[1] - خِطر. (وَ مِ) [ ع . وسمة ] (اِ.) گیاهی است با برگ هایی شبیه برگ مورد که پس
از رسیدن سیاه می شود و از آن برای رنگ کردن ابرو استفاده می کردند... وسمه . رنگ . (از منتهی الارب ) (از تاج العروس ). کتم (بحر الجواهر):
عرب وسمه را خِِطر [بر وزن فِطر و عِطر] گوید و لیث گوید آن نباتیست که برگ او را در خضاب سیاه بکار برند.
(از ترجمه صیدنه)
[مطالعات لغت شناسی لازم است تا معلوم شود کدام مردم عرب و در چه گویش و تاریخی خِطر می گفته اند و در کدام منابع آمده و مستندات چیست؟]
/////////////
گیاهی گلدار از خانواده شب‌بویان که بیشتر در استپ می روید و خاستگاهش قفقاز، آسیای میانه تا شرق سیبری و
غرب آسیا است و در برخی نقاط جنوب شرقی اروپا یافت می‌شود.
انسان از دیرباز این گیاه را برای مقاصد گوناگون کار می گرفته.
///////////
وَسْمَةٌ الصباغين (باللاتينية: Isatis tinctoria) نوع نباتي من جنس الوسمة
من الفصيلة الصليبية.
الموئل والانتشار
موطنها بلاد الشام والمغرب العربي وكل مناطق
أوروبا تقريبًا.
تزرع الوسمة في الحدائق لتعطي في السنة
الأولى أوراقًا مفيدة لتصنيع الصباغ ، وتعطي في السنة الثانية زهورًا جذابة. يمكن أن
تزرع البذور بعمق 5 سم في آذار أو نيسان. كما يمكن زراعة الشتلات. يجب حمايتها من الأعشاب
الضارة. يكتمل حجم الأوراق في نهاية شهر حزيران من السنة الأولى وبطول 20 سم. في السنة
الثانية تنمو الوسمة لتصل إلى طول 1,5 متر مع تكتلات من الزهور الصفراء.
و يعتبر الصباغ الطبيعي المستخرج من صنف
صباغ الحلة، ومحتواه الفعال هو النيلة (Indigo).
وقد تم استبداله بصباغ النيلة الأزرق الذي بدأ تركيبه في بدايات القرن التاسع عشر،
وهو ذو تركيز أكبر بثلاثين ضعفًا من التركيز في الصباغ الطبيعي.
///////
به ترکی آذری:
Boyaq çüyütotu (lat. Isatis tinctoria) - rəngotu cinsinə aid bitki növü
///////
به ترکی استانبولی:
Çivit otu (Isatis tinctoria), turpgiller (Brassicaceae) familyasından
köklerinden "çivit mavisi" olarak adlandırılan boya elde edilen bir
bitki türü. Anavatanı Avrasya, Kafkasya civarlarıdır.
////////////
Woad. before 1000; Middle English
wode, Old English wād (cognate with German Waid); akin to French guède,
Medieval Latin waizda < Germanic
//////
Isatis tinctoria, with woad (/ˈwoʊd/) or glastum as the common name, is
a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae. It is commonly called dyer's woad.
It is occasionally known as Asp of Jerusalem. Woad is also the name of a blue
dye produced from the leaves[2] of the plant.
Woad is native to the steppe and desert zones of the Caucasus, Central
Asia to eastern Siberia and Western Asia (per Hegi[3]) but is now found in
southeastern and Central Europe as well. Long important as a source of blue
dye, it has been cultivated throughout Europe, especially in Western and
southern Europe, since ancient times. In medieval times there were important
woad-growing regions in England, Germany and France. Towns such as Toulouse
became prosperous from the woad trade. Woad was eventually replaced by the
stronger indigo and, in the early 20th century, both woad and indigo were
replaced by synthetic indigos.
Used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries, woad is now being
studied for use in the treatment of cancer. There has also been some revival of
the use of woad for craft purposes.
Contents [show]
History of woad cultivation[edit]
Ancient use[edit]
The first archaeological finds of woad seeds date to the Neolithic. The
seeds have been found in the French cave of l'Audoste, Bouches-du-Rhône
(France). Impressions of the seeds of Färberwaid (Isatis tinctoria L.) or
German indigo, of the plant family (Brassicaceae), have been found on pottery
in the Iron Age settlement of the Heuneburg, Germany. The Hallstatt burials
(Hochdorf Chieftain's Grave) of Hochdorf an der Enz and Hohmichele contained
textiles dyed with Färberwaid (woad dye).
