ذراریج، آله کلو، آلاکلنگ اسپانیش فلای (مگس اسپانیولی)، کانتاردین، به دیلمی دار سای و به اصفهانی سین

 [1] - ذراریح.  (ذَ) [ ع . ] (اِ.) جِ ذراح و ذروح ؛ نوعی حشرة بالدار به رنگ آبی یا سبز. این حشره دارای دو شاخک و شش دست و پا و مفاصل متعدد است و سم شدیدی دارد؛ آله کلو.

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آله کلو. [ ل َ / ل ِ ک ُ ] (اِ مرکب ) آلاکلنگ . ذَراریح ، و آن جانوری است مانند زنبور سرخ و از او باریکتر و نقطه های سیاه دارد. (ریاض الادویه ).

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ذراریج‌ حیوانیست از مگس بزرگتر بقدری زنبوری سرخ اما باریکتر بود و بغایت سرخ‌رنگ و نقطه سیاه بر آن باشد و آن سم قاتل است و مولف گوید در حوالی همدان و کوه کوهر و آن حوالی بسیار باشد هریک بمقدار زنبوری بزرگ و بر نبات شبرم نشسته باشد و بیحد بود در آن صحرا و ابن مولف گوید در را مجرد بسیار باشد چون خواهند استعمال کنند در کوزه نو کنند و سر آن به کتان پاره بگیرند و واژگونه بر سر دیگی که سرکه در آن جوشد بنهند تا بخار سرکه بدیشان رسد و خناقشان بگیرد بعد از آن مستعمل کنند و بهترین وی ذهبی‌رنگ بود و طبیعت وی گرم بود بغایت و خشک چون بر ثالیل طلا کنند قلع کند و اگر در موم روغن کنند برص زایل کند و ناخن تباه شده بیندازد بزودی و بر برص و بهق طلا کنند نافع بود و در خردل سحق کرده طلا کنند موی برویاند و ورم سرطان بگذارند چون با زیت بپزند تا غلیظ شود و بر آن طلا کنند بر جرب و قوبا طلا کنند نافع بود و اندکی از وی چون با ادویه بود که دفع مضرت وی بکند مدّر بول بود و گویند اگر در زیت بجوشانند موی بر داء الثعلب برویاند و اگر گزندگی عقرب را بوی حک کنند نافع بود و اگر روغن کنند و یک هفته در آفتاب نهند بعد از آن قطره در گوش چکانند درد گوش زایل کند و کری ببرد و اگر در روغن وی محلل ورمهای بلغمی بود و صلب ابن مولف گوید که طسوجی او وی با دو طسوج حنا سحق کنند و کسی را دهند که سگ دیوانه گزیده باشد صحت یابد و از مردن خلاصی یابد هرکس که یک ذراریح بخورد گویند کشنده بود و علامت وی آن بود که ورم قضیب و زهار و نواحی آن پیدا کنند و قرحه مثانه و بول ببندد بعد از آن خون و گوشت پاره بعوض بول بیرون آید و سوزشی سخت و اسهال سجی و غثیان آورد و اخلاط عقل و سوزش حلق و افتادن در وقت برخاستن و غشی و تاریکی چشمها و طعم دهن مانند طعم قطران بود و سه طسوج او وی قرحه مثانه پیدا کند بخاصیت با وجود آنکه سنگ مثانه بریراند و اگر خواهند که در مداوا استعمال کنند یک طسوج با ادویه که مصلح بود مانند کثیرا بدهند و مداوای کسی که آن خورده باشد بقی و حقنه و شیر تازه آشامیدن لعاب و روغن بادام شیرین و جلاب و مرقهای چرب و بیضه نیم‌برشت کنند و صاحب تقویم گوید مصلح وی به کاکنج بود و طین مختوم و بدل آن گویند طینوث بود و گویند کرم درخت صنوبر

صاحب مخزن الادویه می‌نویسد: ذراریج به فتح ذال بترکی الاکلنک و به دیلمی دارساس نامند و به اصفهانی قمی‌ارسین است

به فرانسه‌CANTHARIDES  انگلیسی ‌SPANISH FLY

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از ذراریح تا کانتاریدین.  ذراریح (به فرانسه‌CANTHARIDES، به انگلیسی SPANISH FLY) نام حشره‌های است از راسته گلئوپترا که قرن‌ها پیش توسط پزشک و دانشمند ایرانی سیداسماعیل جرجانی به عنوان جانداری که دارای خواص دارویی گوناگون می‌باشد، معرفی شده است. توانایی حشره در ایجاد تاول‌های پوستی در انسان، منجر به استفاده درمانی آن در زمینه بیماره‌های پوستی گردید، ذراریح، در ۱۹۳۳ مورد توجه محققین اروپایی قرار گرفت و در نهایت اولین فرآورده طبیعی از آن به نام کانتاریدین تهیه شد و از سال ؟ در فهرست‌ داروهای پوستی کتب فارماکولوژی وارد شد و مورد توجه و استفاده عمومی قرار گرفت.

کاربردهای بالینی ذراریح از دیدگاه سیداسماعیل جرجانی

حکیم جرجانی، در آثار گرانقدر خود، کاربردهای اصلی ذراریح را به این صورت بیان نموده است.

درمان زگیل، درمان برص، درمان ریزش مو، مدر، درمان آسیت، درمان ناخن سیاه شده، درمان هاری.

سایر حکما، علاوه بر موارد فوق، نکات زیر را هم مطرح کرده‌اند:

درمان ورم سرطانی، درمان جرب، درمان درد گوش و کری، درمان ورم‌های بلغمی، درمان گری و خارش، از بین برنده شپش، درمان ناخنه.

مسمومیت با ذراریح از دیدگاه سیداسماعیل جرجانی

حکیم جرجانی، در کتاب پنجم از ذخیره خوارزمشاهی، انواع مسمومیت را تحت سه گروه مورد بررسی قرار می‌دهد. که عبارتند از: مسمومیت‌های ناشی از مواد معدنی، مسمومیت‌های ناشی از مواد گیاهی و مسمومیت‌های ناشی از مواد حیوانی

و در فصل مسمومیت ناشی از مواد حیوانی، مسمومیت با ذراریح را با علایم کلی زیر توصیف می‌کند:

ـ اختلالات گوارشی، شامل سوزش دهان و اسهال خونی

ـ‌ اختلالات دستگاه ادراری- تناسلی: دشواری در ادرار کردن، ادرار خونی، زخمی شدن مثانه، ورم و بزرگ شدن آلت تناسلی

ـ اختلالات سیستم عصبی: گیجی و غش

درمان مسمومیت با ذراریح از دیدگاه سیداسماعیل جرجانی:

سیداسماعیل جرجانی در رفع مسمومیت ناشی از خوردن ذراریح، ایجاد استفراغ، اخراج خون و استفاده موضعی و سیستمیک از داروها و توصیه به مصرف غذاهای خاص را موثر می‌داند.

