شکاع . [ ش ُ ] (ع اِ) درختی است از خار
ماورای عض و عضاه که بیخ آن در تابستان خشک نشود و آن باریک است و ضعیف ، از این رو
در عرب آدم ضعیف را به شکاع نسبت کنند و گویند: کأنه عود شکاعاً. رنگ برگ آن سبز و
رنگ شاخه هایش برخی سرخ و برخی زرد است و به پارسی گزگاو گویند. (از تذکره ٔ صیدنه
ٔ ابوریحان بیرونی ). گرم است به درجه ٔ اول و خشک به دویم ، ملازه و آماس معده و قروح
و خون از بر برآمدن را مفیداست . (نزهةالقلوب ). و رجوع به شکاعا و شکاعی شود.
چرخه . [ چ َ خ َ / خ ِ ] (اِ) بمعنی «چرخله
» است و آن رستنی و نباتی باشد که بعربی «شکاعی » گویند، بسبب آنکه بسیار سست و ساق
باریک است ، چه هرگاه کسی را بسیار ضعیف و لاغر بینند، گویند: «کانه عود شکاعی ».
(برهان ) (آنندراج ). چرخله . (ناظم الاطباء). شُکاعی . (بحر الجواهر). رجوع به چرخله
شود.
///////////
کنگر بزرگ. من کنگر بزرگ هستم که کنگره معمولی در معرفی خود
به من اشاره کرد. در فارسی به من چرخه و در بعضی از شهرها "کنگر" می گویند.
خر در فارسی به معنی بزرگ است، ولی فرنگیها بدون توجه به این موضوع گنکر خر را ترجمه
کرده و نامی روی من گذاشته اند که "خارخران " معنی می دهد عربی من
" شکاعی " و طوبه و شوک الحمار است. من در شمال غربی ایران، تبریز، رضائیه،
نواحی مختلف البرز مثل گچسر، دماوند و کوههای کردستان می رویم. ساقه گیاه من یک تا
دو متر قد می کشد و پوشیده از تارهای پنبه ای سفید است که ظاهراً آن را کاملاً مشخص
می نماید. ساقه گیاه من انشعاب کم دارد. و دارای کناره های بال مانند است که همه خاردار
می باشند. برگهای من بزرگ بوده و دارای کنگره های بال مانند است که همه خاردار و نوک
تیز است. مجموعه گلهای من بزرگ بوده از گلهای لوله ای قرمز تشکیل شده و دارای تارهای
پنبه ای است که به نوکی دراز و خمیده منتهی می شود. میوه من سفت، خاکستری و با لکه
های سیاه است، و یک دسته تارهای خرمایی رنگ بر سر آن قرار دارد. مرا به علت قشنگی و
داشتن گلهای بزرگ و ظاهری سفید، در باغچه ها پرورش می دهند. و زنبوران عسل از نوش من
بهره برداری زیاد می نمایند. دانه های من 25 درصد روغن قابل استخراج دارند. جوشانده
ریشه من پیشاب آور، مقوی معده و اشتهاآور بوده و برای درمان ذات الجنب مفید است. شیره
گیاه و برگهای تازه له شده من برای درمان زخمهای جلدی و کچلی تجویز می شوند، و برای
جذب و اولسرهای ناحیه صورت مفید می باشد. عده ای مرا جهت معالجه سرطان مفید می دانند.
قوت قبض ریشه من زیادتر از بارآورد می باشد. بیخ و میوه من جهت جلوگیری از خونریزی
سینه به کار می رود. جوشانده آن جهت معالجه امراض کبد و تبهای کهنه، مخصوصاً در اطفال
نافع است. جهت معالجه رعشه و فلج نیز توصیه شده است. برای معالجه جزام، برص و لکه های
سیاه جلدی و قطع ترشحات زنانه می توانید از جوشانده قسمتهای هوایی وبیخ من استفاده
کنید.
//////////////////
كنگر خر
نام هاى ديگر: شكاعى- چرخه- چرخله- خارزن
بابا- بوقناق- شوكة البيضا.
Onoporde-
Onoporde acanthe- Chardon aux nes- Argentine thistle-
.Wild artichoke
50 سانتيمتر.
