی
ِ ] (اِ) بمعنی فاغر است . (فهرست مخزن الادویه ). فاغر است که گل زردی باشد
خوشبوی در هندوستان مانند زنبق ، و به هندی رای چنپا گویند. و گل حنا و درخت حنای
گل کرده را نیز گفته اند. (برهان ). || هر شکوفه را نیز گویند که خوشبوی باشد.
(برهان ).
////////////////
فاغیه.
صاحب منهاج گوید گل حنا بود و هر شکوفه که خوشبوی بود آن را فاغیه خوانند و
آن معتدل بود در گرمی و سردی و تمیمی گوید گل حنا چون در میان جامه صوف نهند و بهپیچند
خوشبوی کند و رها نکند که سوس آن را تباه کند و بخورد.
اختیارات بدیعی
که هیچکدام با توجه به تعریف امروزی فل در منابع عربی و لاتین درست بنظر نمی رسد.
////////////
یاس رازقی (نام علمی: Jasminum
sambac) یا یاس عربی گیاهی بالارونده که بیشتر در جنوب و جنوب غرب آسیا و در کشورهایی
مانند فیلیپین، هند، میانمار، سری لانکا یافت میشود. واژهٔ یاسمین ریشهٔ عربی یا فارسی دارد.[۱] این گیاه دارای برگهای
نسبتاً بریدگیدار و خوشههایی از گلهای بسیار معطر و کوچک سفید رنگ، به همراه
غنچه و شکوفههایی صورتی رنگ است. یاس رازقی گیاهی نیمه دائم سبز است که بر اثر
پیچیدن خود را حمایت کرده و بالا میکشد. به مکانی با آفتاب کامل و خاکی کاملاً قوی و با زهکشی خوب نیاز دارد. این گیاه بسیار قوی
و سریع الرشد بوده و بعد از هر دوره گلدهی باید هرس شود. با روش
های مختلفی چون قلمه و خوابانیدن شاخه میتوان رازقی
را تکثیر کرد.[۲]
محتویات
[نمایش]
در سال ۱۹۳۴ میلادی به عنوان گل ملی کشور فیلیپین انتخاب شد. در سال ۱۹۹۰ میلادی به عنوان یکی از سه گل ملی کشوراندونزی انتخاب شد.
استفاده در صنعت[ویرایش]
چای یاسمن
چینیها از گلهای یاس رازقی برای تولید چای
معطر استفاده می کنند. در زمان قدیم در هندوستان گلهای رازقی را با کنجد مخلوط میکردند
و روغن کنجد را که آغشته به این گل معطر بود میگرفتند، به این ترتیب عطرهای طبیعی
تولید میشد. امروزه با استفاده از شیوههای مدرن، عطر رازقی را به عنوان عطر تهیه
و عرضه میدارند.
پانویس
1. پرش به بالا↑ «PRODUCTION
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF JASMINE(Jasminum sambac [L. Aiton) IN THE
PHILIPPINES»] (انگلیسی). بازبینیشده در ۲۸ مارس ۲۰۱۲.
منابع
·
بری، سوزان
و استیو برادلی. گیاهان و
باغچهها. ترجمهٔ محمدعلی
فرزاد. چاپ اول. تهران: کارنگ، ۱۳۸۵. ISBN
964-6730-74-4.
///////////////
محتويات
[أظهر]
شجيرة صغيرة معمرة، مستديمة الخضرة، ترتفع حتى 2 م. الساق قاسية ومتنوعة، والأوراق خضراء
غامقة بيضاوية متقابلة، والأزهار متجمعة قمية بيضاء ناصعة تظهر في الربيع وحتى
آواخر الخريف، والثمار صغيرة الحسلة لا تظهر كثيراً، والجذور منتشرة محلياً
وكثيفة، ومعدل النمو للشجيرة بطيء إلى متوسط، تتوقف عن النمو بشكل شبه تام في فصل
الشتاء ، وتنمو بشكل ملحوظ في فصل الصيف إذا توافر لها الماء وأشعة الشمس.