ذرایح یا کانتاریدین در منابع جدید:

کانتاریدین، ماده محرک فعال استخراج شده از ذراریح است که در سال ۱۹۳۳ توسط یک شیمیدان فرانسوی از حشره استخراج گردید. حشره خشک شده حاوی کمتر از ۶/۰ درصد، کانتاریدین است. دارو بر روی آنزیم اکسیداتیو میتوکندری اثر کرده، منجر به کاهش ATP میشود. این امر موجب تغییراتی در غشای سلول اپیدرم، آکانتولیزیا همان تجزیه ی لایه ی شاخی پوست، و تشکیل تاول میگردد. این تأثیر کاملاًداخل اپیدرمی(پوستی) بوده و هیچ جای زخمی ایجاد نمی‌کند.

کاربردهای بالیین کانتاریدین در منابع جدید :

مصرف بالینی عمده آن جهت درمان انواع زگیل دور ناخن و مولوسکوم کونتاژیوزوم میباشد. همچنین در درمان ضایعات ضخیم کننده پوست، مهار رشد خوش خیم سلو‌ل‌های پوششی پوست، مهار رشد قارچهای پوستی (درماتوفیتها)، ایجاد فرایند التهاب و ترشحات (اگزودای) التهاب زا، خاصیت تاول زایی و همچنین ، این دارو در درمان سرطان از جمله سرطان کولون، سرطان هپاتوسلولار کبد و تسکین دردهای روماتیسمی مانند روماتویید آرتریت(روماتیسم) می‌تواند نقش داشته باشد.

مسمومیت :مسمومیت در استعمال موضعی آن گزارش نشده است و استعمال آن به دلیل نداشتن عوارض در کودکان ایده آل است. مسمومیت با مصرف خوراکی مقادیر زیاد دارو رخ میدهد که آن را کانتاریدیسم گویند. دوز خوراکی ۶۵ میلی گرم آن کشنده است.

اختلالات گوارشی:درد سوزشی در گلووشکم ،مشکل در بلع،تهوع و استفراغ،استفراغ خونی،اسهال خونی،زورپیچ .

اختلالات ادراری - تناسلی :احساس نیاز مبرم به دفع ادرار، درد کلیوی، تکرر ادرار، ادرار همراه سوزش ودرد، ادرار خونی، تجمع اوره در خون، از بین رفتن( نکروز) حاد توبولی، تخریب واحد های عملی کلیه، پریاپیسم (نعوظ مداوم پنیس به صورت غیر طبیعی همراه با درد و تندرنس).

اختلالات سیستم قلبی‌ـ‌‌عروقی: افت شدید فشار خون، نارسایی گردش خون، نارسایی قلبی و شوک

اختلالات سیستم عصبی: تشنج، غش

اختلالات چشمی: از بین رفتن قرینه و ایجاد واکنش التهابی شدید، آسیب به عدسی

درمان مسمومیت : درمان در موارد تماسی شامل شستشو با آب گرم و صابون میباشد.

معرفی ذراریح به عنوان حشره‌ای با خواص ویژه بیش از حدود ۱۰ قرن می‌گذرد، سیداسماعیل جرجانی چندین خاصیت درمانی از آن را برشمرده که دانش امروزی تنها بعضی موارد از آن را مورد توجه قرار داده است. روش‌های پیشرفته سنتز شیمیایی، اطلاعات وسیعی‌ راجع به ماده حاصل از ذراریح فراهم نموده است که استفاده درمانی آن در روزگار جرجانی را از لحاظ علمی توجیه می‌کند و به آن قطعیت می‌بخشد. اینک روشن شده است ماده موثر حشره - کانتاریدین- آکانتولیتیک و بدون درد و ایجاد اسکار بوده است. منابع جدید امروزی نه تنها اطلاعاتی اضافه بر یافته‌های قدیمی ندارند، بلکه حکمای طب سنتی موارد بالینی را ذکر کرده‌اند که دانش جدید هنوز به آن نپرداخته است و شاید این به دلیل اثرات سمی و کشنده کانتاریدین باشد. لیکن از مرور مطالب فوق درمی‌یابیم که حکمای قدیم با دقت فراوان این ماده را جهت استفاده‌های داخلی و خارجی - بدون اینکه عارضه‌ای ایجاد کند- به کار می‌برده‌اند و نیز در صورت ایجاد عارضه، درمان عوارض آن را میدانسته‌اند. نشانگان مسمومیت با آن که در گذشته و حال ذکر شده، کاملا با هم یکسان است و نشانه‌های از دقت نظر و بینش کامل حکما در طب قدیم می‌باشد.بدیهی است مطالب مذکور تنها گزیده‌ای از گسترهٔ طب سنتی ایران است و هنوز زمینه تحقیقات بسیاری در آن وجود دارد. امروزه به صراحت می‌توان گفت که طب سنتی ایران با وجود فقدان امکانات پیشرفته در تشخیص و درمان، رتبه‌ای ممتاز و جایگاهی ویژه در دانش پزشکی و زمینه‌های مربوط به آن دارد. امید است منابع طب سنتی ایران بتواند سرمنشاء تحقیقات و دستاوردهای نوین جامعه پزشکی باشد.

منابع

جرجانی، سیداسماعیل، ذخیره خوارزمشاهی، جمع‌آوری سعید سیرجانی، انتشارات بنیاد فرهنگ، چاپ ۲۵۳۵، ص ۲۴۹

همان مرجع، ص ۶۳۱

همان مرجع، ص ۶۴۰ 

جرجانی، سیداسماعیل، الاغراض الطبیه و المباحث العلانیه، تهران، بنیاد فرهنگ ایران، ۱۳۵۴، ص ۶۰۹

Katzong,B.G.Basic and Clinical Pharmacology . ۷edt.Appeleton Lange and California. P ۱۰۱۲ , ۱۹۹۸

Curruti,L.Historical & Philosophical Remaks on Ziegler - Natta Catalysis. Int.J.Ph.Ch. Vol۵.۱۹۹۹,no۱, p.

Remington,J.P.The Science & Practice of Pharmecy. ۱۹th.Vol ۲, ۸۷۴. ۱۹۹

Martindale, The complelte Drug Refrences. ۳۲ ed, Vol :۲, ۱۹۹۸ . P ۱۵۵۹

Drug, Facts & Camparisions J.B. Lippincott Co. ۱۹۸۷, P ۶۲۱

عقیلی خراسانی ، مخزن الادویه، انتشارات و آموزش انقلاب اسلامی ۱۳۷۰، صص ۴۳۵ -۴۳۶

انصاری شیرازی، ع. اختیارات بدیعی، چاپ اول، شرکت دارویی پخش رازی، تهران، صر ۱۷۹، ۱۳۷۱.

الهروی، م. الابنیه عن حقایق الادویه، چاپ دوم، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ص ۱۶۰.

