شجره ابراهیم
پنجنکشت است بعضی آن را ام غیلان و جمعی شانج دانند مالیقی نوشته
که در فلاحه شجرۀ ابراهیم را عظیم و طویل و کثیر الشوک و پر برک و کل آن زرد و خوش
بو و آن را برم نامند و در صحراها و زمینهای خالی خشک بهم می رسد و کاه کل آن را در
لخالخ و خوشبوئیها می نمایند
مداخل مخزن الادویه عقیلی خراسانی
///////////////
پنج انگشت
نام علمی: vitexagnus castus
نام انگلیسی: monk,s pepper tree
نام آلمانی: monchspfeffer
نام فرانسوی: Gattilier
نام ایتالیایی:
نام عربی:
شجره ابراهیم
نام های مترادف :
Vitex integra
vitex latifolia
نام های محلی:
درخت لنگرو
دل آشوب
پاک دامن
تیره گیاه :
verbenaceae (شاه پسند)
زیرگونه :
ساختار شناسی :
درختچه ایی زیبا به ارتفاع تا 2 متر (گاهی
بلندتر)و چندساله.برگ ریز با بویی شبیه بوی فلفل.برگ ها پنجه ایی که از 5(گاهی تا7)برگچه
باریک و نوک تیز منشعب شده .از یک نقطه تشکیل میشوند که سطح تحتانی پوشیده از کرک و
سطح رویی سبزتیره میباشند.گلها بصورت گل آذین سنبله ایی به رنگ آبی مایل به بنفش و
میوه آن شفت و شبیه به فلفل میباشد.
مهمترین ترکیبات شیمیایی :
اسانس شامل آلفا پینن ،سینول،لیمونن و
...اسیدهای چرب و دی ترپن ها ،فلاونوئیدها و گلیکوزید.
خواص درمانی :
ضد درد-آنتی آندروژنیک-ضد پرولاکتین-ضدعفونی
کننده –افزایش دهنده قوای جنسی-افزایش
دهنده شیر-قاعده آور-ضدقارچ – آرام بخش و محرک افزایش پروژسترون
طرز استفاده :
100 گرم از میوه به نسبت 1 به 5 با آب
مخلوط شود
عوارض جانبی :
گاهی مصرف گیاه منجر به بروز خارش یا کهیر
شده است.افزایش وزن – تهوع – سوء هاضمه – افزایش خونریزی دوران قاعدگی و گیجی نیز
از عوارض احتمالی دیگر مصرف فراورده های گیاه است.
کاربرد در طب سنتی :
قابض – پادزهر سموم –روان کننده ادرار و خون قاعدگی
– افزایش دهنده شیر – ملین و گرم کننده است.نشستن در
جوشانده آن برای التهاب رحم و درد آن و درد مقعد مفید است.ضماد آن برای التهاب طحال
و میوه آن برای انسداد طحال مفید است .هفت برگ آن مسهل قوی است.
پراکندگی جهان :
نواحی مرکزی آسیا –مدیترانه-جنوب اروپا
پراکندگی جغرافیایی در ایران :
البرز – تهران – کرج – خراسان – خرمشهر – کازرون – خلیج فارس - قم
مکان رویش :
دوره رویش :
نحوه پرورش :
بخش موثر در اندام گیاه :
میوه رسیده و خشک گیاه
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
پنج انگشت (نام علمی: Vitex agnus-castus) درختچه زیبایی
است به ارتفاع یک تا پنج متر که به علت گل‌های زیبایی که دارد گاه به عنوان گیاه تزئینی
کاشته می‌شود. از آن پنج انگشت گویند که برگ‌هایش پنجه‌ای و پنج تایی است. گل‌های آن
به رنگ آبی و شبیه سنبله‌ای دراز است که سپس تبدیل به گل می‌شود. این گیاه را فلفل
بیابانی نیز می‌نامند و در بسیاری از مناطق ایران می‌روید.[۱]
محتویات [نمایش]
تاریخچه[ویرایش]
در گذشته اعتقاد داشتند که این گیاه باعث
کاهش میل جنسی می‌شود و به همین دلیل در قرون وسطی راهبان روی برگهای این گیاه تفکر
می‌کردند و به همن دلیل نام دیگر این گیاه به پاکدامنی(chasteberry)مربوط می‌شود. با این
وجود امروزه مشخص شده است که این گیاه اثری بر میل جنسی ندارد. b[۲]
