Khollan Vafa : اخوان صفا: شُلّ

شل

بضم شین و تشدید لام

ماهیت آن

ثمر درخت هندی است از ادویۀ مجهوله است بعضی کویند که آن را سفرجل هندی نامند که بیل باشد و بعضی کفته اند بزرکتر از فندق است و در طعم آن تندی و اندک تلخی و قبض است و نرم ملمس و بی قشر و بعضی کفته اند مدور بقدر زردآلو می باشد و بعضی کفته بهیأت زنجبیل است

طبیعت آن

در سوم کرم و در اول خشک

افعال و خواص آن

محلل قوی و ملطف اخلاط غلیظ و مسهل و دافع ریاح و جهت صلابت عصب و فالج و عرق النسا و قولنج نافع مضر رئه مصلح آن عسل مقدار شربت آن تا نیم درم است

مخزن الادویه عقیلی خراسانی

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شل‌

اسحق بن عمران گوید شل در هندوستان سفرجل هندی خوانند و آن ثمری مدور بود و قوت وی مانند زنجبیل بود و طبیعت آن گرم بود در سئوم و تر بود در اول ملطف کیموس غلیظ بود و صلابت اعصاب را نافع بود و شیخ الرئیس گوید طعم وی تلخ بود و تیز و قابض و بادها بشکند و در وی تحلیل عجیب بود و عرق النسا و نقرس را مفید بود و تیاروق گوید نافع بود ریاحی را که عارض شود در رحم زنان و بچه را نگاه دارد در رحم و چون با عسل یا نبات استعمال کنند بناشتا معده را پاک گرداند و قوت امعا بدهد و نشف رطوبات بکند و مقدار مستعمل از وی تا یک درم بود و گویند مضر بود به شش و مصلح وی عسل بود و صاحب تقویم گوید صداع آورد و مصلح وی خشخاش سیاه و شکر بود و صاحب منهاج سهو کرده که گفته که از خوردن وی همان عارض شود که از زیبق مقتول و حق بر طرف صاحب جامع بود که وی نیکو تحقیق کرده و باشتباه و اشتراک لفظی به شکی در غلط نمانده است

صاحب مخزن الادویه می‌نویسد: شل بضم شن ثمر درختی هندی است از ادویه مجهوله است بعضی آن را سفرجل هندی نامند که بیل باشد و بعضی گفته‌اند که بزرگتر از فندق است و در طعم آن تندی و اندک تلخی و قبض است و بعضی گفته‌اند مدور و بقدر زردآلو می‌باشد و بعضی گفته به هیئت زنجبیل است

صاحب تحفه وی را سفرجل هندی می‌داند

اختیارات بدیعی

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شکر سیب (انگلیسی: Sugar-apple) یک نوع میوه است.

نگارخانه[ویرایش]

Pineapple shijia.jpg

Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa) interior.jpg

Sugar Apple deconstructed.jpg

Sugar Apple pulp.jpg

Sugar-apples 5, Taitung County, Dec 06.JPG

Ata Sugar-apple Pinha Fruta do conde.JPG

منابع[ویرایش]

مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا، «Sugar-apple»، ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی، دانشنامهٔ آزاد (بازیابی در ۲۷ ژانویه ۲۰۱۵).

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سفرجل هندي

[عدل]

اضغط هنا للاطلاع على كيفية قراءة التصنيف

السفرجل الهندي

نبات القشطة الصدفية يحمل ثمرة السفرجل الهندي

التصنيف العلمي

المملكة: النباتات

الشعبة: كاسيات البذور

الرتبة: الماغنوليات

الفصيلة: Annonaceae

الجنس: Annona

النوع: A. squamosa

الاسم العلمي

Annona squamosa

لينيوس

معرض صور سفرجل هندي - ويكيميديا كومنز تعديل قيمة خاصية معرض صور كومنز (P935) في ويكي بيانات

