شعر الغول
بضم غین معجمه و سکون واو و لام و آن را الحاء الغول* نیز کویند
ماهیت آن
کیاهی است بی ساق و ثمر و منحصر در اوراق خشن شبیه بسرخس مائل بسیاهی
و بیخ آن سیاه و پرریشه و در دار المرز موجود و در تنکابن کرف** نامند و غیر پرسیاوشان
است چنانچه بعضی کمان کرده اند مالیقی کفته که آن را بفارسی اردمانه و ببربری مامرب
و سیون نامند و آن نباتی است که در اقلیم ثالث بهم می رسد و در غیر آن از اقالیم دیکر
بهم نمی رسد و آن تارهای باریک شبیه بموی است که بر روی زمین پهن می شود و طول بسیار
ندارد و شاخ و برک و کل نیز ندارد و چون جمع کرده شود منقبض می کردد و چون بر آتش اندازند
بوی موی آید و بعضی محض مسنون را شعر الغول نامیده اند و در مغرب اقصی بسیار می روید
میان مدینۀ تلمسان و مدینۀ فاس و در انجا معروف بلحیۀ مسنون است
طبیعت آن
کرم و خشک باعتدال
افعال و خواص آن
قریب بپرسیاوشان است و در تنقیۀ سینه قوی تر از ان و مالیقی کفته
از خاصیت آن آنست که بخور آن زائل کنندۀ تپ ربع است بزودی و تعلیق آن بر بازو مانع
کثرت تعب و ماندکی مسافر است در راه رفتن
مخزن الادویه عقیلی خراسانی
* لِحَاء الغُول[1] أو لِحْيَة مِسُون[1]
(الاسم العلمي: .Asplenium trichomanes L) هي نوع نباتات من جنس الطُّحَال ومن الفصيلة الطُّحَالِيَّة ومن رتبة
السرخسيات.
المراجع[عدل]
^ تعدى إلى الأعلى ل: أ ب معجم أسماء النبات،
أحمد عيسى، المطبعة الأميرية بالقاهرة 1349 هـ.
** کرف . [ ک َ رَ ] (اِ) در مازندران
و گیلان بی تشخیص به مطلق انواع سرخس گفته می شود. (یادداشت مؤلف ).
^^^^^^^
کَرَف، چماز[۲] یا سرخس عقابی گیاهی است
که تقریباً در سراسر جهان می‌روید.
این جنس در ایران سه گونه سرخس دارد که
معمولاً در مناطق تخریب‌یافته جنگلی شمال می‌روید.
نگارخانه[ویرایش]
Adelaarsvaren planten
Pteridium aquilinum.jpg
منابع[ویرایش]
مظفریان، ولی‌الله، فرهنگ نام‌های گیاهان
ایران: لاتینی، انگلیسی، فارسی تهران: فرهنگ معاصر ۱۳۷۵، ص۳۰۸.
پرش به بالا ↑ painting circa 1920 by the
Swedish botanist C. A. M. Lindman (1856–1928), taken from his book(s) Bilder ur
Nordens Flora (first edition published 1901–1905, supplemented edition
1917–1926?).
پرش به بالا ↑ برابر فارسی از:[۱]
///////////////
قس ترکی استانبولی:
Pteridium,
eğrelti cinsi. En tanınmış örneği kartal eğreltisidir (Pteridium aquilinum).
Eğreltiler
dönemi[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir]
İlk
varoluşları günümüzden 300 milyon yıl öncesine dayanır. Devoniyen Dönemi'nde
karada hiçbir hayvanın yaşamadığı dönemlerde belirmiştir. 250 milyon yıl önceki
Karbonifer Dönemi'nde yeryüzündeki karaların hemen hemen tamamı eğreltiotu
ormanları ile kaplıydı. Bu yüzden bu döneme eğrelti otu dönemi denir. Dünyadaki
kömür yataklarının temelleri bu dönemdeki eğreltiotlarına dayanır. O dönemde
yaşayan eğrelti otlarının çoğunun soyu tükenmiştir fakat bazıları soyununu
günümüze kadar sürdürmeyi devam ettirmiştir.