تحمل النبات للظروف البيئية المحلية ينمو
الفل بشكل جيد تحت الظروف البيئية المحلية، وتتحمل العوامل البيئية القاسية بشكل
جيد من حيث ارتفاع درجة الحرارة إلى 45 درجة مئوية، والرياح والجفاف، إلا أنها
قليلة التحمل للملوحة، وتناسبها التربة اللومية الغنية الجيدة الصرف ومعرضة
للإصابة بالحشرات القشرية والبق الدقيقي والذباب الأبيض.
التكاثر[عدل]
بالعقل تحت ظروف البيت الزجاجي الرطب
والدافيء في أو آخر الشتاء.
القيمة التنسيقية تستخدم للزينة في الحدائق
والشرفات لأزهارها ذات الرائحة الطيبة
الفل ويطلق عليه أيضا ياسمين عربي هو نوع من أنواع الياسمين وهو نبات شجيري عادي ومتسلق دائم الخضرة، يتكاثر بالترقيد والعقل والتطعيم، فيالمشاتل ومن النبات مباشرةً.
يتميز الفل برائحته الزكية والتي جعلت منه
استخدامات كثيرة.
الموطن[عدل]
المناطق الدافئة والمعتدلة ،حوض البحر الأبيض المتوسط، مصر، بلاد الشام، قبرص، إلى جانب الهند، الصين وغيرها وتكثر زراعته في جازان بجنوبالمملكة العربية السعودية وفي اليمن.
الخصائص العلاجية[عدل]
حالات الاحتقان (الزهور)، خافض درجة الحرارة (الأوراق)، آلام العين، أوجاع الرأس
(الجذور). غرض الاستعمال : داخلي وخارجي. طبيعة الاستعمال : مغلي،
منقوع، مستحضر سائل، محلول ،دهن عطري، كمادات. طريقة الاستعمال : زيت عطري Huil
essential لينالول Linalol استرات
ميثيل اثرانيلات Méthyl anthranilat اندول Indole
التزين[عدل]
شجرة الفل من الأشجار التي تزين الحديقة
الخارجية بشكلها الجذاب وعطر وردها المميز، وإذا ما احسن تسميدها والعناية بها
فإن موسم أزهارها يمتد إلى أشهر طويلة. ينجح بشكل جيد تحت الظروف البيئية
المعتدلة، ويتحمل العوامل البيئية القاسية بشكل جيد من حيث ارتفاع درجة الحرارة
إلى 45 درجة مئوية، والرياح والجفاف، إلا أنها قليلة التحمل للملوحة، وتناسبها
التربة اللومية الغنية الجيدة الصرف ومعرضة للإصابة بالحشرات
القشرية والبق الدقيقي والذباب الأبيض.
تستخدم للزينة في الحدائق والشرفات لأزهارها ذات الرائحة
الزكية.
المراجع[عدل]
كتاب الثانوية العامة الأردن. م. علاء بدر،
م.عمار الظروف
////////////////
به پنجابی موتیا:
موتیا زیتون ٹبر دی ٹوکرے کلیاں دی اک ونڈ اے۔ ایہ دکھنی تے چڑھدے دکھنی ایشیاء دی
وسنیک اے تے فلپائن دا قومی پھل اے۔ ایہ دنیا دیاں کئی تھانواں تے اگایا
جاندا اے۔
وکھالہ[لکھو]
ایہ اک جھاڑی بوٹا اے جیہڑا
0.5 توں 3 میٹر (1.6 توں 9.8 فٹ) تک جاندا اے۔ ایہدے پتے آنڈیورگے تے 4 توں 12.5
سینٹی میٹر (1.6 توں 4.9 انچ) لمے تے 2 توں 7.5 سینٹی میٹر (0.79 توں 2.95 انچ)
چوڑے ہوندے نیں۔ ایہ اپنے حوشبو والے پھلاں باہجوں عام اگایا جاندا اے۔ ایہدے پھل
چٹے ہوندے نیں۔ سارا سال کھڑے ریندے نیں تے ٹاہنی دے انت تے 3 توں 12 دے گجھیاں وج
ہوندے نیں۔ ایہدے پھل خوشبو تے چآ بنان لئی ورتے جاندے نیں۔ ایہ فلپائن دا قومی
پھل اے تے انڈونیشیا دے تن قومی پھلاں وجوں اک اے۔
دوجیاں بولیاں وچ ناں[لکھو]
·
عربی - فل
·
بنگالی - بیلی
·
چینی - مو لی ہوا
·
گجراتی - موگرو
·
ہندی - موگرا
·
مراٹھی - موگرا
·
فارسی - یاسمین
·
پراکرت - ملیا
·
پنجابی - موتیا
·
سنسکرت - ملیکا یا
ملاٹی
·
ترک - فل
·
اردو - موتیا یا یاسمین
·
یونانی - فولی
بارلے جوڑ[لکھو]
/////////////
به آذری عِرِب
جاسمینی:
Ərəb jasmini (lat. Jasminum sambac) — Jasmin cinsinə
aid və Cənub və Cənub-şərqi Asiyanın yerli bitkilərindəndir.[1]Cəlbedici
və şirincəsinə ətirli gülləri üçün geniş şəkildə becərilir. Gülləri həm də
ətriyyat və çay hazırlanması üçün istifadə olunur.Filippinin milli gülüdür
və orada sampaguita adlanır. Həmçinin,İndoneziyanın
üç milli gülündən biridir və orada melati putih kimi tanınır.
