[1] - ذریره. قصب الذریره . [ ق َ ص َ بُذْ ذَ رَ ]
(ع اِ مرکب ) نباتی است زیاده بر شبری و باریک و مجوف و بیرون او سرخ مایل به زردی
و اندرون او سفید و مملو از چیزی شبیه به پنبه و ساقش پرگره و از قلم باریک تر و خوشبو
و با قبض و تندی و تلخی . در دوم گرم و خشک و ملطف و مدر بول و عرق او مفتح و مقوی
دل و جگر و معده و رافع خفقان و استسقا و درد سینه و جگر و رحم و عسر بول و تقطیر البول
و محلل اورام و التیام دهنده ٔ شکاف عضل و طبیخ او با تخم کرفس جهت جنون و امراض گرده
و رفع سرفه ٔ مزمن و وجع الفؤاد بارد و جلوس در طبیخ او جهت درد رحم و استنشاق دود
او جهت سرفه ٔ رطوبی مجرب و ذرور اوجهت خوشبوی رایحه ٔ زیر بغل و عرق و شکستگی اعضا
نافع و اکتحال او جهت جلا و تقویت بصر نافع و مضر کمرگاه و مصلحش انیسون و استعمال
او با صمغالبطم بهتر از سایر چیزها است ، و قدر شربتش تا دو درهم است و بدلش عدس المر
است و به دستور اظفارالطیب . (تحفه ٔ حکیم مؤمن ). و رجوع به مخزن الادویه شود. قصب
بوا. (اختیارات بدیعی ). قصب الطیب . (بیرونی ). قسمی از عطریات است که در ترکیب عطریات
مقدسه مستعمل بود، قصب الذریره اصل ومعطر از هندوستان آورده میشد. (قاموس کتاب مقدس
).
//////////
قصب الذریره، نی نهاوندی، وج. نباتی است زیاده بر شبری و باریک و مجوف
و بیرون او سرخ مایل بزردی و اندرون او سفید و مملو از چیزی شبیه به پنبه و ساقش پر
گره و از قلم باریک تر و خوشبو و با قبض و تندی و تلخی در دوم گرم و خشک و ملطف و مدربول
و عرق و مقخ سده و مقول دل و جگر و معده و رافع خفقان و استفا و درد سینه و جگر و رحم
و عسربول و تقطیر البول و محلل اورام و التیام دهنده شکاف غصل و طبیخ او با تخم کرفس
جهت درد رحم و استنشاق دود او جهت سرفه رطوبی مجرب و ذرور او جهت خوشبوی رایجه زیر
بغل و عرق و شکستگی اعضا نافع و اکتحال او جهت جلا و تقویت بصر نافع و مضر کمرگاه و
مصلحش انیسون و استعمال او با صمغ البطم بهتر از سایر چیزها است .
////////////
نی نهاوندی . [ ن َ / ن ِ ن ِ وَ ] (اِ
مرکب ) نام داروئی است که عربان قصب الذریره خوانند و آن نی باریکی است مانند قلم و
باریکتر از قلم و آن تیره رنگ و تلخ می باشد.معده و جگر را نافع است . (برهان قاطع)
(آنندراج ).
/////////////
قصب الذریره. نی نهاوندی، وج
نباتی است زیاده بر شبری و باریک و مجوف
و بیرون او سرخ مایل بزردی و اندرون او سفید و مملو از چیزی شبیه به پنبه و ساقش پر
گره و از قلم باریک تر و خوشبو و با قبض و تندی و تلخی در دوم گرم و خشک و ملطف و مدربول
و عرق و مقخ سده و مقول دل و جگر و معده و رافع خفقان و استفا و درد سینه و جگر و رحم
و عسربول و تقطیر البول و محلل اورام و التیام دهنده شکاف غصل و طبیخ او با تخم کرفس
جهت درد رحم و استنشاق دود او جهت سرفه رطوبی مجرب و ذرور او جهت خوشبوی رایجه زیر
بغل و عرق و شکستگی اعضا نافع و اکتحال او جهت جلا و تقویت بصر نافع و مضر کمرگاه و
مصلحش انیسون و استعمال او با صمغ البطم بهتر از سایر چیزها است .