جرجانی، سیداسماعیل، الاغراض الطبیه و المباحث‌العانیه، بنیاد فرهنگ ایران، ص ۵۷۷.

K.J. An Electron Microscopic study of cantharidin - induced Acantolysis. Acta Dermatol KyotoEngl Bol. ۱۹۶۸. ۶۳(۳):۲۸۹-۹۴

W.K.T.J & S.B. Cantharidine: Acantholysis. Arch Klin Exp Dermatiol . ۱۹۸۶. ۳۲۳(۳):۳۲۵-۴۴

Bock. RH.Treatment of palpebral Warts with Cantharon . Am. J. Opthalmol ۱۹۶۵.۶۰ (۳): ۵۲۹-۳۰

Grag. AP. Muller-J.Inhabition of Growth of Dermatophytes by Indian Hair Oil. Mycoses. ۱۹۹۲. ۳۵(۱۱-۱۲): ۳۶۳-۹.

Janke. D.On the diagnostic Significance of the Detection of Fungal - Antibodiesthe Content of Cantharides Blisters. Hautarzt. ۱۹۶۵. ۱۶(۸):۳۶۴-۶

W.R.L.M C.M et al. Meropenem pharmacokinetics ۷ Penetration into an Inflammatory Exudate. Antimicrob - Antimicrob - Agent - chemother . ۱۹۹۰ ۳۴ (۸): ۱۵۱۵-۷

Mc A.B. Mc.C. Wu CH. Hsieh K.J,et al. Anhydride Modified Cantharidin Analogues: Synthesis Inibnition of Protein Phosphatase: ۱ & ۲. A &: Anty Cancer Activity, Bioorg Med Chem Lett ۲۰۰۰.۷: ۷:۱۰(۱۵):۱۶۸۷-۹۰

Wang C.C.Wu. CH. Hsieh K.Jet al. Cytotoxic Effects of Cantharidine on the Growth of Natural & Carcinoma Cell. Tonix .۲۰۰۰ .۱۴۷(۲):۷۷-۷۸

Corsden R.Smith. M,Protein Concerniration of Caantharides Blisters in Rheumatiod. Arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. ۱۹۶۶.۲۵(۵):۴۲۲-۴

Karras DJ.Farrell SE.Harrigan R.A. et al. Poisoning from Spanish Fly. Am. J. Emerg. Med. ۱۹۹۶. ۱۴(۵):۴۷۸-۸۳

R.C.G.A.F.E. et al. Eye I njury Caused by Vesicatory Insect. J. Fr. Ophtalmol. ۱۹۹۰.۱۳(۱-۲):۴۷-۵۰

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Lytta vesicatoria or Spanish fly is an emerald-green beetle in the family Meloidae, with approximate dimensions of 5 mm (0.20 in) wide by 20 mm (0.79 in) long.[1] The genus and species names derive from the Greek lytta for rage, and the vesica for blister.[citation needed] It is one of a number of species that are collectively called blister beetles;[2][3] it and other such species were used in preparations offered by traditional apothecaries, often referred to as Spanish fly.[2][4] L. vesicatoria is sometimes called Cantharis vesicatoria,[4] although the genus Cantharis is in an unrelated family, Cantharidae.[5][non-primary source needed][better source needed]

The terms Spanish fly and cantharides are synonymous and are used, the latter in particular, to refer to dried insects of this species, and related preparations.[2][3][4] Cantharides derives from the Greek kantharis for beetle, and eidos, meaning form or shape.[4] Although formerly taken internally, for use as a diuretic,[3] and for supposed aphrodisiac effects,[3][4] and externally as a rubifacient,[3] counterirritant,[2][4] and vesicant,[4] cantharide preparations are poisonous, taken internally at large doses,[4] and can lead to human and animal fatalities.[6] Poisoning by Spanish fly/cantharides is a significant veterinary issue; ingestion of beetles or their extracts—e.g., in infested hay or contaminated water—results periodically in serious toxic symptoms and the need for veterinary intervention, especially, in the U.S., in horses. Other specific cases of animal poisoning have been described: cattle in Africa with diarrhea and nephritis as a result of drinking contaminated water.

The perceived aphrodisiac properties of L. vesicatoria and its dried cantharides preparations are a result of its toxicology, specifically, irritant effects it has upon the body's genitourinary tract,[7][non-primary source needed][better source needed] although such views of this property are anachronistic alongside modern statements that the effect is painful and without pleasure.[1] Moreover, seeking this outcome requires ingestion of the blister beetle preparation, and these, and preparations available illicitly in particular, can contain high concentrations of active agent that result in severe toxicity (poisoning).[7] Human poisoning consequences include oral, gastrointestinal (GI), rectal, and vaginal tissue irritation through to severe GI hemorrhaging and kidney dysfunction, organ failure, and death. Clinical and postmortem examination—e.g., by endoscopy and autopsy—reveal the destruction, as do laboratory findings of hematuria, proteinuria, and other reflections of the underlying pathologies. Management of cantharidin poisoning is only supportive.

Preparations from L. vesicatoria and other species have been the sources from which a pure natural compound (naturally derived chemical compound) called cantharidin has been isolated, which is largely responsible for the pharmacologic activities described.[3] To add to confusion with nomenclature, the isolated molecule, cantharidin itself, is sometimes also referred to as "Spanish fly".[7]

Contents  [show]

Description[edit]

Collecting cantharides, 19th century.

Lytta vesicatoria is a "slender, soft-bodied metallic golden-green beetle," and so a Coleopteran.[8] The beetle is described as being approximately 5 mm (0.20 in) wide by 20 mm (0.79 in) long.[1][8]

Range and habitat[edit]

It is mainly described as southern European species[9][10] although its range of habitats is more completely described as being "[t]hroughout southern Europe and eastward to Central Asia and Siberia,"[8] alternatively as being throughout Europe, and parts of northern and southern Asia (excluding China).[11]

Adult beetles primarily feed on leaves of ash, lilac, amur privet, honey suckle and white willow tree while occasionally being found on plum, rose, and elm.[12][8] The beetle reproductive cycle begins when eggs are laid in the vicinity of a ground-nesting host bee's nest.[8] The beetles then develop through a very active first larval instar (the triangulin) that crawls into the host's nest and parasitizes it; the hypermetamorphosis-type of development then has remaining larval instar stages that are grub-like, and sedentary.[8]

Active agent[edit]

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Main article: Cantharidin

Cantharidin, the principal active component in preparations of Lytta vesicatoria-derived Spanish fly, was first isolated and named in 1810 by Pierre Robiquet, a French chemist living in Paris,[citation needed] who demonstrated that it was the principle responsible for the aggressively blistering properties of this insect's egg coating; toxicity comparable in degree to that of the most violent poisons known in the 19th century, such as strychnine, was asserted.[13][dated info][non-primary source needed][better source needed]