خواص دارویی[ویرایش]
میوه این گیاه قابض است و به بهبود عملکرد
دستگاه گوارش کمک می‌کند. افرادی که دچار بواسیر یا شقاق باشند می‌توانند از اثرات
درمانی آن سود بجویند و در جوشانده این گیاه بنشینند تا عارضه برطرف شود. ضماد میوه
و برگ آن ادرار را افزایش می‌دهد و مقدار زیاد آن برای کلیه مضر است. این گیاه در درمان
سر درد هم مفید است. این دارو جهت رفع اختلالات قاعدگی و یائسگی به کار می‌رود. پنج
انگشت، گیاه بسیار مؤثری برای درمان اختلالات قاعدگی است. از گیاه پنج انگشت، داروهایی
به نامهای ویتاگنوس (VITAGNUS)،
فمودین(Femodin) با مقدار ماده موثره
۲۰ میلی‌گرم در هر قرص و آگنوگل (Agnugol) تهیه کرده‌اند که عصاره خشک این گیاه میباشد. میوه این گیاه اثرات
درمانی زیادی برای رحم دارد. قاعدگی را تنظیم می‌کند و برگ این گیاه ورم‌های رحمی را
بهبود می‌بخشد و عفونت را پاک می‌سازد. فواید آن به قدری زیاد است که از این گیاه در
قرص‌های گیاهی مورد استفاده برای تنظیم قاعدگی و کاهش خونریزی استفاده می‌شود.[۱]
داروشناسی[ویرایش]
مکانیسم دقیق اثر این گیاه مشخص نیست ولی
مطالعات نشان داده است که این گیاه تحریک کننده(agonist) گیرنده‌های دوپامین
نوع دوم(D2) است و باعث کاهش ترشح
پرولاکتین می‌شود.[۳][۴] به نظر می‌رسد گیاه پنج انگشت با اثر بر محور هیپوتالاموس
ـ هیپوفیز اثر خود را اعمال می‌کند. این گیاه باعث کاهش آزاد شدن FSH* و افزایش آزاد شدن
LH** و پرولاکتین از هیپوفیز
می‌گردد. هورمون‌های FSH
و LH
در تولید استروژن (هورمون جنسی زنانه) از تخمدان‌ها و دوره تخمک گذاری
در خانم‌ها مؤثرند. مطالعات نشان داده است که گیاه پنج‌انگشت حاوی ترکیبات استروژنیک
نمی‌باشد و مستقیماً بر روی تخمدان‌ها تأثیر نمی‌گذارد.[۱] برخی مطالعات هم اثر این
گیاه بر گیرنده‌های اوپیوئیدی را نشان داده‌اند.[۵][۶]
منابع[ویرایش]
↑ پرش به بالا به: ۱٫۰ ۱٫۱ ۱٫۲ "گیاه پنج انگشت".
سایت تبیان.
پرش به بالا ↑ "Chasteberry: Benefits and
Side Effects".
پرش به بالا ↑ "Pharmacological activities
of Vitex agnus-castus extracts in vitro.".
پرش به بالا ↑ "Chaste tree (Vitex
agnus-castus)--pharmacology and clinical indications.".
پرش به بالا ↑ "Vitex agnus-castus (Chaste
Tree): Pharmacological and Clinical Data".
پرش به بالا ↑ "Activation of the μ-opiate
receptor by Vitex agnus-castus methanol extracts: Implication for its use in
PMS".
[نمایش] ن ب و
گیاهان دارویی و ادویه‌جات
رده‌ها: پنج‌انگشتدرختان اروپادرختان از
آب و هوای مدیترانه‌ایدرختان زینتیگیاگان مدیترانه‌ایگیاهان باغی اروپاگیاهان بر پایه
اقلیمگیاهان توصیف‌شده در ۱۷۵۳ (میلادی)گیاهان خوراک پروانهگیاهان داروییگیاهان دارویی
اروپاگیاهان و گرده‌افشان‌هانعناعیان
////////////
قس عربی:
كف مريم ( الاسم العلمي:Vitex agnus-castus)، هي شجيرة يصل طولها
من 2الى 4 أمتار سريعة النمو، كثيرة التفرع من القاعدة. أورقها كفية متساقطة رمادية
فضية وريقاتها 5-7 وريقات. أما أزهرها قمية متجمعة صغيرة جدا بيضاء. ثمارها سوداء صغيرة
بقطر نصف سم.