////////////
قصب الذریره. نی باریکی است مانند نی قلم و باریکتر نیز
بود و آن دو نوع بود یک نوع بچوب کنجد خشک ماند و آن نوع کوتاهتر بود بمقدار یک وجب
اندکی درازتر و یک نوع دیگر املس بود و بقد دراز بود و از یک گز درازتر بود و بطعم
تلخ و تیز بود و برنگ تیره بود و چون بشکنند مانند نسج عنکبوت چیزی در اندرون وی بود
و این نوع از طرف کولیکوب و طرف هند آورند و آن را بر کینبه خوانند نیکوتر و خوب‌تر
بود و آن نوع که به نبات سمسم ماند بر سرشاخهای وی تخم بود مانند نخودی که در غلاف
بود و آن تیزی و تلخی ندارد و این نوع هم از هند خیزد اما بد بود طبیعت وی گرم و خشک
بود تا سیوم ملطف بود با اندکی قبضی محلل اورام بود و کوفتگی عضله را نافع بود و ورم
جگر و معده را با عسل نافع بود خاصه چون با تخم کرفس بیاشامند و تقطیر البول و استسقا
را نافع بود و چون زن در طبیخ آن بنشیند و بیاشامد درد رحم را نافع بود و درد دل را
مفید بود و مقدار ماخوذ از وی یک درم بود و بدل آن اظفار الطیب بود یا صندل و عدس مر
______________________________
صاحب مخزن الادویه می‌نویسد: قصب الذیره
بفتح ذال و کسر لا و سکون یا و فتح را لغت عربی است و نیز بعربی قصب بوا و بسریانی
قصادبیسما و یونانی ارمنیقون و برومی اقیاقیلونی و بفارسی نی نهاوندی و بر کینبه و
بهندی چرایتا و چرایته و یک نوع دیگر را نیپال و بفرنگی کال دم ارمانک نامند و دیسقوریدوس
قالاس نامیده است لاتینGENTIANAE CHRAYITAE RADIX
انگلیسیCHIRETA –ROOT [که ظاهرا درست نیست، مگر
این که نام گونه ای مشابه باشد].
//////////////////
وج، اگیر ترکی یا سوسن صغیر با نام علمی
Acorus calmus نوعی گیاه
خودرو است که در کنار رودخانه‌ها و جریانهای آب می‌روید و دارای ریزوم افقی و استوانه‌ای
شکل، برگ‌های متناوب و دارای غلاف، باریک و دراز به طول ۵۰ تا ۶۰ سانتیمتر و دارای
۲ لبه نسبتاً تیز است. میوه‌های آن دارای ۳ سطح مشخص، محتوی ۳ دانه و محصور در کاسه
گل است.
خواص دارویی و پزشکی[ویرایش]
محرک، تقویت کننده، مقوی معده و از بین
برنده نفخ.
رفع سوءهاضمههای ناشی از نارسایی عمل دستگاه
گوارش.
تقویت دستگاه گوارش.
رفع کم خونی، زردی.
درمان بیماریهای کبدی و درد کلیه
جوشانده آن به صورت حمامهای موضعی برای
اطفال مبتلا به نرمی استخوان توصیه شده‌است.
ترکیب آن با تخم شاهی و نارگیل و عسل به
نسبت های زیر ،در افزایش حجم منی موثر است: تخم شاهی ٥٠ گرم نارگیل ٢٠ گرم آگیر ترکی
١٠ گرم عسل ٢٥٠ گرم روزانه ٣ قاشق مرباخوری
منابع[ویرایش]
ماهنامه ترویجی سبزینه - شماره ۵ و ۶
////////////
وج (اگیر ترکی). نام‌های دیگر گیاه وج: اشباطه، باش، بچه،
اگور، سوسن زرد، اورکلبک، بج، سوسن باتلاقی، قصب الذریره، آلوا، اکسیر ترکی، عودالوج،
کان، اروماتیک، ابامرون، اَگَر ترکی، اِگِر ترکی، اگیر ترکی و بچ می‌باشد. خواص گیاه
اگیر ترکی و چگونگی مصرف آن ۱. طبع آن گرم و خشک می‌باشد. ۲. بیشتر از ساقه زیرزمینی
این گیاه استفاده می شود...