The active agent has been estimated present at about 0.2-0.7 mg per beetle, males producing significantly more than females;[1] each beetle is on the order of 5% by weight of the active agent, cantharidin.[clarification needed][1][citation needed] The agent is secreted orally by the beetle, and is exuded from its joints as a milky fluid.[1][14] The potency of the insect species as a vesicant has been known since antiquity and the activity has been used in various ways.[citation needed] This has led to its small-scale commercial preparation and sale, in a powdered form known as cantharides (the Greek plural of singular cantharis), obtained from dried and ground beetles.[citation needed] The crushed powder is of yellow-brown to brown-olive color with iridescent reflections, is of disagreeable scent, and is bitter to taste.[1] Cantharidin, the active agent, is a terpenoid, and is also produced by various other insect species,[citation needed] such as Epicauta immaculata.[1]

Activities and uses[edit]

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As toxins[edit]

In man and animals, the cantharidin intoxication/toxicosis caused by the active agent from L. vesicatoria (and other other species of blister beetle that produce cantharidin), broadly speaking, involves cellular level "disrup[tion of] the integrity of endothelial cells," which "leads to tissue destruction";[14][15] at a molecular level, activity of cantharide preparations has been attributed, at least in part, to the ability of cantharidin to inhibit the enzyme phosphatase 2A.[16] Depending on dose, its use can cause topical irritation and blistering, and when taken orally, blistering, ulceration, and bleeding of the mouth, gastrointestinal (GI) and urinary tracts, and genitalia (and an accompanying range of discomfort to severe pain at all these sites); these effects can escalate to erosion and bleeding of mucosa in each system, followed at times by severe GI hemorrhaging and acute tubular necrosis and glomerular destruction, resulting in GI and renal dysfunction, by organ failure, and death.[7][14][non-primary source needed][better source needed][15]

Clinical and postmortem examination—e.g., by endoscopy and autopsy—reveal the destruction described, as do laboratory findings of hematuria, proteinuria, heme-positive stool, and other reflections of the underlying pathology.[7][14][15] The active agent, cantharadin, has been identified in plasma and urine as well as gastric contents and tissue preparations,[15][17] using such techniques as high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography,[15] in both of the cases sometimes linked with mass spectrometry,[15][17] one-dimensional or tandem (e.g., LC-MS-MS),[17] with tandem methods being described as optimal.[17]

Management of cantharidin poisoning is only supportive.[7]

Animal cases[edit]

Poisoning by Spanish fly/cantharides is a significant veterinary issue.[2][6][15] Ingestion of blister beetles in infested hay or forage causes serious cantharidin toxicosis in animals in the U.S., especially in horses but also in cattle (with Epicauta spp. being the more predominant source),[15][16][17] where severity varies according to dose.[2][15] Symptoms range from "mild depression or discomfort" from abdominal pain, through mucosal erosion and gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhaging (e.g., of the upper GI), to "severe pain, shock, and death."[15][17] Inadvertent animal poisoning from the beetles via other sources is also known: cattle in Africa have shown excitement, diarrhea, and nephritis as a result of drinking water contaminated by such insects.[2]

Veterinary management of poisoning is through supportive care. Gwaltney-Brant and coworkers note that in veterinary cases, damage to the GI tract may require broad spectrum antimocrobial treatment, with aminoglycosides being avoided because of their nephrotoxicity complicating cantharidin-induced nephrosis.[6] Schmitz and others note that in these cases, early evacuation of the GI tract (e.g., aided by charcoal or mineral oil) may be therapeutically useful, and that calcium and magnesium supplementation for prolonged periods "is almost always indicated," alongside administering fluids/diuretics to maintain normal pH and electrolytes, and analgesics to manage pain.[6][15]

Human cases[edit]

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Preparations from L. vesicatoria and its active agent have been implicated in both inadvertent[14] and intentional poisonings.[citation needed] Froberg notes a 1954 manslaughter case where cantharidin was administered in a coconut-flavoured candy as an intended aphrodisiac, resulting in illness and eventual death of two women (agent identified postmortem), and in facial blistering and criminal conviction and imprisonment of the perpetrator.[14]

Karras and coworkers reported on four cases of Spanish fly poisoning presenting in a U.S. emergency department, with complaints of "dysuria and dark urine," in a general argument for medical awareness of its continuing misuse as an experimental sexual stimulant.[7][non-primary source needed][better source needed] Of these patients, three reported abdominal pain and one, flank pain; two had occult rectal bleeding and the one female had vaginal bleeding; other presenting symptoms included hematuria and a first report, in two patients, of low-grade disseminated intravascular coagulation.[7] Karras more generally notes that symptoms of poisoning include "burning of the mouth, dysphagia, nausea, hematemesis, gross hematuria, and dysuria," that acute tubular necrosis and glomerular destruction can result in renal dysfunction, and that erosion and hemorrhaging of the mucosa can be seen in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GI tract).[7]

Clinical management of human cantharidin poisoning is likewise through supportive care.[7][clarification needed]

Clinical and postmortem findings[edit]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2015)

Clinical presentations associated with cantharidin toxicosis were summarized at the opening of this section on use of this natural agent as a toxin, inadvertently or intentionally.[14][15] In the cases of handling of L. vesicatoria preparations or its active agent, clinical manifestations include evidence of its characteristic blistering.[14] Laboratory findings following ingestion include "hematuria, proteinuria, and heme-positive stool."[14] In patients under treatment, endoscopic examination may reveal hemorrhaging of the GI tract; postmortem, such GI hemorrhaging has been assigned as cause of death.[14]

Historically, to determine if a human death had taken place by the effects of Spanish fly, investigators performed vesicación tests,[dubious – discuss][citation needed] for instance, rubbing oil-treated internal organs of the deceased on the shaved skin of a rabbit to look for the blistering effect of the cantharides on that skin.[citation needed]

In medicine[edit]

The cantharides derived from L. vesicatoria are poisonous if taken internally in large doses.[4] As discussed by Karras, "[w]hile most commonly available preparations of Spanish fly contain [the active agent] cantharidin in negligible amounts, if at all, [it is nevertheless] available illicitly in concentrations capable of causing severe toxicity.[7][non-primary source needed][better source needed] Even so, medical use dates back to descriptions from Hippocrates.[citation needed] For modern controlled-dose medical uses, see the main article on cantharidin.