///////////////
Jasminum sambac is a species of jasmine native to
a small region in the eastern Himalayas in Bhutan and neighbouring India.
It is cultivated in many places, especially across much of South and Southeast Asia. It is naturalised in many
scattered locales: Mauritius, Madagascar, the Maldives, Cambodia, Java, Christmas Island,Chiapas, Central America, southern Florida, the Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and the Lesser Antilles.[3][4][5]
Jasminum sambac is a small shrub or vine growing up to
0.5 to 3 m (1.6 to 9.8 ft) in height. It is widely cultivated for its
attractive and sweetly fragrant flowers. The flowers are also used for perfumes and for making tea.
It is known as the Arabian jasmine in English. It is the national flower of the Philippines, where it is known as sampaguita.
It is also one of the three national flowers of Indonesia, where it is known as melati
putih.
Contents
Jasminum sambac is classified under the genus Jasminum under the tribe Jasmineae.[6] It belongs to the olive familyOleaceae.[7]
Despite the English common name of "Arabian
jasmine", Jasminum sambac is not originally native
to Arabia. Thehabits of Jasminum sambac support
a native habitat of humid tropical climates and not the arid climates of theMiddle East. Early Chinese records
of the plant points to the origin of Jasminum sambac as
eastern South Asia andSoutheast Asia. Jasminum sambac (and
nine other species of the genus) were spread into Arabia and Persia by man, where they were cultivated
in gardens. From there, they were introduced
to Europe where they were grown as
ornamentals and were known under the common name "sambac" in the 18th
century.[8][9]
Medieval Arabic "zanbaq" meant
jasmine flower-oil from the flowers of any species of jasmine. This word
entered late medieval Latin as "sambacus" and "zambacca" with
the same meaning as the Arabic, and then in post-medieval Latin plant taxonomy
the word was adopted as a label for the J. sambac species.[10] The J. sambac species is a good source
for jasmine flower-oil in terms of the quality of the fragrance and it
continues to be cultivated for this purpose for the perfume industry today.
The Jasminum officinale species
is also cultivated for the same purpose, and probably to a greater extent.