Nemli
ve keskin güneş ışıklarından korunacak kadar gölgeli yerlerde üreyebilirler.
Bazıları yosuna benzer biçimde miniktir. Tropik bölgede yetişenleri ise 25 m
uzunluğa varabilecek kadar büyük olabilmektedir.
Eğrelti
otları damarlı bitkilerdir. Suyu köklerinden alıp, damarları ile yapraklarına
kadar ulaştırabilirler. Türlerin çoğu toprakta yetişir. Yalnız Platycerium
cinsinden geyik boynuzu gibi bazı eğreltiler başka bitkilerin üzerinde
yaşayabilir.
/////////////
Bracken
From Wikipedia, the
free encyclopedia
"Pteridium"
redirects here. For the Ediacaran organism, see Pteridinium.
For other uses,
see Bracken
(disambiguation).
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Bracken
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Pteridium
Gled. ex Scop. 1760 not Raf. 1814 (Pteridaceae) |
Bracken (Pteridium) is a genus of
large, coarse ferns in the familyDennstaedtiaceae. Ferns (Pteridophyta)
are vascular plants that have alternating
generations, large plants that produce spores and small plants that
produce sex cells (eggs and sperm). Brackens are
noted for their large, highly divided leaves. They are found on all continents
except Antarctica and in all environments except deserts, though their typical
habitat is moorland. The genus
probably has the widest distribution of any fern in the world.
In the past, the genus was commonly treated
as having only one species, Pteridium aquilinum, but the recent
trend is to subdivide it into about ten species.
Like other ferns, brackens do not have
seeds or fruits, but the immature fronds, known as fiddleheads, are sometimes eaten, although
some are thought to be carcinogenic. (see Poisoning)
The word bracken is of Old Norse origin, related to
Swedish bräken and Danish bregne, both meaning
fern.
Contents
[show]
Evolutionarily, bracken may be considered
one of the most successful ferns. Bracken, like heather, is typically found in
moorland environments, and is commonly referred to by local populations in the
north of England as 'Moorland Scrub'. It is also one of the oldest ferns, with
fossil records over 55 million years old having been found. The plant sends up
large, triangular fronds from a wide-creeping underground rootstock, and may
form dense thickets. This rootstock may travel a metre or more underground
between fronds. The fronds may grow up to 2.5 m (8.2 ft) long or
longer with support, but typically are in the range of 0.6–2 m
(2.0–6.6 ft) high. In cold environments, bracken is deciduous and, as it requires
well-drained soil, is generally found growing on the sides of hills.
Sori on outer
edge under the leaves
The spores are contained in structures found
on the underside of the leaf called sori.
The linear pattern of these is different from other ferns which are circular
and towards the centre.
Pteridium aquilinum (bracken or common bracken) is the most
common species with a cosmopolitan
distribution, occurring in temperate and subtropical regions throughout much of
the world. It is a prolific and abundant plant in the moorlands of Great
Britain, where it is limited to altitudes of below 600 metres. It does not like
poorly drained marshes or fen. It has been observed growing in soils from pH 2.8
to 8.6. Exposure to cold or high pH inhibits its growth. It causes such a
problem of invading pastureland that at one time the British government had an
eradication programme. Special filters have even been used on some British
water supplies to filter out the bracken spores.[2] NBN distribution map for the United Kingdom
Bracken is a characteristic moorland plant
in the UK which over the last decades has increasingly out-competed
characteristic ground-cover plants such as moor grasses, cowberry, bilberry and
heathers and now covers a considerable part of upland moorland. Once valued and
gathered for use as animal bedding, tanning, soap and glass making and as a
fertiliser, bracken is now seen as a pernicious, invasive and opportunistic
plant, taking over from the plants traditionally associated with open moorland
and reducing easy access by humans. It is toxic to cattle, dogs, sheep, pigs
and horses and is linked to cancers in humans.[3] It can harbour high levels of
sheep ticks, which can pass on Lyme Disease. Grazing provided some control by
stock trampling but this has almost ceased since foot and mouth over ten years
ago. Global climatic changes have also suited bracken well and contributed to
its rapid increase in land coverage.