External[edit]

Historically, it has been used externally as a rubifacient,[3] counterirritant,[2][4] and vesicant.[4] With regard to the last of these, there is report of plasters being made from wings of the beetles, in order to raise blisters.[citation needed]

Internal[edit]

As it passes through the urinary tract, cantharides irritate the genitals, resulting in increased blood flow that can mimic the engorgement that occurs with sexual excitement, leading to their supposed aphrodisiac effects.[3][4][7][non-primary source needed][better source needed] One modern text notes that a male erection caused by use of such preparations is "pathological, painful and devoid of sexual pleasure."[1]

Despite the danger and their toxicity, attempts have been made to use cantharides internally as a diuretic,[3] as an abortifacient,[18] and as a stimulant (since one of its effects was producing insomnia and nervous agitation).[citation needed]

Preparations containing the active agent have a history of use as a Chinese herbal medicine,[17] and such preparations appear in descriptions of homeopathic remedies,[3] where in a relevant medical text they are listed with "Homeopathic Remedies Lacking Proof of Efficacy" (with a case study of danger imposed on an infant).[19][20]

Culinary uses[edit]

In Morocco and other parts of North Africa, spice blends known as ras el hanout sometimes included as a minor ingredient "green metallic beetles", inferred to be cantharides from L. vesicatoria, although sale of this in Moroccan spice markets was banned in the 1990s.[21] Dawamesk, a spread or jam made in North Africa and containing hashish, almond paste, pistachio nuts, sugar, orange or tamarind peel, cloves, and other various spices, occasionally included cantharides.[citation needed]

Other uses[edit]

In ancient China, the beetles were mixed with human excrement, arsenic, and wolfsbane to make the world's first recorded stink bomb.[22] In Santería, cantharides are used in incense.[23]

Noteworthy cases[edit]

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Simón Bolívar may have been accidentally poisoned by application of Spanish fly.[24][non-primary source needed][better source needed][page needed]

Arthur Kendrick Ford was convicted and given a multiyear prison sentence in 1954 for the unintended deaths of two women surreptitiously given candies laced with cantharidin, which were intended to act as an aphrodisiac.[14]

References[edit]

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Aggrawal, Anil, ed. (2007). "VII. Spanish Fly (Cantharides)". APC Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. New Delhi, India: Avichal. p. 652f. ISBN 8177394193. Retrieved 14 December 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Blood, Douglas Charles; Studdert, Virginia P. & Gay, Clive C., ed. (2007). "Cantharides". Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA, USA: Elsevier. ISBN 070202788X. Retrieved 14 December 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Jonas, Wayne B., ed. (2005). "Cantharides". Mosby's Dictionary of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA, USA: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 0323025161. Retrieved 14 December 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Anon. (2012) [2009]. "Cantharide". Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary. Huntingdon Valley, PA , USA: Farlex. Retrieved 14 December 2015.

Jump up ^ Selander, Richardg B. (1991). "On the Nomenclature and Classification of Meloidae (Coleoptera)". Insecta Mundi 5 (2): 65–94.[non-primary source needed][better source needed]

^ Jump up to: a b c d Gwaltney-Brant, Sharon M.; Dunayer, Eric & Youssef, Hany (2012). "Terrestrial Zootoxins [Coleoptera: Meloidae (Blister Beetles)". In Gupta, Ramesh C. Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles (2nd ed.). London, ENG: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 975–978. ISBN 0123859263. Retrieved 14 December 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Karras, David J.; Farrell, S.E.; Harrigan, R.A.; Henretig, F.M.; Gealt, L. (1996). "Poisoning From "Spanish Fly" (Cantharidin)". Amer. J. Emerg. Med. 14 (5): 478–483. doi:10.1016/S0735-6757(96)90158-8. PMID 8765116. While most commonly available preparations of Spanish fly contain cantharidin in negligible amounts, if at all, the chemical is available illicitly in concentrations capable of causing severe toxicity.[non-primary source needed][better source needed]

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Schlager, Neil, Ed. (2004). "Coleoptera (beetles and weevils)". Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. vol. 3, Insects (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI, USA: Thomson-Gale/American Zoo and Aquarium Association. p. 331. ISBN 0787657794. Retrieved 20 December 2015.

Jump up ^ Cutler, H.G. (1992). "An Historical Perspective of Ancient Poisons". In Nigg, H.G and D. Seigler. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. p. 3. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2584-8_1.

Jump up ^ The Eds. of Encyclopædia Britannica (2015). "Blister beetle, insect". Encyclopædia Britannica (online). Chicago, IL, USA: Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 14 December 2015.

Jump up ^ Guala, Gerald, ed. (2015). "Geographic Information: Geographic Division". ITIS Report: Lytta vesicatoria (Linnaeus, 1758), Taxonomic Serial No.: 114404. Reston, VA, USA: U.S. Geological Survey, Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). Retrieved 20 December 2015.

Jump up ^ Neligan, J.M. and R. Macnamara (1867). Medicines, their uses and mode of administration; including a complete conspectus of the three British Pharmacopoeias, an account of all the new remedies, and an Appendix of Formulae. p. 297.

Jump up ^ Robiquet, M (1810). "Expériences sur les cantharides". Annales de Chimie 76: 302–322.[non-primary source needed][better source needed]

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Froberg, Blake A. (2010). "Animals". In Holstege, Christopher P.; Neer, Thomas; Saathoff, Gregory B. & Furbee, R. Brent. Criminal Poisoning: Clinical and Forensic Perspectives. Burlington, MA, USA: Jones & Bartlett. pp. 39–48, esp. 41, 43, 45ff. ISBN 1449617573. Retrieved 16 December 2015. Note: the active agent appears variously as cantharidin,:41 and "cantharadin":43,45ff or "canthariadin":238 (sic.).

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Schmitz, David G. (2013). "Overview of Cantharidin Poisoning (Blister Beetle Poisoning)". In Aiello, Susan E. & Moses, Michael A. The Merck Veterinary Manual. Kenilworth, NJ, USA: Merck Sharp & Dohme. ISBN 0911910611. Retrieved 14 December 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b Evans, T.J. & Hooser, S.B. (2010). "Comparative Gastrointestinal Toxicity (Ch. 16)". In Hooser, Stephen & McQueen, Charlene. Comprehensive Toxicology (2nd ed.). London, ENG: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 195–206, esp. 202. ISBN 0080468845. Retrieved 14 December 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Wilson, C.R. (2010). "Methods for Analysis of Gastrointestinal Toxicants (Ch. 9)". In Hooser, Stephen & McQueen, Charlene. Comprehensive Toxicology (2nd ed.). London, ENG: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 145–152, esp. 150. ISBN 0080468845. Retrieved 14 December 2015.

Jump up ^ Giannini, A.J. & Black, H.R. (1978). The Psychiatric, Psychogenic and Somatopsychic Disorders Handbook, p. 97, Garden City, NY, USA: Medical Examination Publishing, ISBN 0874885965.

Jump up ^ Pray, W. Steven (2006). "Homeopathy (Ch. 47)". Nonprescription Product Therapeutics. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 817–824, esp. 818ff, 823. ISBN 0781734983. Retrieved 16 December 2015.