تستطيع الشجيرة أن تتحمل حرارة قدرها
40 -45 درجة مئوية، تتحمل الصقيع والتعرض لأشعة الشمس المباشرة. كما أنها جيدة التحمل
للجفاف والرياح.تحتاج إلى تربة رطبة عميقة جيدة الصرف وتتحمل الملوحة حتى
5.000-6.500جزء في المليون. تزرع للزينة في الحدائق والمنتزهات والشوارع وتصلح لعمل
الاسيجة يستخلص من هذا النبات مادة فعالة لأمراض العيون وأمراض المعدة. ويكون تكاثرها
بواسطة العقل والبذور.
محتويات [أظهر]
الموسم[عدل]
فصل الصيف
الخواص[عدل]
رائحته مقبوله طعمه مر حار يابس
الاستخدام الطبي[عدل]
يستخدم لادرار الطمث و علاح الصرع و الصداع
و هو كابح لجماحالشهوةالجنسية[بحاجة لمصدر]
مراجع[عدل]
الاشجار والشجيرات د.طارق القيعي
أيقونة بوابةبوابة علم النبات أيقونة بوابةبوابة
طب أيقونة بوابةبوابة صيدلة
مشاريع شقيقة شاهد في كومنز صور وملفات
عن: Vitex
agnus-castus
معرفات الأصنوفة
موسوعة الحياة: 579727 GBIF: 2925562
PlantList: kew-213297 Tropicos:
33700881 ITIS: 32221 ncbi: 54477
IPNO: 865568-1 GRIN:
ps://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=41813 PLANTS: VIAG AFPD: 122518
ضبط استنادي
GND: 4488606-8
Melissa officinalis1.jpg هذه بذرة مقالة عن
نبات متعلقة بالفصيلة شفوية بحاجة للتوسيع. شارك في تحريرها.
تصنيفات: أشجار زينةأشجار مناخ البحر المتوسطحياة
نباتية في حوض البحر الأبيض المتوسطشفويةنباتاتنباتات الحدائق في أوروبانباتات حسب
المناخنباتات طبيةنباتات طبية في أوروبانباتات وصفت في 1753
//////////
قس آذری:
Ərküdə
(lat. Vitex agnus-castus)[1] — viteks, ərküdə cinsinə aid bitki növü.[2]
/////////
قس عبری:
שיח-אברהם מצוי (שם מדעי:
Vitex
agnus-castus), הוא מין השייך לסוג שיח אברהם הגדל בארצות הגובלות עם הים התיכון
ובהן ישראל. בישראל קיים מין נוסף בשם שיח-אברהם קיפח.
//////////
قس ترکی استانبولی:
Hayıt (Vitex
agnus-castus), mine çiçeğigiller (Verbenaceae) familyasından çok
yıllık tıbbi bitki türü.
1–3
m yükseklikte, çalı görünümünde, soluk pembe ya da mavi çiçeklidir
////////////
Vitex agnus-castus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|
Vitex agnus-castus
|
|
 |
|
|
General form of a blossoming adult Vitex agnus-castus
|
|
|
Kingdom:
|
|
|
(unranked):
|
|
|
(unranked):
|
|
|
(unranked):
|
|
|
Order:
|
|
|
Family:
|
|
|
Genus:
|
|
|
Species:
|
V. agnus-castus
|
Vitex
agnus-castus, also called vitex, chaste tree, chasteberry, Abraham's
balm,[1] lilac chastetree,[2] or monk's
pepper, is a native of the Mediterranean region.
It is one of the few temperate-zone species of Vitex,
which is on the whole a genus of tropical and sub-tropical flowering plants.[3] Theophrastus mentioned the shrub several
times, as agnos (άγνος) in Enquiry into Plants.[4] It has been long
believed to be an anaphrodisiac but
its effectiveness remains controversial. This is a cross-pollinating plant. However self-pollination may also occur now and
then.[5]
Contents
[show]
Vitex, its name in Pliny the Elder, is derived from the Latin vieo,
meaning to weave or to tie up, a reference to the use of Vitex
agnus-castus in basketry.[6] Its macaronic specific name repeats "chaste" in both Greek and Latin, and
considered to be sacred to the goddess Hestia/Vesta.