ساقه - دوساله به بلندى 200 ، Compositae مشخصات: گياهى
است از خانواد ه
آن مثلثى و پوشيده از تارهاى پنبه اى به
رنگ سفيد و آبى روشن است. تمام قسمت ساقه و
شاخه ها بالدار است و در كناره و نوك آنها
خار وجود دارد. برگهاى آن بزرگ، دراز، بيضى، با كناره
خاردار مى باشد. گلهايش بنفش و به شكل يك
طبق ضخيم و متراكم است كه گلها در آن قرار
دارند و منتهى به خار هستند و در انتهاى
ساقه گل دهنده در تابستان ظاهر مى شود. تخم آن ريز و
مثلث شكل و خاكسترى رننگ و طعم آن شيرين
است و بهترين آن سبزرنگ يا سبز مايل به زرد
است. اين گياه در تبريز، خوى، نزديك ماكو،
همدان، اصفهان، شاهرود، بسطام، شهميرزاد،
كردستان، آذربايجان غربى، دامن ههاى البرز،
گچسر، دماوند در ارتفاع 2640 متر از سطح دريا و
كندوان در كنار جاده ها و اراضى دورافتاده
و باير م ىرويد.
طبيعت آن: گرم و خشك است ولى عده اى آن
را سرد م ىدانند.
خواص درمانى: 1 - آب دم كرده آن را بنوشيد.
خشك كننده رطوبتها و ضد سم
و قابض است.
اسرار گياهان دارويى، ص: 861
-2 گذاردن له شده تازه آن يا ماليدن شيره
تازه آن بر زخم، براى التيام زخم و كنترل زخمهاى
كچلى و جرب و زخ مهاى سرطانى مؤثر است.
تخم كنگر خر
خواص درمانى: آب دم كرده آن را بنوشيد.
مسهل است و براى بيماريهاى معده و كبد مفيد
مى باشد، تبهاى كهنه را تسكين مى دهد، جريان
رطوبات از رحم و ساير اعضاى بدن را قطع
مى كند، براى رفع فلج و رعشه و جذام مفيد
است، درد پشت را تسكين مى دهد.
ريشه كنگر خر
خواص درمانى: 1- آب د مكرده آن را بنوشيد.
براى قطع خونريزى از سينه و مقعد، رفع ورم مقعد
و التيام زخم مفيد است، براى درمان بيماريهاى
معده و كبد و رفع تبهاى كهنه مؤثر است، مسهل
است، براى رفع فلج و رعشه و جذام و تسكين
درد پشت و قطع جريان رطوبت از رحم و ساير
اعضاى بدن مفيد است.
-2 بيست و پنج تا سى گرم از تازه آن را
همراه با ساقه هايش در نيم ليتر آب بجوشانيد و آب صاف
كرده آن را بنوشيد. چند بار قى ايجاد مى
كند و مانند مسهل صفرا عمل مى كند.
///////////
Onopordum illyricum is a species of thistle known
by the common name Illyrian thistle,[1] or Illyrian
cottonthistle.[2] It
is native to southwestern Europe,
but has been introduced into Australia and California,
where it has become a noxious weed.
The plant is a biennial herb
producing an erect, branching, winged, spiny stem known to exceed two meters in
maximum height. The spiny leaves may be up to 50 centimeters long and are
divided into deep toothed lobes. Theinflorescence bears
several large flower heads each up to 7 centimeters wide. They
are lined with spiny, woolly to cobwebby phyllaries and bear many
narrow glandular purple flowers each about 3 centimeters long. The fruit is a
cylindrical achene 4
or 5 millimeters long topped with a white pappus a centimeter in length.
References[edit]
- Jump
up^ "BSBI List 2007".
Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on
2015-02-25. Retrieved2014-10-17.
- Jump
up^ "Onopordum
illyricum". Natural Resources Conservation
Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 30
January2016.
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Onopordum illyricum
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Onopordum acanthium (Cotton
thistle, Scotch thistle), is a flowering
plant in the family Asteraceae.
It is native to Europe and Western
Asia from the Iberian
Peninsula east to Kazakhstan,
and north to central Scandinavia, and widely naturalised elsewhere.[1][2][3] It
is a vigorous biennial plant with coarse, spiny leaves and
conspicuous spiny-winged stems.[4]
Description[edit]
Detailed image
It is a biennial
plant, producing a large rosette of
spiny leaves the
first year. The plants typically germinate in the autumn after the first rains
and exist as rosettes throughout the first year, forming a stout, fleshy taproot that
may extend down 30 cm or more for a food reserve.