Bracken is a well-adapted pioneer plant
which can colonise land quickly, with the potential to extend its area by as
much as 1–3% per year. This ability to expand rapidly is at the expense of
other plants and wildlife, can cause major problems for land users and
managers. It colonises ground with an open vegetation structure but is slow to
colonise healthy, well managed heather stands.
The biodiversity that depends on these
uplands is very special and very rich. Many of the species only occur on upland
moorland, tied to features unique to the habitat. The loss and degradation of
such areas due to the dominance of bracken has caused many species to become
rare and isolated.[citation needed]
Woodland fungi can
be found growing under the bracken canopy, for example Mycena epipterygia.
Both Camarographium stephensii and Typhula quisquiliaris grow
primarily from dead bracken stems.
Allelopathy: Bracken fern is known to produce
and release allelopathic chemicals, which is an important factor in its ability
to dominate other vegetation, particularly in regrowth after fire. Its chemical
diffusions, shady canopy and its thick litter inhibit other plant species from
establishing themselves – with the occasional exception of plants which support
rare butterflies. Herb and tree seedling growth may be inhibited even after
bracken fern is removed, apparently because active plant toxins remain in the
soil.
Brackens substitute the characteristics of
a woodland canopy, and are
important for giving shade to European plants such as common bluebell and wood anemone, where the woodland does not
exist. These plants are intolerant to stock trampling. Dead bracken provides a
warm microclimate for development of the immature stages. Climbing
corydalis, wild gladiolus and chickweed wintergreen also
seem to benefit from the conditions found under bracken stands.
The high humidity helps mosses survive
underneath including Campylopus flexuosus, Hypnum cupressiforme, Polytrichum commune, Pseudoscelopodium
purum and Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus.
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Brackens of the Northern Hemisphere are
used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including dark green fritillary, dot moth, high brown fritillary, gold swift, map-winged swift, pearl-bordered
fritillary, orange swift, small angle shades, small
pearl-bordered fritillary. They also form an important ecological
partnership with plants such as violet and cow-wheat (Melampyrum pratense)
for various Boloria fritillary
species.
It is also a favoured haunt of the sheep
tick Ixodes ricinus which
can carry lyme disease.
Between 27 and 40[vague] invertebrates
(including nine moths) in the UK feed on bracken. These include the sawfly, a planthopper (Dytroptis pteridis),
the map-winged swift moth
caterpillar, brown silver-line moth caterpillar (Petrophora chlorosata)
and Paltodora cytisella. The numbers
feeding on the bracken increase as the season progresses due to the decreasing
levels of toxin, and the production of nectaries in the spring, food for ants
which in turn may kill any herbivorous insects in the vicinity.
Where bracken is dominant it excludes most
specialist heathland/moorland bird species of conservation concern, although
there are a few species that may benefit from a certain proportion of bracken.
Deeper bracken stands provide a good food site for many resident or breeding
birds, such as threatened ground-nesting species skylark, yellowhammer, curlew and lapwing. Some British birds such as the whinchat and the nightjar use bracken as their preferred
habitats. The nightjar may lay its eggs on the bare ground under the bracken.
The skylark often nests in bracken and uses
it for cover. Small stands of bracken provide nesting, feeding and roosting
habitat for a variety of smaller birds, including the willow warbler (which will also use
bracken to construct its nest), the tree pipit, the yellowhammer, the ring ouzel, the woodcock and the twite.
These stands also give cover, especially
during the nesting season, from predators such as birds of prey and crows; and
from free-ranging dogs and users straying off the paths which, usually
unintentionally, disrupts nesting and can identify the nest site to predators.
On heavily used spaces, this may be an important protection.
The European adder can be found basking on
bracken, the colour of their skin concealing them.
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how and when to remove this template message)
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Young bracken
fronds curled
Bracken fiddleheads (the immature, tightly curled
emerging fronds) have been considered edible by many cultures throughout
history, and are still commonly used today as a foodstuff. Bracken fiddleheads
are either consumed fresh (and cooked) or preserved by salting, pickling, or
sun drying. In Korea,[5] where they are called gosari (고사리), they are a typical ingredient in the mixed rice dish called bibimbap.