Confusion
with Vitex on the part of early settlers in the West Indies
may have given to Ricinus communis the name
"Castor-oil plant".[7] Or the name
"castor oil" might have come from its use as a replacement for castoreum.[8]
The
controlled cultivation of medicinal plants like vitex agnus-castus gains
increasing importance due to the modern quality standards and safety
regulations such as GMP,
that are required practices in order to conform to the guidelines recommended
by agencies that control authorization and licensing for manufacture and sale
of inter alia drug products, and GACP (Good Agricultural And Collection
Practice), that is a guideline to ensure appropriate and consistent quality of
medicinal plant respectively herbal substances.[9][10] Only one variety of
monks pepper, namely the variety “Agnuzell 440” that is optimized for medicinal
use, is registered (as of April 2009) with CPVO,
a system of plant variety rights.[11] But the controlled
cultivation is economically not satisfactory regarding the yield.[9]
This
plant could also be reproduced vegetatively. One possibility is to use
5–8 cm long piece of the ripening wood with buds in July or August and
another is to cut the ripe wood in November and then let it root in a cold box.[5] Also in vitro
reproduction with spike of the shoots or node explants is possible.[12]
Vitex
agnus-castus is
widely cultivated in warm temperate and subtropical regions for its delicate-textured
aromatic foliage and butterfly attracting[13] spikes of lavender
flowers in late summer in cooler climates. It grows to a height of 1–5 meters.
It requires full sun or partial shade along with well-drained soil. Under ideal
conditions it is hardy to -10 degrees F USDA Zone 6, and can be found on the
south shore of Long Island and Nantucket on the East Coast
of North America and in the southwest of England.[14]
This
plant is inter alia a brackish water habitant. Consequently, it
is salt tolerant to a certain level. Cold and wet weather results to high yield
loss of Monks pepper. The plant grows well on loamy neutral to alkaline soil.[5] The monks pepper
fruits from one single tree can be harvested for more than 15 years. This
indicate that the monks pepper can’t be integrated in a usual crop rotation system.[5][15] Though, it is
suggested to have legumes as its
previous crop for nitrogen supply for the monks pepper in young stage. Besides,
it is suggested to sow dissimilar plants such as monocots as its subsequent crop so that
it might be easier to control the monks pepper plant, the dicot.
Because the fruits of monks pepper tend to fall constantly and uncontrollably,
it is likely that the plant can grow as weed again.[5]
It
is said that at a row spacing of 180 cm the overall best yield per hectare
can be achieved if the plant spacing is around 70 cm.[5]
Pinching
out the tips of branches has no significant influence on growth, branching and
number of shoots. Pruning back the
branches in autumn has a positive influence on fruit yield while a re-pruning
in spring can induce an increase of vegetative shoot and thus to tremendous
fruit yield loss.[5]
The
flowering and ripening process is not simultaneously. At the other hand it
enables to get fresh fruits respectively seeds over a long span of time.
Additionally, the ripe fruit tend to fall down unpredictably and may get lost.
Thus, there is no optimal fixed harvest time. Consequently, to avoid yield loss
unripe fruits need to be harvested. This too early harvesting has no effect on
quality.[5] Overall it is said
that harvesting the fruits by hand is the most convenient solution.[15]
Thysanoptera or widely known
as Thrips can cause great damage to the
growth and the generative development of Vitex agnus castus.[16] The insect feeds on
Chastetree by sucking up the contents or puncturing them. As well Chastetree is
the only known host (especially in Israel) for the bug insect called Hyalesthus
obsoletus. This cicada is the vector for Black wood disease of
grapevines. Hyalesthus obsoletus prefers V. agnus
castus more as a host than the grapevine. In this case Chastetree can
be used as a biological control agent by planting it around vineyards to trap
the Hyalesthus obsoletus. [17] V. agnus-castus was
found not only to be an appropriate food source for the adult vectors, but also
a reservoir of Candidatus Phytoplasma solani (bacterial Phytoplasma species),
the casual agent of the Black wood disease in
grapevines.[18] The
pathogen-caused leaf spot disease can
almost defoliate V. agnus castus. Furthermore root rot can occur, when soils are kept
too moist.[19]
Flavonoids (vitexin, casticin), iridoid glycoside (agnuside, aucubin),[20] p-hydroxybenzoic acid,[21] alkaloids, essential oils, fatty oils, diterpenoids and steroidal hormone precursors have been
identified in the chemical analysis of Vitex agnus-castus.[22] They occur in the
fruits and in the leaves.[20]
Essential
oils have been found in the fruits and in the leaves. The oil of leaves, unripe
and ripe fruits differ in compounds. 50 compounds were identified in the oil of
unripe fruits, 51 compounds in the oil of ripe fruits and 46 compounds in the
oil of the leaves. 1,8-cineole and sabinene are the main monoterpene components and beta-caryophyllene is
the major sesquiterpene compound
found in the fruits of Vitex agnus-castus.[23] Other important
chemical compounds are: limonene, alpha- and
beta-pinene, trans-beta-farnesene.[20] There are some
slight differences between fruits from white flowering plants and such from
violet flowering ones. The oil of fruits of white flowering plants have a
higher amount of monoterpene constituents. The content of mono- and
sesquiterpene was nearly the same for both oils.[23] The leaves mainly
contain 1,8-cineole, trans-beta-farnesene, alpha-pinene,
trans-beta-caryophyllene and terpine-4-ol. All essential oils found in Vitex
agnus-castus have an antimicrobial effect. Antifungal effects are slightly higher
compared to antibacterial effects.