محسن خلیلی دانشیار فیزیولوژی دانشکده پزشکی
دانشگاه شاهد، مطالعه‌ای تجربی را با هدف بررسی خواص گیاه وج (Acorus calamus L) به عنوان یکی از گیاهان
شاخص طب سنتی در جهت تقویت حافظه انجام داده است. کاهش سطح حافظه و یادگیری طی گذشت
زمان در اثر فاکتورهای مختلف به خصوص پیری مغز تأثیر بسزایی در روند زندگی انسان داشته
است. از طرف دیگر کمبود و یا نبود مکانیسم‌های پیشگیری و درمان، مطالعه بر روی این
بیماری را مهم ساخته است. برای این منظور موش‌های صحرایی نر به طور تصادفی به دو گروه
کنترل و تحت درمان تقسیم شدند. در گروه درمان گیاه وج به دو شکل خوراکی (پودر گیاه
مخلوط شده با غذای استاندارد موش با نسبت ۲۵/۶ درصد) به مدت دو هفته و تزریقی در سه
دوز ۲۵، ۵۰ و ۱۰۰ میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم به شکل داخل صفاقی مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. موش‌های
گروه‌های مختلف وارد آزمون‌های یادگیری با ماز Y
شکل و جعبه شاتل جهت بررسی رفتار اجتنابی غیر فعال می‌شدند و داده‌های
آن‌ها ثبت میشد.
یافته‌ها بیانگر این مطلب است که تأخیر
حین عبور از ماز و جعبه شاتل در گروه‌های خوراکی و تزریقی با دوز ۱۰۰ میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم
تفاوت معنی داری نسبت به گروه کنترل نشان می‌دهد. همچنین میزان بروز رفتار تناوبی در
گروه درمان خوراکی نسبت به گروه کنترل افزایش معنی‌داری را پیدا کرد.
به طور کلی نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که
مصرف خوراکی و تزریقی با دوز بالا گیاه وج قادر است میزان یادآوری اطلاعات را افزایش
دهد.
///////////
الوَجّ أو عُود الوَجّ أو الوَيْج أو قَصَب
الذَرِيرَة أو القُمْحَة أو القَصَب العِطْرِي أو عود الرِيح[1] نبات اسمه العلمي
(.Acorus calamus L أو. Acorus calamus aromaticus L).
وهو من صف أحاديات الفلقة.
عشبة أكوراس كالموس Acorus Calamus : تنمو هذه العشبة في الأراضي
الغدقة وتنتمي للعائلة الآراسية Araceae.
يؤدي تعاطي هذه العشبة إلى حدوث الهلاوس البصرية ومرد ذلك إلى مركبي اسورون ا asorone-a ومركب اسورون
ب asorone-b،
وتنتمي هذه النبتة للعائلة النجيلية وتتميز بوجود ريزومات أرضية.
الوجّ
المراجع
تفسير كتاب دياسقوريدوس في الأدوية المفردة
- ابن البيطار المالقي.
الجامع لمفردات الأدوية والأغذية - ابن
البيطار المالقي.
المستدرك - دوزي.
معجم الأعشاب المصور - محسن عقيل,
^ اسم مشترك لعدة نباتات، أنظر عود الريح.
////////////
به پنجابی:
ملٹھی گلیاں زمیناں تے ہون والا اک بوٹا
اے جیدے پتے خوشبو والے جڑاں تے ہور تیز خوشو والیاں ہوندیاں نیں۔ ایہ پنجاب وخ صدیاں
توں دوائی لئی ورتیا جاریا اے۔
//////////
به اردو:
داج قلموس: ACORUS CALAMUS
////////
به ترکی آذری:
Bataqlıq kəcəvəri (lat. Acorus calamus) - kəcəvər cinsinə aid bitki
növü.
////////////
به ترکی استانبولی:
Hazanbel ya da Eğir kökü (Acorus calamus), Acorus genus'undan tek
çenekli, çok yıllık, sulak alan bitkisi. Kokulu yaprakları, ve daha da kokulu
köksapı geleneksel olarak tıb ve güzel koku yapmakta kullanılmış, kurutulmuş ve
toz haline getirilmiş köksapı zencefil, tarçın ve küçük hindistan cevizi yerine
kullanılmıştır.