The British Royal Horticultural Society
recommends against consumption of bracken either by humans or livestock, since
it contains carcinogens linked with oesophageal and stomach cancer.[6] However, the poison found in
bracken, ptaquiloside, is both
water-soluble and is destroyed in heat and alkaline conditions.[7][8] Despite this, moderation of
consumption is still recommended to mitigate chance of throat and stomach
cancers.[8]
Both fronds and rhizomes have been used to brew beer,[9] and the rhizome starch has been used as a substitute
for arrowroot[citation needed].
Bread can be made out of dried and powdered rhizomes alone or with other flour. Indigenous
peoples of the Americas[which?] cooked
the rhizomes, then peeled and ate them or pounded the starchy fiber into flour[citation needed].
In Japan, where it is known as warabi (蕨?), starch from the rhizomes is used to make confections, most
significantly warabimochi.
Bracken is called wiwnunmí útpas ‘huckleberry’s
blanket’ by the Umatilla Indians of the Columbia River in the United States
Northwest. The fronds were used to cover a basket full of huckleberries in
order to keep them fresh.[citation needed]
The Māori of New Zealand used the rhizomes
of P. esculentum (aruhe) as a staple food, especially
for exploring or hunting groups away from permanent settlements; much of the
widespread distribution of this species in present-day New Zealand is in fact a
consequence of prehistoric deforestation and subsequent tending of aruhe stands
on rich soils (which produced the best rhizomes). The rhizomes were air-dried
so that they could be stored and became lighter; for consumption, they were
briefly heated and then softened with a patu aruhe (rhizome
pounder); the starch could then be sucked from the fibers by each diner, or
collected if it were to be prepared for a larger feast. Patu aruhe were
significant items and several distinct styles were developed.[10]
In East Asia, Pteridium aquilinum (fernbrake
or bracken fiddleheads) is eaten
as a vegetable, called warabi (蕨 / わらび) in
Japan, gosari (고사리) in Korea,
and juécài (蕨菜) in China and Taiwan. In Korea, a typical banchan (small side dish) is gosari-namul (고사리나물) that consists of prepared fernbrake that has been sauteed. It is a
component of the popular dish bibimbap.
Bracken has been shown to be carcinogenic in some animals[11] and some have suggested it
could have some part in causing the high incidence[citation needed] of stomach cancer in Japan.[11] It is currently under
investigation as a possible source of new insecticides.[12]
Uncooked bracken contains the enzyme thiaminase, which breaks down thiamine. Eating excessive quantities of
bracken can cause beriberi, especially in
creatures with simple stomachs. Ruminants are less vulnerable because
they synthesize thiamine.[citation needed]
It was traditionally used (and still is in
certain areas like mid-Wales) for animal bedding, which later broke down to a
rich mulch which could be used as fertilizer.[13]
When used by gardeners as a winter mulch it
has been shown to reduce the loss of potassium and nitrogen and to lower soil pH.[13]
Other uses were as packing material for
products such as earthenware, as a fuel, as a form of thatch. The ash was used
for degreasing woolen cloth.[citation needed]
The ash of bracken fern was used in
making forest glass in
Central Europe from about 1000 to 1700.[citation needed]
Bracken is currently harvested in the Lake
District, Cumbria, United Kingdom to make commercial composts.[citation needed]
A quick and easy remedy for nettle stings is
to rub bracken on the affected area. The juice it releases alleviates the
sting, and bracken often grows near stinging nettle.[citation needed]
The plant is carcinogenic to animals such as mice,
rats, horses and cattle when ingested, although they will usually avoid it
unless nothing else is available. Young stems are quite commonly used as a
vegetable in China, Japan and Korea. However, some researchers suspect a link
between consumption and higher stomach cancer rates.[11] The spores have also been
implicated as a carcinogen. Danish scientist Lars Holm Rasmussen released a
study in 2004 showing that the carcinogenic compound in bracken, ptaquiloside or PTA, can leach from the
plant into the water supply, which may explain an increase in the incidence of
gastric and esophageal cancers in bracken-rich areas.[14]
In cattle, bracken poisoning can occur in
both an acute and chronic form, acute poisoning being the most common. In pigs
and horses bracken poisoning induces vitamin B deficiency.[15] Poisoning usually occurs when
there is a shortage of available grasses such as in drought or snowfalls.