Jump up ^ The following is the case study, presented with citation of the primary source, in Pray's text:

"A 2-month-old girl experienced what her parents thought was atopic eczema, for which they administered topical and oral homeopathic products.42 At 7 months of age [i.e., after a ~5 mo. course of homeopathic treatment], intense itching began, with emergence of bullous lesions on her palms and soles. Practitioners in a homeopathic hospital prescribed homeopathic remedies containing tuberculosis, poison ivy, Spanish fly (cantharidin), mercury, sulfur, lycopodium, calcium carbonate, and sepia. With this unproven and potentially dangerous treatment, the lesions spread to the entire body until she lost 25% of her body weight. Eventually a legitimate physician diagnosed bullous pemphigoid, prescribing prednisone; she experienced rapid improvement in 2 weeks. The [primary study] authors highlighted the homeopathic process of alleging that whenever symptoms worsen, it is a favorable reaction to treatment, which caused the homeopaths treating the child to continue treatment despite her rapidly progressing downhill course." [Pray, op. cit., p. 823, emphasis added]

Jump up ^ Davidson, Alan (1999). Jaine, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to Food. Vannithone, Soun (illustrator). Oxford, ENG: Oxford University Press. p. 671f. ISBN 0-19-211579-0. Retrieved 13 December 2015.

Jump up ^ Theroux, Paul (1989). Riding the Iron Rooster. Ivy Books. p. 54. ISBN 0-8041-0454-9.

Jump up ^ Gonzalez-Wippler, Migene (2002). Santería: The Religion. Llewellyn Publications. p. 221. ISBN 1-56718-329-8.

Jump up ^ Ledermann, W. (2007) Simón "Bolívar y las cantáridas," Rev. Chil. Infectol., 24:(5).[non-primary source needed][better source needed][page needed]

Further reading[edit]

Guala, Gerald, ed. (2015). "Geographic Information: Geographic Division". ITIS Report: Lytta vesicatoria (Linnaeus, 1758), Taxonomic Serial No.: 114404. Reston, VA, USA: U.S. Geological Survey, Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). Retrieved 20 December 2015.

BHL content highlight on V. vesicatoria.

Krinsky, William L. (2009). "Beetles (Coleoptera)". In Mullen, Gary R. & Durden, Lance A. Medical and Veterinary Entomology (2nd ed.). London, ENG: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 101–114, esp. 104–105. ISBN 0080919693. Retrieved 14 December 2015.

Gwaltney-Brant, Sharon M.; Dunayer, Eric & Youssef, Hany (2012). "Terrestrial Zootoxins [Coleoptera: Meloidae (Blister Beetles)]". In Gupta, Ramesh C. Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles (2nd ed.). London, ENG: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 975–978. ISBN 0123859263. Retrieved 14 December 2015.

Schmitz, David G. (2013). "Overview of Cantharidin Poisoning (Blister Beetle Poisoning)". In Aiello, Susan E. & Moses, Michael A. The Merck Veterinary Manual. Kenilworth, NJ, USA: Merck Sharp & Dohme. ISBN 0911910611. Retrieved 14 December 2015.

Froberg, Blake A. (2010). "Animals". In Holstege, Christopher P.; Neer, Thomas; Saathoff, Gregory B. & Furbee, R. Brent. Criminal Poisoning: Clinical and Forensic Perspectives. Burlington, MA, USA: Jones & Bartlett. pp. 39–48, esp. 41, 43, 45ff. ISBN 1449617573. Retrieved 16 December 2015. [Note: the active agent appears variously as cantharidin,:41 and "cantharadin":43,45ff or "canthariadin":238 (sic.).]

Dunbar, George (1840). "ΚΑΝΘ: Κανθαρις". A New Greek and English, and English and Greek Lexicon, with an Appendix Explanatory of Scientific Terms, Etc. Part 1. Edinburgh, Scotland: MacLachlan, Stewart. p. 301. Retrieved 14 December 2015.

The Eds. of Encyclopædia Britannica (2015). "Blister beetle, insect". Encyclopædia Britannica (online). Chicago, IL, USA: Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 14 December 2015.

Milsten, Richard (2000). The Sexual Male: Problems and Solutions. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-32127-4.[page needed]

Reichl, Ruth, ed. (2004). The Gourmet Cookbook. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-37408-6.[dubious – discuss][page needed]

Scientific classification

Kingdom:           Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class:     Insecta

Order:   Coleoptera

Family:   Meloidae

Subfamily:          Meloinae

Tribe:    Lyttini

Genus:   Lytta

Species: L. vesicatoria

Binomial name

Lytta vesicatoria

(Linnaeus, 1758)

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Cantharidin is an odorless, colorless terpene secreted by many species of blister beetles, including broadly in genus Epicauta, and in species Lytta vesicatoria (Spanish fly). False blister beetles, cardinal beetles, and soldier beetles also produce cantharidin. Poisoning from the substance is a significant veterinary concern, especially in horses by Epicauta species, and in humans it also can also be poisonous if taken internally (where the origin is most often experimental self-exposure). Externally, cantharidin is a potent vesicant (blistering agent), exposure to which can cause severe chemical burns. Properly dosed and applied, the same properties have been used for effective topical medications for some conditions.[clarification needed]

Chemistry[edit]

Structure and nomenclature[edit]

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Cantharidin, from the Greek kantharis, for beetle,[1][full citation needed] is an odorless, colorless natural product with solubility in various organic solvents,[clarification needed] but only slightly solubility in water.[2] It is a monoterpene, and so contains in its framework two isoprene units derived by biosynthesis from two equivalents of isopentenyl pyrophosphate.[citation needed] (The complete mechanism of the biosynthesis of cantharidin is currently unknown.[when?][citation needed]) Its skeleton is tricyclic, formally, a tricyclo-[5.2.1.02,6]decane skeleton. Its functionalities include an carboxylic acid anydride (-CO-O-CO-) substructure in one of its rings, as well as a cyclic ether in its bicyclic ring system.[citation needed]

Distribution and availability[edit]

The level of cantharidin in blister beetles can be quite variable. Among blister beetles of the genus Epicauta in Colorado, E. pennsylvanica contains about 0.2 mg, E. maculata contains 0.7 mg, and E. immaculata contains 4.8 mg per beetle; males also contain higher levels than females.[3]

History[edit]

Hycleus lugens, an aposematically colored beetle, secretes cantharidin.

Cantharidin was first isolated in 1810 by Pierre Robiquet,[4] a French chemist then living in Paris, from Lytta vesicatoria. Robiquet demonstrated that cantharidin was the actual principle responsible for the aggressively blistering properties of the coating of the eggs of that insect, and established that cantharidin had definite toxic properties comparable in degree to those of the most virulent poisons known in the 19th century, such as strychnine.[5] It is an odorless and colorless solid at room temperature. It is secreted by the male blister beetle and given to the female as a copulatory gift during mating. Afterwards, the female beetle covers her eggs with it as a defense against predators.