In the second year, the plant
grows (0.2–) 0.5–2.5 (–3) m tall and a width of 1.5 m. The leaves are
10–50 cm wide, are alternate and spiny, often covered with white woolly
hairs and with the lower surface more densely covered than the upper. The
leaves are deeply lobed with long, stiff spines along the margins. Fine hairs give
the plant a greyish appearance. The massive main stem may be 10 cm wide at
the base, and is branched in the upper part. Each stem shows a vertical row of
broad, spiny wings (conspicuous ribbon-like leafy material), typically
2–3 cm wide, extending to the base of the flower head.
The flowers are
globe shaped, 2–6 cm in diameter, from dark pink to lavender, and are
produced in the summer. The flower buds form first at the tip of the stem and
later at the tip of the axillary branches. They appear singly or in groups of
two or three on branch tips. The plants are androgynous, with both pistil and stamens,
and sit above numerous, long, stiff, spine-tipped bracts, all pointing outwards,
the lower ones wider apart and pointing downwards. After flowering, the ovary starts
swelling and forms about 8,400 to 40,000 seeds per plant.[4][5][6]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
Cotton thistle is native to
Europe and Asia. The plant prefers habitats with
dry summers, such as the Mediterranean region, growing best in sandy, sandy
clay and calcareous soils which
are rich in ammonium salts. It grows in ruderalplaces,
as well as dry pastures and disturbed fields. Its preferred habitats are
natural areas, disturbed sites, roadsides, fields, and especially sites with
fertile soils, agricultural areas, range/grasslands, riparian zones,
scrub/shrublands valleys and plains along with water courses.[1][4] Temperature
and moisture, rather than soil nutrient concentrations, determine the
ecological performance of Onopordum species.[7]
In Europe, the plant tends to
colonise disturbed pastures. In its native range, Cotton thistle is considered
a weak competitor that needs regeneration gaps to develop and maintain stands;
populations tend to retreat when disturbance ceases.[8] The
plant has been widely introduced at mid-latitudes across much of North America.[9]
Cotton thistle can spread
rapidly. For example, it was first found in Utah in 1963. By 1981, it covered
approximately 6070 hectares in 17 counties. Eight years later, it had spread to
cover more than 22,540 hectares in 22 counties.[10]
Ecology[edit]
Onopordum acanthium reproduces only by seeds.
Most seeds germinate in autumn after the first rains, but some
seeds can germinate year round under favourable moisture and temperature
conditions. Seeds that germinate in late autumn become biennials. But when they
germinate earlier, they can behave as annuals. Buried seed can remain viable in
the soil seed bank for at least seven years and
possibly for up to twenty years or more. Yearly seed production and seed dormancy are
highly variable depending on environmental conditions. The slender and smoothachenes are
about 3 mm long and are brown with gray markings. They are tipped with a
pappus of slender bristles. Mainly locally dispersed by wind, or more widely by
humans, birds, wildlife, livestock or streams, the seeds are sensitive to light
and only germinate when close to the surface. Seedlings will emerge from soil
depths up to 4.5 cm, with 0.5 cm being optimal.[4] While
some seeds will germinate in the dark, studies indicate that most germination
occurs with alternating light/dark cycles, with 8 hours being the optimal day
length.[11]
The leaves of Cotton thistle
provide food for the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera,
such as the Thistle Ermine (Myelois circumvoluta).
Taxonomy and naming[edit]
Three subspecies are accepted:[4]
- Onopordum
acanthium subsp. acanthium.
Most of the species' range.
- Onopordum
acanthium subsp. gautieri (Rouy)
Franco. France, Spain.
- Onopordum
acanthium subsp. parnassicum (Boiss.
& Heldr.) Nyman. Greece.
The botanical name is derived
from the Ancient Greek words onos (donkey), perdo (to
consume), and acanthos (thorn), meaning 'thorny donkey food'.
The common name of Cotton
thistle derives from the cotton-like
hairs on the leaves. Other names include Scots thistle or Scottish thistle,
heraldic thistle and woolly thistle;.[12] The
name Scots
thistle comes from the flower used as the national emblem of Scotland.
Uses[edit]
It is grown as an ornamental
plant for its bold foliage and large flowers.[13] It
has been used to treat cancers and ulcers and to diminish discharges of mucous
membranes. A recent study of a crude extract from the leaves of the plant
proved the activity against gliobalstoma cell line, a very malignant brain
tumor [14] The receptacle was eaten in earlier times like an
artichoke. The cottony hairs on the stem have been occasionally collected to
stuff pillows. Oil from the seeds has been used for burning and cooking.[15][16]
Invasive species[edit]
In the late 19th century, it was
introduced to temperate regions of North America, South America,
and Australia as
an ornamental plant, and is now considered a major agricultural and
wildland noxious weed.