Along with the DNA damage caused by ptaquiloside it is shown that chemicals
in the fern can damage blood cells and can destroy Vitamin B1. This in turn causes beriberi, a disease normally linked to nutritional
deficiency.
Hydrogen cyanide is released by the young
fronds of bracken when eaten by mammals or insects.[16] Two major insect moulting hormones, alpha ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone, are
found in bracken. These cause uncontrollable, repeated moulting in insects
ingesting the fronds, leading to rapid death.[17]
Bracken in
the UK with a linear pattern running across
the hillside, a possible indication of past cultivation.
Many sites have many archaeological remains
dating from the Neolithic and Bronze Ages through to the Industrial Revolution.
The root systems of established bracken stands degrade archaeological sites by
disrupting the strata and other physical evidence. These rhizomes may travel a
metre or more underground between fronds and form 90% of the plant, with only
the remainder being visible.
Some small level of scattered cover can
provide beneficial habitats for some wildlife, at least in the UK (as given
above). However, on balance, removing bracken encourages primary habitats to
re-establish, which are of greater importance for wildlife. Control is a complex
question with complex answers, which need to form part of a wider approach.
Management can be difficult and expensive; plans may need to be about
cost-effective, practical limitation and control rather than give an
expectation for eradication.
All methods need follow-up over time,
starting with the advancing areas first. Given the decades elapsed to arrive at
the current levels of coverage on many sites, slowing or reversing the process
will be also of necessity long-term, with consistency and persistence from all
parties being key.
Various techniques are recommended by Natural England and the RSPB to
control bracken either individually or in combination RSPB Bracken management in the uplands.
·
Cutting — once or twice a year, repeatedly cutting back the fronds for at
least 3 years
·
Crushing/rolling — using rollers, again for at least 3 years
·
Livestock treading — during winter, encouraging livestock to bracken areas
with food. They trample the developing plants and allow frost to penetrate the rhizomes. In May and June, temporary close
grazing or mob stocking on small areas away from nests, particularly using
cattle, horses, pigs or ponies may crush emerging bracken fronds resulting in
reduced bracken cover. Sufficient fodder will be required to prevent livestock
eating the bracken. This may suit steep areas where human access is difficult
and herbicide undesirable.
·
Herbicide — Asulam (also known as
Asulox) is selective for ferns; glyphosate is not; but the latter has the
advantage that the effects can be seen soon after application. They are applied
when the fronds are fully unfurled to ensure that the chemical is fully
absorbed. Rare ferns such as adder’s tongue, killanery and lemon-scented ferns
can also be found in similar habitats and it is important that these are not
destroyed in the process of bracken control.
Natural England recommends that
only Asulam can be sprayed aerially,
Glyphosate requires spot treatment, e.g. using a weedwiper or knapsack spray.
The toxicity of Asulam is low and has
been generally highly cost-effective but its use is now restricted by the EU
after 2012, at least until specific registered uses can be defined.
Selective sprays like Starane, Access,
Metsulfuron 600WG, etc. work well but only if sprayed in late autumn so the
rhizomes store food for winter and hence absorb the poison.
On archaeological sites, chemical control
is usually required as mechanical methods may cause damage.
·
Allowing plants to grow in its place, e.g., the establishment of woodland,
causes shade that inhibits bracken growth. In the UK, trees, notably rowan,
have done well since grazing reduced greatly after the foot-and-mouth epidemic
in 2000 but young saplings struggle in high bracken. In decades to come, tree
shade cover may increase, if permitted, and so may reduce bracken growth, but
this is both long-term and in some cases is contentious in the change it would
bring to traditionally open heath or moorland, both aesthetically and as a
valuable habitat.
·
Burning — useful for removing the litter, but may be counter-productive as
bracken is considered to be a fire-adapted species
·
Ploughing — late in the season followed by sowing seed
Any bracken control programme must be
completed, or bracken will re-establish.