There are many examples in historical sources that reference preparations of this natural product:[citation needed]

According to Tacitus, it was used by the empress Livia, wife of Augustus Caesar to entice members of the imperial family or dinner guests to commit sexual indiscretions (thus providing her information to hold over them).[6]

Henry IV (1050–1106) is said to have consumed Spanish fly.[7]

In 1572, Ambroise Paré wrote an account of a man suffering from "the most frightful satyriasis" after taking a potion composed of nettles and cantharides.[8]

In the 1670s, Spanish fly was mixed with dried mole's and bat's blood for a love charm made by the magician La Voisin.[9]

Cantharides are reported to have became fashionable in the 18th century, e.g., being known as pastilles Richelieu in France,[citation needed] and are said to have been slipped into the food of Louis XIV to secure the king's lust for Madame de Montespan.[by whom?][dubious – discuss][citation needed]

Marquis de Sade is said to have given aniseed-flavored pastilles laced with Spanish fly to two prostitutes at an orgy in 1772, poisoning and nearly killing them. He was sentenced to death for that, and sodomy, but later reprieved on appeal.[10][11]

Veterinary issues[edit]

Poisoning from catharidin is a significant veterinary concern, especially in horses by Epicauta species; species infesting feedstocks depend on region—e.g., Epicauta pennsylvanica (black blisterbeetle) in the U.S. midwest and E. occidentalis, temexia, and vittata species (striped blister beetles) in the U.S. southwest—where the concentrations of the agent in each can vary substantially.[2] Beetles feed on weeds and occasionally move into crop fields used to produce livestock feeds (e.g., alfalfa), where they are found to cluster and find their way into baled hay, e.g., a single flake (4-5 in. section[12]) may have several hundred insects, or none at all.[2] Horses are very sensitive to the cantharidin produced by beetle infestations: the LD50 for horses is roughly 1 mg/kg of the horse's body weight. Horses may be accidentally poisoned when fed bales of fodder with blister beetles in them.[13]

Great bustards, a strongly polygynous bird species,[clarification needed] are not immune to the toxicity of cantharidin; they become intoxicated after ingesting blister beetles; however, cantharidin has activity also against parasites that infect them.[14][15]

Human medical issues[edit]

General risks[edit]

As a blister agent, cantharidin has the potential to cause adverse effects when used medically; for this reason, it has been included in a list of "problem drugs" used by dermatologists[16] and emergency personnel.[17] However, when compounded properly and applied in the clinic topically by a medical provider familiar with its effects and uses, cantharidin can be safely and effectively used to treat some benign skin lesions like warts and molluscum.[18]

When ingested by humans, the LD50 is around 0.5 mg/kg, with a dose of as little as 10 mg being potentially fatal. Ingesting cantharidin can initially cause severe damage to the lining of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts, and may also cause permanent renal damage. Symptoms of cantharidin poisoning include blood in the urine, abdominal pain, and rarely prolonged erections.[16]

Risks of aphrodisiac use[edit]

Main article: Spanish fly

Cantharidin has been used since ancient times as an aphrodisiac, possibly because its physical effects were perceived to mimic those of sexual arousal,[19] and because it can cause priapism.[20] The extreme toxicity of cantharidin makes any use as an aphrodisiac highly dangerous.[21][22] As a result, it is illegal to sell (or use) cantharidin or preparations containing it without a prescription in many countries.[17]

Other uses[edit]

Diluted solutions of cantharidin can be used as a topical medication to remove warts[23][24] and tattoos and to treat the small papules of Molluscum contagiosum.[25]

Research[edit]

Mechanism of action[edit]

Cantharidin is absorbed by the lipid membranes of epidermal cells, causing the release of serine proteases, enzymes that break the peptide bonds in proteins. This causes the disintegration of desmosomal plaques, cellular structures involved in cell-to-cell adhesion, leading to detachment of the tonofilaments that hold cells together. The process leads to the loss of cellular connections (acantholysis) and ultimately blistering of the skin. Lesions heal without scarring.[18][26]

Bioactivities[edit]

Topical treatment with cantharidin appears to have some effect in an animal model of cutaneous leishmaniasis.[27] In addition to topical medical applications, cantharidin and its analogues may have activity against cancer cells.[28][29][30] Laboratory studies with cultured tumor cells suggest that this activity may be the result of PP2A inhibition.[31][32]

Popular culture[edit]

Natural products preparations containing cantharidin appear frequently in popular media. Examples include:

The I Spy, where Bill Cosby joked about co-star Robert Culp's having tried to obtain some when in Spain, where a Spanish cab driver responded to a request for it, asking them in turn for "American Fly" (emphasizing the idea of Spanish fly as a universal male fantasy).[33][34]

The compound was mentioned in the 1986 Beastie Boys song, "Brass Monkey", as being mixed in the title drink as an aphrodisiac between the narrator (Ad-Rock, Mike D, MCA) and a girl at a party.[citation needed]

Further reading[edit]

Dupuis, Gérard & Berland, Nicole (2004). "Cantharidin: Origin and synthesis," Lille, FR: Lycée Faidherbe, see [1], accessed 13 December 2015.

References[edit]

Jump up ^ Medical Dictionary, 2009, 2012, Farlex and Partners.[full citation needed]

^ Jump up to: a b c Schmitz, David G. (2013). "Overview of Cantharidin Poisoning (Blister Beetle Poisoning)". In Aiello, Susan E. & Moses, Michael A. The Merck Veterinary Manual. Kenilworth, NJ, USA: Merck Sharp & Dohme. ISBN 0911910611. Retrieved 14 December 2015.

Jump up ^ Capinera, J. L.; Gardner, D. R.; Stermitz, F. R. (1985). "Cantharidin Levels in Blister Beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae) Associated with Alfalfa in Colorado". Journal of Economic Entomology 78 (5): 1052–1055.

Jump up ^ Wolter, H. (1995). Kompendium der Tierärztlichen Homöopathie. Enke. ISBN 978-3432978925.

Jump up ^ Robiquet, P. J. (1810). "Expériences sur les cantharides". Annales de Chimie 76: 302–322.

Jump up ^ James, Peter (1995). Ancient Inventions. Ballantine Books. p. 177. ISBN 0-345-40102-6.

Jump up ^ Eplett, Layla (13 March 2012). "When Sparks Fly: Aphrodisiacs and the Fruit Fly". Scientific American. Retrieved 18 November 2014.

Jump up ^ (Milsten 2000, p. 170)

Jump up ^ (Cavendish 1968, p. 333)

Jump up ^ Ford, Peter; Howell, Michael (1985). The beetle of Aphrodite and other medical mysteries. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-54797-7.

Jump up ^ Schaeffer, Neil (2000). The Marquis de Sade: A Life, Cambridge, MA, USA: Harvard University Press, p. 58.

Jump up ^ Rockett, Jody & Bosted, Susanna (2015). Veterinary Clinical Procedures in Large Animal Practices. Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Learning. p. 65. ISBN 1305537653. Retrieved 14 December 2015.

Jump up ^ "Blister Beetle Poisoning / Cantharidin toxicosis". Retrieved 2010-12-31.

Jump up ^ Bravo, C.; Bautista, L.M.; García-París, M.; Blanco, G.; Alonso, J.C. (2014). "Males of a Strongly Polygynous Species Consume More Poisonous Food than Females". PLoS ONE 9 (10): e111057. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111057. PMID 25337911.