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Acorus calamus (also called sweet flag or calamus, among many common
names[2]) is a tall perennial wetland monocot of the Acoraceae family, in the
genus Acorus. In spite of common names that include the words "rush"
and "sedge," it is neither a rush nor sedge.[3] The scented leaves
and more strongly scented rhizomes have traditionally been used medicinally and
to make fragrances, and the dried and powdered rhizome has been used as a
substitute for ginger, cinnamon and nutmeg.[3][4]
Names
In addition to "sweet flag" and "calamus" other
common names include beewort, bitter pepper root, calamus root, flag root,
gladdon, myrtle flag, myrtle grass, myrtle root, myrtle sedge, pine root, rat
root, sea sedge, sweet cane, sweet cinnamon, sweet grass, sweet myrtle, sweet
root, sweet rush, and sweet sedge.[2] Common names in Asia include:
"shoubu 菖蒲,"
in Japanese, "vacha"; "changpo 창포" (Korean); "bacch"
(Unani); "bajai," "gora-bach," "vasa bach"
(Hindi); "vekhand" (Marathi); "vasambu"/வசம்பு (Tamil); "vadaja,"
"vasa" (Telugu); "baje" (Kannada); "vayambu"
(Malayalam); Haimavati, "bhutanashini," "jatila"
(Sanskrit)[3] and "bojho", (Nepali).
Etymology[edit]
The generic name is the Latin word acorus is derived from the Greek
άχόρου (áchórou) of Dioscorides (note different versions of the text have
different spellings). The word άχόρου itself is thought to have been derived
from the word κόρη (kóri), which means pupil (of an eye), due to the juice from
the root of the plant being used as a remedy in diseases of the eye ('darkening
of the pupil').[5][6][7]
The specific name calamus (meaning "cane") is derived from
Greek ΚΆΛΑΜΟΣ (kálamos, meaning "reed"), which is cognate to Latin
culmus (meaning "stalk") and Old English healm (meaning
"straw"), and derived from Proto-Indo European *kole-mo- (thought to
mean "grass" or "reed"). The Arabic word
قَلَم (qálam, meaning "pen") and Sanskrit
कलम (kaláma, meaning "reed used
as a pen", and a sort of rice) are thought to have been borrowed from
Greek.[8][9][10][11]
The name sweet flag refers to its sweet scent and its similarity to Iris
species, which are commonly known as flags in English since the late fourteenth
century.[12][13]
Botanical information[edit]
There are three cytotypic forms distinguished by chromosome number: a
diploid form (2n=24), an infertile triploid form (2n=36), and a tetraploid form
(see below). The triploid form is the most common and is thought to have arisen
relatively recently in the Himalayan region through hybridisation of the
diploid with the tetraploid.[14]
Probably indigenous to most of Asia, the triploid form Acorus calamus
var. calamus (also known as var. vulgaris or var. verus) has now been
introduced across Europe, Australia, New Guinea, South Africa, Réunion and
North America.[3][4][14][15][16][17][18][19] The tetraploid form Acorus calamus
var. angustatus is native throughout Asia, from India to Japan and the
Philippines and from Indonesia to Siberia.[15] The diploid form Acorus americanus
or Acorus calamus var. americanus is found in northern subarctic North America
and scattered disjunct areas throughout the Mississippi Valley, and furthermore
diploids are also found in Mongolia, central Siberia (Buryatia),
Gilgit–Baltistan in Pakistan (claimed by India) and northern Himachal Pradesh
in India. It is extinct in some parts of the United States and Canada. It may
not have been native to some of these areas, Pre-Columbian populations are
thought to have dispersed it across parts of the United States.[15][20][21][22]
Currently the taxonomic position of these forms is contested. The
comprehensive taxonomic analysis in the Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant
Families from 2002 considers all three forms to be distinct varieties of a
single species.[15][23] Sue A. Thompson in her 1995 Phd dissertation and in her
2000 entry in the Flora of North America considers the diploid form to be a
distinct species. Note Thompson only analyses North American forms of the
diploid variety in her treatment, and does not analyse the morphology of Asian
forms of the diploid variety. Also note that in older USA literature the name
Acorus americanus may be used indiscriminately for all forms of Acorus calamus
occurring in North America, irrespective of cytological diversity (i.e. both
the diploid and triploid forms).[20] The recent treatment in the Flora of China
from 2010, which is followed in the Tropicos database system, considers all
varieties to be synonyms of a single taxonomically undifferentiated species, pointing
to morphological overlap in the characteristics singled out by Thompson.[14][24]
According to Thompson the primary morphological distinction between the
triploid and the North American forms of the diploid is made by the number of
prominent leaf veins, the diploid having a single prominent midvein with on
both sides of this equally raised secondary veins, the triploid having a single
prominent midvein with the secondary veins barely distinct. Thompson notes a
number of other details which she claims can be used to tell the different
forms apart in North America, such as flower length, average maximum leaf
length, relative length of the sympodial leaf with respect to the vegetative
leaves, the average length of the spadix during flowering, and tendency of the
leaf margin to undulate in the triploid. She notes that many of these
characteristics overlap, but that in general the triploid is somewhat larger
and more robust on average than most North American forms of the diploid.