Antibacterial activity is higher in oils coming from white flowering plants
than from such of violet flowering plants.[20][23][24]
Agni
casti fructus (ripe, dried fruits) is a pharmaceutical drug made
out of Vitex agnus-castus. Albania and Morocco are the main export
countries. The fruits are wildly collected (wild grafting). There are three
other types of drugs of Vitex agnus-castus fruits: Vitex
agnus-castus hom. HAB1 (ripe, dried fruits), Agnus castus hom PFX (dried
fruits) and Agnus castus hom. HPUS88 (fruits). The smell of ground fruits is
aromatic, sage-like whereas the taste is spicy, pepper-like. The drug Vitex
agnus-castus hom. HAB1 is a round, up to 5 mm big, red-brown to dark
fruit. In the middle it is often yellow. It contains 4 fruit compartments with
one seed per compartment. A minimum of 0.4% of essential oil is required.
Viticis folium (dried leaves) is another drug which is produced from Vitex
agnus-castus. The whole drug consists of lanceolate leaves with tomentose
under and hairless upper sides.[20]
Vitex,
also a traditional plant in Africa, is a little-known
fruit plant that has potential to improve nutrition, boost food security,
foster rural development and support sustainable landcare.[25]
The
leaves and tender stem growth of the upper 10 cm (3.9 in), along with
the flowers and ripening seeds, are harvested for alternative medicinal
purposes. The berries are harvested by gently rubbing the berries loose from
the stem. The leaves, flowers, and/or berries may be consumed as a decoction, traditional tincture, cider vinegar tincture, syrup, elixir, or simply eaten straight off the plant
as an alternative medicinal food.[26] A popular way of
taking Vitex is on awakening as a simple 1:1 fluid extract, which is said to
interact with hormonal circadian rhythms most effectively.[27]
In alternative medicine,
it is believed the berries are a tonic herb for both the male
and female reproductive systems.
The leaves are believed to have the same effect but to a
lesser degree.[26][27]
In
ancient times it was believed to be an anaphrodisiac, hence the name chaste
tree. Pliny, in his Historia Naturalis,
reports the use of stems and leaves of this plant by women as bedding "to
cool the heat of lust" during the time of the Thesmophoria, when Athenian women left their
husbands' beds to remain ritually chaste. At the end of the thirteenth
century John Trevisa reports
of it "the herbe agnus-castus is always grene, and the flowre therof is
namly callyd Agnus Castus, for wyth smel and vse it maketh men chaste as a
lombe".[28] Chaucer, in "The Flower and the
Leaf," refers to it as an attribute of the chaste Diana, and in the 16th century the English
herbalist William Turner reports
the same anaphrodisiac properties of the seed, both fried and not fried. More
recently, this plant has been called monk's pepper in the
thought that it was used as anti-libido medicine by monks to aid their attempts
to remain chaste. There are disputed accounts regarding its actual action on
libido, with some claims that it is anaphrodisiac and others that it is aphrodisiac. Because of the complex mechanism
of action it can be probably both, depending on concentration of the extract
and physiologic variables (see below).
According
to the Mayo Clinic’s ‘Book of Alternative Medicine’, 2010, second edition, ch.3
pg. 51: under ‘Chasteberry’ it says: “There’s no evidence it reduces sexual
desire.”
Close up of vitex-agnus-castus-flowers with
carpenter bee (Xylocopa sp.)
Clinical
studies have demonstrated effectivness of standardised and controlled
medications produced from extract of the plant in the management of premenstrual
stress syndrome (PMS),[29][30][31] and cyclical breast
pain (mastalgia).[32] The medication is
recommended in Germany.[33][34]
It
is believed that some of the compounds found in the plant work on the pituitary gland which would explain its
effects on hormonal levels. A study has shown that
extracts of the fruit of VAC can bind to opiate receptors; this could explain
why intake of VAC reduces PMS discomforts.[35]
The
mechanism of action is not fully understood[36] but it is assumed
that it has dopaminergic effects
resulting in changes of prolactin secretion.