In 1753, Carl Linnaeus first described the plant
as Nyctanthes sambac in the first
edition of his famous book Systema Naturae. In 1789, William Aiton reclassified the plant to
the genus Jasminum. He also
coined the common English name of "Arabian jasmine",[11] cementing the misconception that it was Arabian in origin.[8]
·
Arabic - Full (فل)
·
Catalan - Xamelera
·
Cebuano - Manol
·
Chamorro - Sampagita
·
English - Arabian
jasmine, Tuscan jasmine, Sambac jasmine
·
Greek - Fouli (Φούλι)
·
Gujarati - Mogro
·
Hawaiian - Pikake
·
Indonesian - Melati
Putih
·
Kannada - Dundu
Mallige
·
Konkani - Mogare
·
Manipuri language -
"Kabok lei"
·
Persian - Yasmeen
·
Prakrit - Malliā
·
Punjabi - Motiya (موتیا)
·
Spanish (Caribbean)
- Jazmín
·
Tagalog - Sampagita
·
Telugu - Mallepuvvu
·
Turkish - Ful
·
Urdu - Yasmeen or Motiya (موتیا)
·
Vietnamese - Hoa
Nhài
Jasminum sambac is an evergreen vine or shrub reaching
up to 0.5 to 3 m (1.6 to 9.8 ft) tall.[15] The species is highly variable, possibly a result ofspontaneous mutation,
natural hybridization,
and autopolyploidy. Cultivated Jasminum
sambac generally do not bear seeds and the plant is reproduced solely
by cuttings, layering, marcotting, and other methods of asexual propagation.[3][16][17]
The leaves are
ovate, 4 to 12.5 cm (1.6 to 4.9 in) long and 2 to 7.5 cm (0.79
to 2.95 in) wide. The phyllotaxy is opposite or in whorls of
three, simple (notpinnate, like most other
jasmines).[18] They are smooth (glabrous) except for a few hairs at
the venation on the base of the leaf.[16]
The flowers bloom all throughout the year and
are produced in clusters of 3 to 12 together at the ends of branches.[17] They are strongly scented, with a white corolla 2 to
3 cm (0.79 to 1.18 in) in diameter with 5 to 9 lobes. The flowers
open at night (usually around 6 to 8 in the evening), and close in the morning,
a span of 12 to 20 hours.[3] The fruit is a purple to
black berry 1 cm
(0.39 in) in diameter.[16]
Arabian
jasmine in soft shade
Jasminum sambac cultivars
'Maid of Orleans'
'Grand
Duke of Tuscany'
There are
numerous cultivars of Jasminum sambac which
differ from each other by the shape of leaves and the structure of the corolla. The cultivars recognized include:
·
'Maid of Orleans' - possesses flowers with a single
layer of five or more oval shaped petals. It is the variety most commonly
referred to as sampaguita and pikake.[3][17] It is also known as 'Mograw', 'Motiya', or 'Bela'.[19]
·
'Grand Duke of Tuscany' - possesses flowers with
doubled petals. They resemble small white roses and
are less fragrant than the other varieties. It is also known as 'Rose jasmine'
and 'Butt Mograw'.[19] In the Philippines, it is known as kampupot.[3]
The sweet, heady
fragrance of Jasminum sambac is its distinct feature. It is
widely grown throughout the tropics from the Arabian peninsula to Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands as an ornamental plant
and for its strongly scented flowers.[20] Numerous cultivars currently exist.[18]
Typically, the flowers
are harvested as buds during early morning. The flower
buds are harvested on basis of color, as firmness and size are variable
depending on the weather. The buds have to be white, as green ones may not emit
the characteristic fragrance they are known for.[17] Open flowers are generally not harvested as a larger
amount of them is needed to extract oils and they lose their fragrance sooner.[3]
Jasminum sambac was adopted by the Philippines as the national
flower on 1 February 1934 via Proclamation No. 652 issued
by American Governor-General Frank Murphy.[21][22][23] Filipinos string
the flowers into leis, corsages, and sometimes crowns.[24][25] These garlands are available as loose strings of blossoms
or as tight clusters of buds, and are commonly sold by poor children outside
churches and near intersections.[26]
Sampaguita garlands
are usually placed on religious images and photographs of the deceased on
altars, and is presented to visitors, dignitaries, and occasionally to graduating
students as a form of bestowing honour, veneration and accolade. Buds strung
into ropes several metres long are often used to decorate formal events such
state occasions at Malacañang Palace,
weddings, and are sometimes used as the ribbon in ribbon cutting
ceremonies. Though edible, the flower is rarely used in cuisine,
with an unusual example being flavouring for ice cream.
Jasminum sambac was the subject of the danza song La
Flor de Manila, composed by Dolores Paterno in 1879 at the age of 25.
The song was popular during the Commonwealth and
is now regarded as a romantic classic.[27] The flower is also the namesake of the song Collar
de Sampaguita.
Jasminum sambac (Indonesian: melati putih) is one of the three national
flowers in Indonesia, the other two being the moon orchid and
the giant padma.[22] Although the official adoption were announced only as
recent as 1990 during World Environment Day and enforced by law through
Presidential Decree No. 4 in 1993,[28] the importance of Jasminum sambac inIndonesian culture long
predates its official adoption. Since the formation of Indonesian republic
during the reign of Sukarno,melati putih is
always unofficially recognized as the national flower of Indonesia. The
reverence and its elevated status mostly due to the importance of this flower
in Indonesian tradition since ancient times.