تعديل طالع توثيق القالب

السفرجل الهندي اسم يطلق على ثمرة نبات القشطة الصدفية (الاسم العلمي: Annona squamosa) وهو من النباتات التي تنمو في المناطق الاستوائية من أمريكا اللاتينية وجزر الهند الغربية. يتخذ السفرجل الهندي شكلاً مخروطياً قاعدته مستديرة الشكل يتراوح قطرها غالباً ما بين 5 إلى 10 سنتيمترات، ورأسه مدبب، لونه أخضر مزرق. أكيد أن السفرجل الهندي له نفس خصائص نبات القشطة الصدفية إلا أن هذه التسمية تختص بها الثمرة دون باقي النبات الأم[1].

صور أخرى[عدل]

مقطع يبين ثمرة السفرجل الهندي من الداخل

ثمرة سفرجل هندي جاهزة للأكل

إقرأ كذلك[عدل]

قشطة (نبات)

مراجع[عدل]

^ ثمار السفرجل الهندي

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Sugar-apple

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the fruit of Annona squamosa. For the fruit plant, see Annona squamosa.

*Sugar-apple*

Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Magnoliids
Order:	Magnoliales
Family:	Annonaceae
Genus:	Annona
Species:	*A. squamosa*
Binomial name
*Annona squamosa* L.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flora_Sinensis_-_Custard_Apple.JPG/237px-Flora_Sinensis_-_Custard_Apple.JPG

Michał Boym's drawing of, probably, the sugar-apple in his Flora Sinensis (1655)

Sugar-apple is the fruit of Annona squamosa, the most widely grown species of Annona and a native of the tropical Americas and West Indies. The Spanish traders and others brought it to Asia where its old Mexican name ate may still be found in Bengali ata, Nepalese aati, Sinhalese katu atha, Burmese aajaa thee, and atis in the Philippines. It is also known as custard apple in India and (mainly Annona reticulata) in the Philippines.^[1]

The fruit is spherical through conical, 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in) in diameter and 6–10 cm (2.4–3.9 in) long, and weighing 100–240 g (3.5–8.5 oz), with a thick rind composed of knobby segments. The color is typically pale green through blue-green, with a deep pink blush in certain varieties, and typically has a bloom. It is unique among Annona fruits in being segmented, and the segments tend to separate when ripe, exposing the interior.

The flesh is fragrant and sweet, creamy white through light yellow, and resembles and tastes like custard. It is found adhering to 13-to-16-millimetre-long (0.51 to 0.63 in) seeds forming individual segments arranged in a single layer around a conical core. It is soft, slightly grainy, and slippery. The hard, shiny seeds may number 20–40 or more per fruit and have a brown to black coat, although varieties exist that are almost seedless.^[1][2]

There are also new varieties being developed in Taiwan. The atemoya or "pineapple sugar-apple," a hybrid between the sugar-apple and the cherimoya, is popular in Taiwan, although it was first developed in the US in 1908. The fruit is similar in sweetness to the sugar-apple but has a very different taste. As its name suggests, it tastes like pineapple. The arrangement of seeds is in spaced rows, with the fruit's flesh filling most of the fruit and making grooves for the seeds, instead of the flesh's occurring only around seeds.

Contents

[show]

Nomenclature[edit]

Sugar-apple with cross section

As a result of its widespread cultivation, many local names have developed for the fruit.

· In English, it is most widely known as a sugar apple or sweetsop as well as a custard apple, especially in India and Australia (custard apple also refers to Annona reticulata, a closely related species).

· In Hispanic America, regional names include anón, anón de azucar, anona blanca, fruta do conde, cachiman, saramuyo, grenadilla (little grenade) and many others.

· In Arabic, it is called قشطة (qishta / ishta / ashta), the translation being "cream".

· In Aceh, it is called "seureuba".

· In Angola, it is called fruta-do-conde or fruta-pinha.

· In Bambara, it is called zumzum or sunsun

· In The Bahamas, it is called "sugar apple".

· In Brazil, it is called fruta-do-conde, fruta-de-conde, condessa, fruta-pinha, pinha (lit. cone), ata or anona.