At low doses, such as might have been used in previous centuries for
suppression of sexual desire, it inhibits activation of dopamine 2 receptor by
competitive binding, causing a slight increase in release of prolactin. In
higher concentrations, as in modern extracts, the binding activity is
sufficient to reduce the release of prolactin. A study has found that treatment
of 20 healthy men with higher doses of Vitex agnus-castus was
associated with a slight reduction of prolactin levels, whereas lower doses
caused a slight increase as compared to doses of placebo.[37] A decrease of
prolactin will influence levels of Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH) and estrogen in women ;[citation needed] and testosterone in men .[citation needed] Dopaminergic
compounds (diterpenes with
prolactin-suppressive effects that were almost identical in their prolactin-suppressive properties to dopamine
itself) present in Vitex agnus castus seem likely to be
the clinically important compounds which improve premenstrual mastodynia and possibly also
psycho-somatic symptoms of PMS.[38]
Vitex
agnus-castus is
used to alleviate symptoms of various gynecological problems. All evidence is
limited to standardised controlled extracts such as used in Germany, different
extracts or herbal mixes may have significantly different properties and safety
issues. Some of the modern uses include premenstrual syndrome, abnormal uterine
bleeding disorders and mastodynia.
No
specific clinical studies but use partially supported by clinical evidence on
symptoms and mechanism of action:
·
Polycystic
Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), improvement of
symptoms
·
Uterine fibroids, control of bleeding symptoms
Emerging
uses (with very early evidence):
·
Prostate disorders, Rarely used,[41][42] but given its mode
of action theoretically interesting,[43][44]
It
is recommended that Vitex agnus-castus be avoided during
pregnancy due to the possibility of complications.[33][46]
Historical
uses, uses outside the scope of medicine.
·
Galactagogue, historical usage in very low
concentrations and not advisable today.[47] However, one recent
study did find "Oral administration of 70 mg/kg/day of Vitex agnus-castus
extract in lactation stages, significantly increased serum prolactin, compared
with the control group of rats."[48]
2.
Jump up^ "Vitex
agnus-castus". Natural
Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA.
Retrieved 6 August 2015.
3.
Jump up^ David J. Mabberley. 2008. Mabberley's
Plant-Book third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK.
5.
^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h Verein
für Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen Saluplanta. 2013. Handbuch des Arznei-
und Gewürzpflanzenbaus volume 5 Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen L-Z, pages
192-199. Verein für Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen Saluplanta: Bernburg,
Germany. ISBN 978-3-935971-64-5 (set).
6.
Jump up^ Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. CRC
World Dictionary of Plant Names volume I, page 91. CRC Press: Boca
Raton; New York; Washington,DC;, USA. London, UK. ISBN 978-0-8493-2673-8 (set).
9.
^ Jump up to:a b Chaanin
A. 2014. "Der kontrollierte Anbau von Vitex agnus-fascastus–Chancen
und Risiken". Julius-Kühn-Archiv. 446:
16. doi:10.5073/jka.2014.446.004
(inactive 2017-01-10).
11.
Jump up^ Verein für Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen
Saluplanta. 2009. Handbuch des Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzenbaus volume
1 Grundlagen des Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzenbaus I page 617. Verein für Arznei-
und Gewürzpflanzen Saluplanta: Bernburg, Germany. ISBN 978-3-935971-54-6 (set).
12.
Jump up^ Balaraju K. Agastian P. Preetamraj
J.P. Arokiyaraj S. Kade P. Ignacimuthu S. 2008. (2008). "Micropropagation of Vitex agnus-castus, (Verbenaceae)—a
valuable medicinal plant". In Vitro Cellular &
Developmental Biology - Plant. 44 (5): 436–441. doi:10.1007/s11627-008-9155-9.
13.
Jump up^ Soule, J.A. 2012. Butterfly Gardening
in Southern Arizona. Tierra del Soule Press, Tucson, AZ
14.
Jump up^ United States Department of
Agriculture. "Vitex Agnus-Castus Profile".
Retrieved 15 July 2012.
15.
^ Jump up to:a b van
Rensen I. 2010. (2011). "Mönchspfeffer". Z
Phytother. 31 (6): 322–326. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1262410.
16.
Jump up^ Gimpl A. 2003. Untersuchungen zur
Inkulturnahme von Vitex agnus-castus L. Diplomarbeit. Universität für
Bodenkultur. Wien
17.
Jump up^ Sharon, R. Soroker V. Wesley SD.
Zahavi T. Harari A. (2005). "Weintraub PG. Vitex agnus-castus is a
preffered host plant for hyalesthes obsoletus". Journal of Chemical
Ecology. 31: 1051–1063. doi:10.1007/s10886-005-4247-z.
18.
Jump up^ Kosovac, A. Radonji S. Hrnci S.