It has been recorded from nearly 50 countries.[17] It
is difficult to eradicate because of its drought resistance. It can spread
rapidly and eventually dense stands prohibit foraging by livestock.
Infestations of Cotton thistle often start in disturbed areas such as roadways,
campsites, burned areas, and ditch banks. The weed adapts best to areas along
rivers and streams, but can be a serious problem in pastures, grain fields and
range areas. A single plant is imposing enough, but an entire colony can ruin a pasture or
destroy a park or campsite, sometimes forming tall, dense, impenetrable stands.
Besides creating an impenetrable barrier to humans and animals, the plant
nearly eliminates forage use by livestock and
some mammal species such as deer and elk.[18]
Known infestations include most
of the Pacific Northwest along with Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Wyoming,
Nebraska, and South Dakota. On western rangeland, infestations directly result
in significant economic losses for ranchers. It is also widespread in Australia
and New Zealand.[19] In
Australia it commonly hybridises with the related invasive Onopordum illyricum.[18]
Control[edit]
Mechanical
Small infestations may be
physically removed or cut a few centimetres below the soil surface ensuring
that no leaves remain attached to prevent regrowth. Mowing during early
flowering will not kill the plant but will reduce seed production. Repeated
treatments may be required because populations typically exhibit a wide range
of developmental stages among individual plants. Slashing should be done prior
to flowering since seed may mature in the seed head after cutting. Plants
should not be mowed following seed set, as this increases chances for seed
dispersal.[18][20]
Chemical
Because of their shorter life
cycle, Cotton thistle plants can be effectively treated with herbicides. All
herbicide treatments should be applied at the rosette stage of the plant.
Generally, herbicide applications would be in early spring or autumn. One of
the primary difficulties in chemical control of Cotton thistles is their
ability to germinate nearly year round. From autumn to spring a range of plant
sizes can be found which may result in variable success from chemical control.
Herbicides are very effective on seedlings and young rosettes, but control
becomes more variable with increasing plant age. Onopordum spp. seeds may
persist for several years in the soil. Buried seed may persist for up to twenty
years, and reinfestation is likely without yearly management. Therefore,
several years of re-treatment may be necessary. Picloram, dicamba, 2,4-D,
dicamba + 2,4,-D, and metsulfuron are effective for controlling Cotton Thistle.[21] Clopyralid
is more selective for controlling plants in the Asteraceae family, but will
also injure or kill legumes.[18][20]
Biological
There are no biological control
agents that have been specifically released for Cotton thistle control in
the United States. A thistle head weevil Rhinocyllus conicus that feeds on Carduus pycnocephalus has
also been shown to feed on Cotton thistle. However, this insect was the object
of imprudent biological control introduction, and it became an invasive species
that has threatened endangered native thistles in North America (Strong 1997).
Establishment of this thistle head weevil as a biological control agent for
Cotton thistle has been unsuccessful in the Pacific Northwest. A thistle crown
weevil (Trichosirocalus horridus) that
feeds on Musk, Bull, Plumeless, Italian, and Creeping Thistles will also feed
on Cotton Thistle. In Australia, this insect has been shown to kill Cotton
Thistle rosettes. The related Trichosirocalus briese is
also being tested as a control agent.[22] The Australian Painted Lady butterfly
has been known to use this invasive species as a host plant, but the larvae do
not do enough damage to the plant for this butterfly to be used as biological
control agent.[23]
In Australia, a total of seven
insects have been released to control Cotton thistle.[24][25] Two
of the seven released insects are weevils,
including Larinus latus which feeds on the seeds,
and Lixus cardui, which bores in the stems.[18][20]
Integrated management
A combination of methods (IPM)
is often more effective than any single method. An integrated pest management
plan deals with prevention as well as control. Eradication of weed species is
often not a practical goal, but in many cases reducing infestation to
manageable levels is an achievable objective. Seed bank longevity is a major
factor in managing Cotton Thistles. Re-establishing competitive perennial grasses
and monitoring infested areas on a yearly basis is critical. Herbicides can
successfully be used for reducing thistle populations and giving grasses a
competitive advantage. However, they cannot be used as a stand-alone solution.
These techniques must be linked with good grazing practices in rangeland areas.
Otherwise, the thistles will recolonize and rapidly replenish the seed bank to
pre-control levels.[18]
References[edit]
- ^ Jump up
to:a b Clive
A. Stace (2010). New Flora of the British
Isles (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
p. 695. ISBN 978-0-521-70772-5.