Jump up ^ Sánchez-Barbudo, I. S.; Camarero, P.; García-Montijano, M.; Mateo, R. (2012). "Possible cantharidin poisoning of a great bustard (Otis tarda)". Toxicon 59 (1): 100–103. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.10.002. PMID 22001622.

^ Jump up to: a b Binder, R. (1979). "Malpractice--in dermatology". Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 23 (5): 663–666. PMID 456036.

^ Jump up to: a b Karras, D. J.; Farrell, S. E.; Harrigan, R. A.; Henretig, F. M.; Gealt, L. (1996). "Poisoning from "Spanish fly" (cantharidin)". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 14 (5): 478–483. doi:10.1016/S0735-6757(96)90158-8. PMID 8765116. While most commonly available preparations of Spanish fly contain cantharidin in negligible amounts, if at all, the chemical is available illicitly in concentrations capable of causing severe toxicity. Symptoms of cantharidin poisoning include burning of the mouth, dysphagia, nausea, hematemesis, gross hematuria, and dysuria. Mucosal erosion and hemorrhage is seen in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Renal dysfunction is common and related to acute tubular necrosis and glomerular destruction.

^ Jump up to: a b Moed, L.; Shwayder, T. A.; Chang, M. W. (2001). "Cantharidin revisited: A blistering defense of an ancient medicine" (PDF). Archives of Dermatology 137 (10): 1357–1360. doi:10.1001/archderm.137.10.1357. PMID 11594862.

Jump up ^ John L. Capinera, Encyclopedia of Entomology, Volume 4, Springer Science & Business Media, 2008. p.2010

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Cantharidin Side Effects

Last Updated: Nov 09, 2015 | By Susan Kaye

Cantharidin Side Effects

A doctor examines a patient's plantar wart. Photo Credit damiangretka/iStock/Getty Images

Overview

Cantharidin is a medication used to remove warts and a viral skin infection called molluscum contagiosum. It is made from the secretions that come from the green blister beetle in combination with salicylic acid. It works by creating a blister just below the wart, which pushes the wart up and away from the underlying tissue, cutting of the blood supply to the wart. As the blister and the wart dry out, they both slough off, leaving fresh, unmarred skin behind. This medicine is for topical use only, and may have side effects.

Common Side Effects

This drug is well tolerated by most people, and when applied properly, is considered safe. Certain side effects may occur with its use, including itching, burning, tenderness of the skin surrounding the wart, tingling, blistering and pain at the site of the application with additional sensitivity. Temporary color change to the skin may occur.

Severe Side Effects

Allergic reactions may occur, including skin rash, swelling of the mouth and throat, hives, problems with breathing, tightness in the chest, chills, fever and swollen glands. These side effects are rare.

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Precautions and Contraindications

Avoid using the medicine if you have diabetes or circulatory problems. Avoid using alcohol for several hours after an application of this medication. There is no solid evidence whether Cantharidin passes through to breast milk, so avoid using it when nursing unless absolutely necessary.

Safety and Warnings

Cantharidin has not been approved by the FDA. It is generally used to treat warts that don’t respond to other medicines. It is highly toxic and should only be applied by a health care practitioner. Small areas of skin should be treated at one time to avoid the risk of absorption. If the skin around the wart is exposed to the drug, it should be removed immediately with nail polish remover. There is a slight risk of scarring after the use of this drug. The product contains salicylic acid, which is similar to a compound used in aspirin. Those who are allergic to aspirin should avoid using Cantharidin.

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ذراریج/کانتاردین که امروز در درمان زگیل در غرب رایج است و توسط بعضی برای اهداف جنسی بکار گرفته می شود حتی خطر مرگ دارد.  معاون وزیر امورداروئی امریکا ، گفت:  قطره مگس اسپانیایی (اسپانیش فلای )که دارای ماده  موثره کانتاریدین  Cantharidine است،  در شمار داروهای  تحت نظارت سازمان غذا و دوای  FDA امریکا نیست و این سازمان آنرا تائید نمی کند .

قطره اسپانیش فلای که با تبلیغات کاذب  دال بر افزایش میل جنسی زنان به فروش می رود هیچ تاثیری بر روی میل جنسی (لیبیدو) ندارد و بعلت افزایش خون ناحیه تناسلی در زنان و متورم کردن ناحیه تناسلی آنان [و مردان]  باعث گرم شدن واژن و خارش آن ناحیه  شده طوری که زن احساس می کند نیاز به مقاربت دارد.

 با مصرف قطره اسپانیش فلای ناحیه تناسلی خانمها  متورم و بی حس می شود و  گاهی این تورم جلوی خروج ادرار را گرفته و باعث می شود زنان قادر به ادرار کردن نباشند.

این  داستان  که استفاده از قطره اسپانیش فلای  باعث افزایش  میل جنسی و  تحریک  زنان می شود افسانه است و حقیقت ندارد

این دارو برای تحریک حیوانات در طول دوره پرورش, و جفت گیری استفاده می شود اما همان اثرات  را بر روی انسان ندارد.

عصاره اسپانیش فلای (کانتاردین ) بالقوه کشنده است و دارای عوارض جانبی  زیاد از قبیل تورم دستگاه ادرار، تشنج، کما و نارسایی قلبی است

  قطره اسپانیش فلای (( مگس اسپانیایی)) مایعی است  بی رنگ و  بو.  از اینرو زنان باید مراقب باشند که  دیگران این قطره را با  نوشیدنی های دیگر  نیامیخته  خودسرانه به آنها نخورانند

هیچ داروئی نیست که  بتواند ولع جنسی، زنان را افزایش دهد و استفاده از داروی  وایاگرا  هم در مردان فقط کمک به  حفظ نعوظ  زمان مقاربت جنسی  می کند وحتی داروی  سیلدنافیل(وایاگرا) هم لیبیدو را افزایش نمی دهد.  

 عوارض جانبی  قطره اسپانیش فلای

 مگس اسپانیایی می تواند باعث دفع دردناک ادرار، تب و ترشحات خونی شود.

 همچنین می تواند باعث آسیب دائمی به کلیه ها و آلت  تناسلی  شود 

در موارد رابطه جنسی مبتنی بر رضایت طرفین 

در صورتی که مردان می خواهند از این قطره به زنان بدهند باید آنها را آگاه کرده و استفاده از قطره اسپانیش فلای باید با رضایت زنان  باشد

 اثرات اسپانیش فلای  در مردان

مگس اسپانیایی (قطره اسپانیش فلای ) جز همان ایجاد تورم که در متون طب ایرانی تحت خواص "ذراریج" آمده قابلیت دیگری در افزایش قدرت جنسی در مردان را ندارد.

دکتر محمد رضا یزدان نیاز، "عوارض خطرناک و مرگ آور قطره های محرک جنسی برای زنان و مردان چیست؟" -اسپانیش فلای (Spanish fly)داروهای مقوی قوه باه ( محرک جنسی)