It has long been
considered a sacred flower in Indonesian tradition, as it symbolizes purity,
sacredness, graceful simplicity and sincerity. It also represents the beauty of
modesty; a small and simple white flower that can produce such sweet fragrance.
It is also the most important flower in wedding ceremonies for ethnic
Indonesians, especially in the island ofJava.[29] Jasmine flower buds that have not fully opened are usually
picked to create strings of jasmine garlands (Javanese:roncen melati). On wedding
days, a traditional Javanese or Sundanese bride's hair is adorned with
strings of jasmine garlands arranged as a hairnet to cover the konde (hair bun). The intricately intertwined strings
of jasmine garlands are left to hang loose from the bride's head. The
groom's kris is also adorned with five jasmine
garlands called roncen usus-usus(intestine garlands) to refer its
intestine-like form and also linked to the legend of Arya Penangsang. In Makassar and Bugisbrides,
the hair is also adorned with buds of jasmine that resemble pearls. Jasmine is
also used as floral offerings forhyangs, spirits and deities
especially among Balinese Hindu, and
also often present during funerals. In South Sumatran traditional costume,
the bungo melati pattern in Palembang songket fabrics depicts the jasmine to
represent beauty and femininity.
The jasmine has wide
spectrums in Indonesian traditions; it is the flower of life, beauty and
festive wedding, yet it is also often associated with spirit and death. In
Indonesian patriotic songs and poems, the fallen melati often
hailed as the representation of fallen heroes that sacrificed their life and
died for the country, the very similar concept with fallen sakura that represent fallen heroes
in Japanese tradition. The Ismail Marzuki's patriotic song "Melati
di Tapal Batas" (jasmine on the border) (1947) and Guruh Sukarnoputra's "Melati
Suci"[30] (sacred jasmine) (1974) clearly refer jasmine as the
representation of fallen heroes, the eternally fragrance flower that
adorned Ibu Pertiwi (Indonesian national
personification). The Iwan Abdurachman's "Melati dari Jayagiri"(jasmine
from Jayagiri mountain) refer jasmine as the representation of the pure
unspoiled beauty of a girl and also a long lost love.
In Cambodia, the flower is used as an offering to
the Buddha. During flowering season which begins
in June, Cambodians thread the flower buds onto a wooden needle to be presented
to the Buddha.[31]
In China,
the flower is processed and used as the main ingredient in jasmine tea (茉莉花茶).[8] It is also the subject of the folk song Mo Li Hua, which wascensored by the People's
Republic of China due to its association with the 2011
Chinese pro-democracy protests.[32]
In Hawaii, the flower is known as pikake,
and are used to make fragrant leis.[17] The name 'pikake' is derived from the Hawaiian word for
"Peacock", because the Hawaiian Princess Kaʻiulani was fond of both the
flowers and the bird.[17][23]
It is one of the most
commonly grown ornamentals in Pakistan, India and Bangladesh, where it is native.[15][23] They are used to make thick garlands used as hair
adornments. In Oman, Jasminum sambac features
prominently on a child's first birthday. Flowers are sprinkled on the child's
head by other children while chanting "hol hol". The fragrant flowers
are also sold packed in between large leaves of the Indian almond (Terminalia catappa)
and sewn together with strips of date palm leaves.[20]
In Sri Lanka it is
widely known as pichcha or gaeta pichcha. The
name sithapushpa and katarolu are also used
in older texts. The flowers are used in Buddhist temples and in ceremonial
garlands.
·
Jasmine
1.
Jump up^ "Jasminum sambac (L.)
Aiton". Germplasm
Resources Information Network(GRIN). Retrieved March
8, 2011.
2.
Jump up^ Ginés López González (2006). Los árboles y arbustos de la Península Ibérica e Islas
Baleares: especies silvestres y las principales cultivadas (in
Spanish) (2 ed.). Mundi-Prensa Libros. p. 1295. ISBN 978-84-8476-272-0.
3.
^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Fernando
C. Sanchez, Jr., Dante Santiago, & Caroline P. Khe (2010). "Production Management Practices of Jasmine
(Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton) in
the Philippines" (PDF). J.
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