Krstic O. Tosevski I. Jovic J. (2016). "Molecular tracing of the
transmission routes of bois noir in Mediterranean vineyards of Montenegro and
experimental evidence for the epidemiological role of Vitex agnus-castus
(Lamiaceae) and associated Hyalesthes obsoletus (Cixiidae)". Plant
Pathology. 65: 285–298. doi:10.1111/ppa.12409.
19.
Jump up^ Gilman E. and Watson D. 1994. Vitex
agnus-castus ‘Alba’; ‘Alba’ Chastetree Fact Sheet ST-665. A series of the
Environmental Horticulture Department. Florida Cooperative Extension Service.
Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. University of Florida
20.
^ Jump up to:a b c d e Hager
H. (2013). Hänsel R.; et al., eds. Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen
Praxis: Drogen P-Z Folgeband 2. Springer-Verlag. pp. 1183–1196. ISBN 978-3-642-57881-6.
21.
Jump up^ Hoberg, Eva; Meier, Beat; Sticher,
Otto (2000). "An analytical high performance liquid chromatographic method
for the determination of agnuside and p-hydroxybenzoic acid contents in
Agni-casti fructus". Phytochemical Analysis. 11 (5):
327–329. doi:10.1002/1099-1565(200009/10)11:5<327::aid-pca523>3.0.CO;2-0.
22.
Jump up^ Hajdú, Zsuzsanna; Judit Hohmann;
Peter Forgo; Tamás Martinek; Máté Dervarics; István Zupkó; György Falkay;
Daniel Cossuta; Imre Máthé. "Diterpenoids and flavonoids from the fruits of Vitex
agnus-castus and antioxidant activity of the fruit extracts and their
constituents". Wiley InterScience. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
23.
^ Jump up to:a b c Senatore
F. Napolitano F. Ozcan Dung M. (2003). "Chemical composition and antibacterial
activity of essential oil from fruits of Vitex agnus-castus L. (Verbenaceae)
growing in Turkey". Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 6:3:
185–190.
24.
Jump up^ Stojkovic D. Sokovic M. Glamoclija
J. Dzamic A. Ristic M. Grubisic D. (2011). "Chemical composition of
antimicrobial activity of Vitex agnus-castus L. fruits and leaves essential
oils". Food Chemistry. 128: 1017–1022. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.007.
25.
Jump up^ National Research Council
(2008-01-25). "Chocolate Berries". Lost Crops of Africa: Volume III: Fruits. Lost
Crops of Africa. 3. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-10596-5.
Retrieved 2008-07-17.
26.
^ Jump up to:a b Hartung,
T., 2000. Growing 101 Herbs That Heal. Storey Books. ISBN 1-58017-215-6
27.
^ Jump up to:a b Chevallier,
A., 2000. Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine. Dorling
Kindersley. ISBN 0-7894-6783-6
28.
Jump up^ Trevisa, quoted in The New
English Dictionary; the misconnection of agnus, for agnos with agnus "lamb"
is misleading: "it has nothing to do with the Latin agnus, a
lamb," Alice M. Coats notes (Coats, Garden Shrubs and Their
Histories [1964] 1992, s.v. "Vitex").
29.
^ Jump up to:a b Wuttke,
W; Jarry H; Christoffel V; Spengler B; Seidlová-Wuttke D. (May 2003).
"Chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus)--pharmacology and clinical
indications". Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 10 (4):
348–57. doi:10.1078/094471103322004866. PMID 12809367.
30.
^ Jump up to:a b Schellenberg,
R. (20 January 2001). "Treatment for the premenstrual syndrome with agnus
castus fruit extract: prospective, randomised, placebo controlled study". British
Medical Journal. 322 (7279): 134–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7279.134. PMC 26589
. PMID 11159568.
. PMID 11159568.
31.
^ Jump up to:a b Berger,
D; Schaffner W; Schrader E; Meier B; Brattström A (November 2000).
"Efficacy of Vitex agnus castus L. extract Ze 440 in patients with
pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS)". Arch Gynecol Obstet. 264 (3):
150–3. doi:10.1007/s004040000123. PMID 11129515.
32.
^ Jump up to:a b Carmichael,
A. R. (2008). "Can Vitex Agnus Castus be Used for the Treatment of
Mastalgia? What is the Current Evidence?". Evidence-based
complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM. 5 (3):
247–250. doi:10.1093/ecam/nem074. PMC 2529385. PMID 18830450.
. PMID 18830450.
33.