· Its name in Burmese is aajaa thee.

· In Cambodia, regional names include "plae teib".

· In Curacao, it is called "skopapel".

· In Ethiopia, it is called Gishta (ጊሽጣ) in Amharic.

· In Germany, it is called Zimtapfel, because of its taste.^[3]

· In Ghana, it is called "Sweet Apple".

· In Greece, it is called γλυκόμηλο (sweet apple).

· In Haiti, it is called kachiman.

· In Hong Kong, it is called foreign lychee (番鬼荔枝).

· In Iceland, it is called hvaðerþetta.

· In India it is known as: Sitaphal in most languages, literally meaning Sita's fruit
In Bengali: ata (আতা)
In Gujarati: sitaphal (સીતાફળ)
In Hindi: sitaphal (सीताफल) or sharifa (शरीफ़ा)
In Kannada: sitaphala (ಸೀತಾಫಲ)
In Malayalam: aathakka (ആത്തക്ക) / seethappazham (സീതപ്പഴം)
In Marathi: sitaphal (सीताफळ)
In Punjabi: sharifa (ਸ਼ਰੀਫਾ)
In Tamil: sitappalam (சீதாப்பழம்)
In Telugu: sita phalamu (సీతా ఫలము).

· In Indonesia, srimatikiya or, as mostly people call it, srikaya.

· In Jamaica, it is called "sweetsop" or "sweet-sop".

· In Kenya, it is called matomoko.

· In Madagascar, it is called conicony in Malagasy.

· In Malaysia, it is called buah nona.

· In Martinique it is called pomme cannelle.

· In Nepal, it is called "aati" as well as "saripha" (सरीफा).

· In Nicaragua, it is called "annona guatemala".

· In Northern Nigeria, it is called fasadabur in Hausa

· In Pakistan, it is called Sharifa (شريفا)

· In the Philippines, it is called atis.

· In Singapore (Malay), it is called buah nona.

· In Sri Lanka, it is call "Anoda" or "Katu Atha" in Sinhalese.

· In Taiwan, it is called sakya (Chinese: 釋迦; pinyin: shìjiā; Taiwanese: sek-khia, sek-kia) because one cultivar resembles the top part of Shakyamuni's (釋迦牟尼) head.

· In Tanzania, it is called matopetope.

· In Thailand, it is called noi-na (น้อยหน่า).

· In Uganda, it is called ekistaferi.

· In Vietnam, it is called mãng cầu ta or na.

· In Yemen, it is called Khirmish (خرمش).

Nutrition and uses[edit]

Sugar-apples, (sweetsop), raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	393 kJ (94 kcal)

Carbohydrates	23.64 g
Dietary fiber	4.4 g

Fat	0.29 g

Protein	2.06 g

Vitamins
Thiamine (B1)	(10%) 0.11 mg
Riboflavin (B2)	(9%) 0.113 mg
Niacin (B3)	(6%) 0.883 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)	(5%) 0.226 mg
Vitamin B6	(15%) 0.2 mg
Folate (B9)	(4%) 14 μg
Vitamin C	(44%) 36.3 mg

Minerals
Calcium	(2%) 24 mg
Iron	(5%) 0.6 mg
Magnesium	(6%) 21 mg
Manganese	(20%) 0.42 mg
Phosphorus	(5%) 32 mg
Potassium	(5%) 247 mg
Sodium	(1%) 9 mg
Zinc	(1%) 0.1 mg
Link to USDA Database entry
· Units · μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams · IU = International units
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database

Sugar-apple is high in energy, an excellent source of vitamin C and manganese, a good source of thiamine and vitamin B₆, and provides vitamin B₂, B₃ B₅, B₉, iron, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium in fair quantities.^[4]

A Philippine company produces sugar apple wine.^{[citation needed]}

For uses of other fruit from the Custard-apple family see:

· Atemoya (a hybrid between A. squamosa and A. cherimoya)

· Cherimoya

· Custard-apple

Gallery[edit]