According to Heng Li, Guanghua Zhu and Josef Bogner in the Flora of China there
is clear overlap in these characteristics and the different cytotypes are
impossible to distinguish morphologically.[14][20]
Triploid plants are infertile and show an abortive ovary with a
shrivelled appearance. This form will never form fruit (let alone seeds) and
can only spread asexually.[20]
The tetraploid variety is usually known as Acorus calamus var.
angustatus Besser. A number of synonyms are known, but a number are contested
as to which variety they belong. It is morphologically diverse, with some forms
having very broad and some narrow leaves. It is furthermore also cytotypically
diverse, with an array of different karyotypes.[15][22][25]
A further hexaploid form exists in central and northwestern Yunnan and
Kashmir. This form has not been given taxonomic status. At least 3 different
karyotypes have been classified as hexaploid; 2n=66in Yunnan and 2n=54 and
2n=72 in Kashmir.[22][25]
Diploid plants in North America apparently produce no or only trace
amounts of b-asarone. According to one study, triploids produce a small amount,
constituting around 0.3% of the rhizome in crude content, whereas tetraploids
may be found in at least two chemotypes, one with 2.0%, and one with 4.0 to
8.0%.[26]
Uses[edit]
A. calamus has been an item of trade in many cultures for thousands of
years. It has been used medicinally for a wide variety of ailments, and its
aroma makes calamus essential oil valued in the perfume industry. The essence
from the rhizome is used as a flavor for pipe tobacco. When eaten in
crystallized form, it is called "German ginger". In Europe Acorus
calamus was often added to wine, and the root is also one of the possible
ingredients of absinthe. It is also used in bitters.[4] In Lithuania Ajeras
(Sweet flag) is added to home baked black bread.
History[edit]
Although probably not native to Egypt, this plant was already mentioned
in the Chester Beatty papyrus VI dating to approximately 1300 BC. The ancient
Egyptians rarely mentioned the plant in medicinal contexts (the afore-mentioned
papyrus mentioned using it in conjunction with several ingredients as a bandage
used to sooth an ailment of the stomach), but it was certainly used to make
perfumes.[27]
Initially Europeans confused the identity and medicinal uses of the
Acorus calamus of the Romans and Greeks with their native Iris pseudacorus.
Thus the Herbarius zu Teutsch, published at Mainz in 1485, describes and
includes a woodcut of this iris under the name Acorus. This German book is one
of three possible sources for the French Le Grant Herbier, written in 1486,
1488, 1498 or 1508, of which an English translation was published as the Grete
Herball by Peter Treveris in 1526, all containing the false identification of
the Herbarius zu Teutsch.[28] William Turner, writing in 1538, describes
'acorum' as "gladon or a flag, a yelowe floure delyce".[29]
The plant was introduced to Britain in the late 16th century. By at
least 1596 true Acorus calamus was grown in Britain, as it is listed in The Catalogue,
a list of plants John Gerard grew in his garden at Holborn. Gerard notes
"It prospereth exceeding well in my garden, but as yet bearth neither
flowers nor stalke". Gerard lists the Latin name as Acorus verus, but it
is evident there was still doubt about its veracity: in his 1597 herbal he
lists the English common name as 'bastard calamus'.[30]
Cultural uses[edit]
In Britain the plant was cut for use as a sweet smelling floor covering
for the packed earth floors of dwellings and churches, and stacks of rushes
have been used as the centrepiece of rushbearing ceremonies for many hundreds
of years.[31] It has also been used as a thatching material for English
cottages.[32]
In modern Egypt it is thought to have aphrodisiac properties.[27]
For the Penobscot people this was a very important root. One story goes
that a sickness was plaguing the people. A muskrat spirit came to a man in
dream, telling him that he (the muskrat) was a root and where to find him. The
man awoke, found the root, and made a medicine which cured the people. In
Penobscot homes, pieces of the dried root were strung together and hung up for
preservation. Steaming it throughout the home was thought to "kill"
sickness. While travelling, a piece of root was kept and chewed to ward off
illness.[33]
Teton-Dakota warriors chewed the root to a paste, which they rubbed on
their faces. It was thought to prevent excitement and fear when facing an
enemy.[33]