- Jump
up^ Den
virtuella floran: Onopordum acanthium (in Swedish, with
maps)
- Jump
up^ Flora
Europaea: Onopordum acanthium
- ^ Jump up
to:a b c d e Tutin,
T. G. et al., eds. (1976). Flora Europaea vol. 4.
Cambridge University Press ISBN
0-521-08717-1
- Jump
up^ Flora
of NW Europe: Cotton Thistle
- Jump
up^ Young,
J.A. and R.A. Evans. 1969. "Control and ecological studies of Scotch
thistle". Weed Science 17:60-63.
- Jump
up^ M.
P. Austin, R. H. Groves, L. M. F. Fresco & P. E. Kaye (1985).
"Relative growth of six thistle species along a nutrient gradient
with multispecies competition". Journal of Ecology 73 (2):
667–684. JSTOR 2260503.
- Jump
up^ Ladislav Mucina (1989).
"Syntaxonomy of the Onopordum acanthiumcommunities in temperate
and continental Europe". Vegetatio 81 (1–2):
107–115. doi:10.1007/BF00045516. JSTOR 20038441.
- Jump
up^ Taylor,
R.J. 1990. "Northwest Weeds: The Ugly and Beautiful Villains of
Fields, Gardens, and Roadsides". Mountain Press Publishing,
Missoula, Montana.
- Jump
up^ Dewey,
S.A. (1991). Weed thistles of the western United States. In: James, L.F.,
J.O. Evans, M.H. Ralphs, and R.D. Child, eds. Noxious Range
Weeds.Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado. pp. 247-253.
- Jump up^ James A. Young
& Raymond A. Evans (1972). "Germination and persistence of
achenes of Scotch thistle". Weed
Science 20 (1): 98–101.JSTOR 4042041.
- Jump
up^ Germplasm
Resources Information Network: Onopordum acanthium
- Jump
up^ Holliday,
C. (2005). Sharp Gardening. Timber Press ISBN
0-88192-699-X
- Jump
up^ Abusamra
YA et.al., 2015. Evaluation of putative cytotoxic activity of crude
extracts from Onopordum acanthium leaves and Spartium junceum flowers
against the U-373 glioblastoma cell line.Pak J Pharm Sci. 2015
Jul;28(4):1225-32.
- Jump
up^ Henriette's
Herbal: Onopordum acanthium
- Jump
up^ M.
Grieve (1971). A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic
and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-Lore of Herbs, Grasses,
Fungi, Shrubs & Trees with Their Modern Scientific Uses. New
York: Dover Publications.
- Jump
up^ CAB
International. "Crop
Protection Compendium, 2004 edition". CAB International,
2004.
- ^ Jump up
to:a b c d e f Global
Invasive Species Database: Onopordum acanthium
- Jump
up^ Tamar
Valley Weed Strategy: Cotton Thistle
- ^ Jump up
to:a b c Cotton
Thistle (Onopordum acanthium L.) Control Guide
- Jump
up^ Beck,
K.G. (1991). Biennial thistle control with herbicides. In: James, L.F.,
J.O. Evans, M.H. Ralphs, and R.D. Child, eds. Noxious Range
Weeds.Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado. pp. 254-259.
- Jump
up^ D.
T. Briese, T. Thomann & J. Vitou (2002). "Impact of the rosette
crown weevil Trichosirocalus briesei on the growth and
reproduction of Onopordumthistles". Journal of Applied Ecology 39 (4):
688–698. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2664.2002.00747.x. JSTOR 827177.
- Jump
up^ Briese,
D.T. (1989). "Natural enemies of carduine thistles in New South
Wales". Journal of Australian Entomological Society 28:
125–126.doi:10.1111/j.1440-6055.1989.tb01209.x.
- Jump
up^ D.
T. Briese, W. J. Pettit, A. Swirepik & A. Walker (2002). "A
strategy for the biological control of Onopordum spp. thistles
in South-eastern Australia".Biocontrol
Science and Technology 12 (1): 121–136.doi:10.1080/09583150120110707.
- Jump
up^ Swirepik,
A., Smyth, M., 2002. Biological control of broad-leafed pasture weeds (Paterson’s
curse, Onopordum and nodding thistles): what have we achieved and where
to from here?. In: Spafford J.H., Dodd, J., Moore, J.H. (Eds.),
Proceedings of the 13th Australian Weeds Conference, Plant Protection of
WA, Perth, pp. 373-376.
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Onopordum acanthium
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Subfamily:
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Tribe:
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Genus:
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Species:
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O. acanthium
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