A Bracken Control Group was established in
2012 to provide best-practice guidance for all bracken control techniques. The
Group has also been responsible for submitting an application for an Emergency
Authorisation to secure the continued availability of Asulam for bracken
control, following the decision not to register the product under new
regulations in the EU. Registration has been re-applied for but this will not
be available until 2017 at the earliest. Until re-registration is approved the
Group will aim to keep Asulam available under the emergency provisions. Bracken
Control Group website
·
Pteridium
aquilinum
·
Fronds of the
bracken fern
·
Bibimbap
·
Marrs, R.H.; Watt A.S. (2006). "Biological Flora of the British Isles 245: Pteridium aquilinum (L.)
Kuhn.". Journal of Ecology. 94:
1272–1321. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01177.x.
1. Jump up^ painting
circa 1920 by the Swedish botanist C. A. M. Lindman (1856–1928), taken from his
book(s) Bilder ur Nordens Flora (first edition published 1901–1905,
supplemented edition 1917–1926?).
3. Jump up^ Potter,
D.M. (4 September 2000). "Carcinogenic effects of ptaquiloside in bracken
fern and related compounds". British Journal of Cancer. 83 (7):
914–920. doi:10.1054/bjoc.2000.1368.
8. ^ Jump up to:a b http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2011/06/the-bracken-fern-a-natural-born-killer/241271/
9. Jump up^ Jones,
David L. (1987). Encyclopaedia of ferns : an introduction to ferns,
their structure, biology, economic importance, cultivation and propagation.
Portland, Ore.: Timber Press. p. 13. ISBN 0881920541.
10.
Jump up^ McGlone,
Matt S.; Wilmshurst, Janet M.; Leach, Helen M. (2005). "An ecological and historical review of bracken (Pteridium
esculentum) in New Zealand, and its cultural significance" (PDF). New Zealand
Journal of Ecology. 28: 165–184.
11.
^ Jump up to:a b c Evans IA, Widdop B,
Jones RS, et al. (September 1971). "The possible human hazard of the naturally
occurring bracken carcinogen". Biochem. J. 124 (2):
29P–30P. PMC 1177200
. PMID 5158492.
. PMID 5158492.
12.
Jump up^ Jbilou
R, Amri H, Bouayad N, Ghailani N, Ennabili A, Sayah F (March 2008). "Insecticidal effects of extracts of seven plant
species on larval development, α-amylase activity and offspring production of Tribolium castaneum(Herbst) (Insecta: Coleoptera:
Tenebrionidae)". Bioresour. Technol. 99 (5):
959–64. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.03.017. PMID 17493805.
13.
^ Jump up to:a b "Archived copy". Archived from the
original on 2009-12-12. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
16.
Jump up^ Amelot
ME, Alonso (February 2005). "Kinetics of the natural evolution of hydrogen
cyanide in plants in neotropical Pteridium arachnoideum and its ecological
significance". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 31 (2):
315–31. doi:10.1007/s10886-005-1343-z. PMID 15856786.
17.
Jump up^ "Insect
Hormones: Alpha Ecdysone and 20-Hydroxyecdysone in Bracken
Fern". Science Classic. 157 (3795): 1436–1438. 22
September 1967. doi:10.1126/science.157.3795.1436.
 |
Wikimedia
Commons has media related to Pteridium
aquilinum.
|
·
Alonso-Amelot ME, Avendaño M (March 2002). "Human carcinogenesis and bracken fern: a review of
the evidence". Curr. Med. Chem. 9 (6):
675–86. doi:10.2174/0929867023370743. PMID 11945131.
Archived from the original on 2011-10-06.
·
Pteridium
aquilinum at the Encyclopedia of Life
·
Natural England — Bracken control, vegetation restoration
and land management[permanent dead link]
·
Edibility of Bracken: Identification and
edible parts of bracken
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قس آذری:
Tükvari
sümürgə (lat. Asplenium trichomanes)[1] — sümürgə cinsinə aid bitki növü.[2]
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Asplenium trichomanes (commonly known as maidenhair
spleenwort[1]) is a small fern in
the spleenwort genus Asplenium. It is a widespread and common
species, occurring almost worldwide in a variety of rocky habitats. It is a variable fern with
several subspecies.