The Potawatomi people powdered the dried root and placed this up the
nose to cure catarrh.[33]
Illustration from an 1885 flora
Herbal medicine[edit]
Sweet flag has a very long history of medicinal use in Chinese and
Indian herbal traditions.[34] The leaves, stems, and roots are used in various
Siddha and Ayurvedic medicines.[35] It is widely employed in modern herbal
medicine as its sedative, laxative, diuretic, and carminative properties.[4] It
is used in Ayurveda to counter the side effects of all hallucinogens.[36] Sweet
Flag, known as "Rat Root" is one of the most widely and frequently
used herbal medicines amongst the Chipewyan people.[37]
Hallucinogenic properties[edit]
Chewing the rootstock of the plant can cause visual hallucinations,
possibly due to the presence of alpha-asarone or beta-asarone.[38]
Horticulture[edit]
This plant is sometimes used as a pond plant in horticulture.[39] There
is at least one ornamental cultivar known, it is usually called
'Variegatus',[40] but the RHS recommends calling it 'Argenteostriatus'.[41]
Modern Research[edit]
Acorus calamus shows neuroprotective effect against stroke and
chemically induced neurodegeneration in rats. Specifically, it has protective
effect against acrylamide induced neurotoxicity.[42][43]
Both roots and leaves of A. calamus have shown antioxidant,[44]
antimicrobial and insecticidal activities.[3]
Acorus calamus may prove to be an effective control measure against
cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus.[45]
A recent study showed that beta-asarone isolated from Acorus calamus oil
inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and thus reduces lipid accumulation in
fat cells.[46]
Chemistry[edit]
Both triploid and tetraploid A. calamus contain alpha-asarone.[4] Other
phytochemicals include:
Beta-asarone[47],[48][49][50]
eugenol[4]
Diploids do not contain beta-asarone (β-asarone).[51]
Cultural symbolism[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section
by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged
and removed. (April 2010)
The calamus has long been a symbol of love. The name is associated with
a Greek myth: Kalamos, son of the river-god Maeander, who loved the youth
Karpos, of Zephyrus (the West Wind) and Chloris (Spring). When Karpos drowned
in a swimming race, Kalamos also drowned and was transformed into a reed, whose
rustling in the wind was interpreted as a sigh of lamentation.
The plant was a favorite of Henry David Thoreau (who called it
"sweet flag"), and also of Walt Whitman, who added a section called
the "Calamus" poems, to the third edition of Leaves of Grass (1860).
In the poems the calamus is used as a symbol of love, lust, and affection.
The root of the calamus (Tamil vasambu வசம்பு) is cut into disc-shaped beads, and made into bracelets,
which are typically worn by newborns for the first few months. A vasambu
bracelet is a symbol of a newborn baby in Tamil culture.
Safety and Regulations[edit]
A. calamus and products derived from A. calamus (such as its oil) were
banned from use as human food or as a food additive in 1968 by the United
States Food and Drug Administration.[52] The FDA ban was the result of lab
studies that involved supplementing the diets of lab animals over a prolonged
period of time with massive doses of isolated chemicals (β-asarone) from the
Indian Jammu strain of calamus. The animals developed tumors, and the plant was
labeled procarcinogenic.[53][54] Wichtl says "It is not clear whether the
observed carcinogenic effects in rats are relevant to the human
organism."[55] However, most sources advise caution in ingesting strains
other than the diploid strain.
In reality β-asarone is neither hepatotoxic nor directly
hepatocarcinogenic. It must first undergo metabolic l'-hydroxylation in the
liver before achieving toxicity. Cytochrome P450 in the hepatocytes is
responsible for secreting the hydrolyzing enzymes that convert β-asarone into
genotoxic epoxide structure.[56] Even with the activation of these metabolites,
the carcinogenic potency is very low due to the rapid breakdown of epoxide
residues with hydrolase which leaves these compounds inert [57] Additionally,
the major metabolite of β-asarone is 2,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid, a
derivative which is not a carcinogen [58]
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Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
)unranked): Angiosperms
)unranked): Monocots
Order: Acorales
Family: Acoraceae
Genus: Acorus
Species: A.
calamus
Binomial name
Acorus calamus
L., 1753