^ Jump up to:a b c Daniele,
C; Thompson Coon, J; Pittler, M. H.; Ernst, E (2005). "Vitex agnus castus:
a systematic review of adverse events". Drug Safety. 28 (4):
319–32. doi:10.2165/00002018-200528040-00004. PMID 15783241.
34.
Jump up^ Axel Valet; Kay Goerke; Joachim Steller
(2003). Klinikleitfaden Gynäkologie Geburtshilfe. Untersuchung.
Diagnostik. Therapie. Notfall. Urban & Fischer. ISBN 3-437-22211-2.
35.
Jump up^ Webster, D. E.; Lu, J; Chen, S.
N.; Farnsworth, N. R.; Wang, Z. J. (2006). "Activation of the μ-opiate
receptor by Vitex agnus-castus methanol extracts: Implication for its use in
PMS". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 106 (2):
216–221. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.12.025. PMID 16439081.
36.
Jump up^ "Opioidergic mechanisms
underlying the actions of Vitex agnus-castus L.", Biochemical
Pharmacology. 2011 Jan 1;81(1):170-7 Authors: Webster DE, He Y,
Chen SN, Pauli GF, Farnsworth NR, Wang ZJ
37.
Jump up^ Merz, PG; Gorkow C; Schrödter A;
Rietbrock S; Sieder C; Loew D; Dericks-Tan JS; Taubert HD (1996). "The
effects of a special Agnus castus extract (BP1095E1) on prolactin secretion in
healthy male subjects". Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 04 (6):
447–53. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1211483. PMID 9021345.
38.
Jump up^ Wuttke, W; et al. (May 2003).
"Chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus)--pharmacology and clinical
indications". Phytomedicine. 10 (4): 348–57. doi:10.1078/094471103322004866. PMID 12809367.
39.
^ Jump up to:a b Cunningham,
J.; Yonkers, K. A.; O'Brien, S.; Eriksson, E. (2009). "Update on Research and Treatment of Premenstrual
Dysphoric Disorder". Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 17 (2):
120–137. doi:10.1080/10673220902891836. PMC 3098121. PMID 19373620.
. PMID 19373620.
40.
Jump up^ Kilicdag, E.; Tarim, E.; Bagis,
T.; Erkanli, S.; Aslan, E.; Ozsahin, K.; Kuscu, E. (2004). "Fructus agni
casti and bromocriptine for treatment of hyperprolactinemia and
mastalgia". International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the
official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and
Obstetrics. 85 (3): 292–293. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2004.01.001. PMID 15145274.
41.
Jump up^ Weisskopf, M.; Schaffner, W.;
Jundt, G.; Sulser, T.; Wyler, S.; Tullberg-Reinert, H. (2005). "A Vitex
agnus-castus extract inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in prostate
epithelial cell lines". Planta Medica. 71 (10):
910–916. doi:10.1055/s-2005-871235.
42.
Jump up^ Adelson, K.B.; Loprinzi, C.L.;
Hershman, D.L. (2005). "Treatment of hot flushes in breast and prostate
cancer". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 6 (7):
1095–1106. doi:10.1517/14656566.6.7.1095.
43.
Jump up^ Ambrosius, F (2006). "New
indication for Vitex agnus-castus extract?". Zeitschrift für
Phytotherapie. 27 (2): 95.
44.
Jump up^ Goetz, P (2009).
"Phytotherapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia". Phytotherapie. 7 (5):
275–278.
45.
Jump up^ Ambrosini, Anna; et al. (2013).
"Use of Vitex agnus-castus in migrainous women with premenstrual syndrome:
an open-label clinical observation". Acta Neurologica Belgica. 113 (1):
25–29. doi:10.1007/s13760-012-0111-4.
47.
Jump up^ Roemheld-Hamm, B. (1 September
2005). "Chasteberry". Am Fam Physician. 72 (5):
821–4. PMID 16156340.
48.
Jump up^ Azadbakht, M.; Baheddini, A.;
Shorideh, S.M.; Naserzadeh, A. (2005). "Effect of Vitex agnus - Castus L.
leaf and fruit flavonoidal extracts on serum prolactin
concentration". Journal of Medicinal Plants. 4 (16):
56–61.
49.
Jump up^ Mehlhorn, H.; Schmahl, G.;
Schmidt, J. (2005). "Extract of the seeds of the plant Vitex agnus
castus proven to be highly efficacious as a repellent against ticks, fleas,
mosquitoes and biting flies". Parasitol-Res. 95 (5):
363–5. doi:10.1007/s00436-004-1297-z. PMID 15682335.
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media
related to Vitex_agnus-castus.
|
·
Vitex