The Hunt of the Unicorn tapestry, dyed with weld (yellow), madder (red),
and woad (blue).
Woad merchant Jean de Bernuy's 16th-century mansion in Toulouse
Melo and Rondão write that woad was known "as far back as the time
of the ancient Egyptians, who used it to dye the cloth wrappings applied for
the mummies."[4] Skelton informs us that one of the early dyes discovered
by the ancient Egyptians was "blue woad (Isatis tinctoria)."[5] Lucas
writes, "What has been assumed to have been Indian Indigo on ancient
Egyptian fabrics may have been woad."[6] Hall states that the ancient
Egyptians created their blue dye "by using indigotin, otherwise known as
woad."[7]
Julius Caesar reported (in De Bello Gallico) that the Britanni used to
colour their bodies blue with vitrum, a word that roughly translates to
"glass". Many have assumed that vitrum refers to woad, but other
modern authors regard this as a misconception, possibly repeated for political
reasons; Caesar may have been describing some form of copper- or iron-based
pigment.[8][9][unreliable source?] The northern inhabitants of Britain came to
be known as Picts (Picti), meaning "painted ones" in Latin, which was
due to accounts of them painting or tattooing their bodies. However, modern
experiments with woad show it does not work as a tattoo pigment, is caustic and
causes scarring when put into the skin.[8][9]
The medieval period onwards[edit]
Illustration of German woad mill in Thuringia, 1752
Woad was one of the three staples of the European dyeing industry, along
with weld (yellow) and madder (red).[10] Chaucer mentions their use by the dyer
("litestere") in his poem The Former Age:[11]
No mader, welde, or wood no litestere.
Ne knew; the flees was of his former hewe
The three colors can be seen together in tapestries such as The Hunt of the
Unicorn (1495–1505), though typically it is the dark blue of the woad that has
lasted best.
In Viking age levels at archaeological digs at York, a dye shop with
remains of both woad and madder has been excavated and dated to the 10th
century. In medieval times, centres of woad cultivation lay in Lincolnshire and
Somerset in England, Jülich and the Erfurt area in Thuringia in Germany,
Piedmont and Tuscany in Italy, and Gascogne, Normandy, the Somme Basin (from
Amiens to Saint-Quentin), Brittany and, above all, Languedoc in France. This
last region, in the triangle created by Toulouse, Albi, and Carcassonne, was
for a long time the most productive of woad, or "pastel" as it was
known there, one writer commenting that "woad... hath made that country
the happiest and richest in Europe."[10] The prosperous woad merchants of
Toulouse displayed their affluence in splendid mansions, many of which are
still standing. One merchant, Jean de Bernuy, a Spanish Jew who had fled the
inquisition, was credit-worthy enough to be the main guarantor of the ransomed
King Francis I after his capture at the Battle of Pavia by Charles V of
Spain.[10] Much of the woad produced here was used for the cloth industry in
southern France,[12] but it was also exported via Bayonne, Narbonne and
Bordeaux to Flanders, the Low Countries, Italy, and above all Britain and Spain.
A major market for woad was at Görlitz in Silesia.[13] The citizens of
the five Thuringian Färberwaid (dye woad) towns of Erfurt, Gotha, Tennstedt,
Arnstadt and Langensalza had their own charters. In Erfurt, the woad-traders
gave the funds to found the University of Erfurt. Traditional fabric is still
printed with woad in Thuringia, Saxony and Lusatia today: it is known as
Blaudruck (literally, "blue print(ing)").
Medieval uses of the dye were not limited to textiles. For example, the
illustrator of the Lindisfarne Gospels used a woad-based pigment for blue paint.
Woad and indigo[edit]
Woad plants in their first year
The dye chemical extracted from woad is indigo, the same dye extracted
from "true indigo", Indigofera tinctoria, but in a lower
concentration. Following the European discovery of the seaway to India, great
amounts of indigo were imported from Asia. Laws were passed in some parts of
Europe to protect the woad industry from the competition of the indigo trade.
It was proclaimed that indigo caused yarns to rot: "In 1577 the German
government officially prohibited the use of indigo, denouncing it as that
pernicious, deceitful and corrosive substance, the Devil's dye."[14]
"... a recess of the Diet held in 1577 prohibited the use of 'the
newly-invented, deceitful, eating and corrosive dye called the devil's
dye.'" This prohibition was repeated in 1594 and again in 1603.[15] In
France, Henry IV, in an edict of 1609, forbade under pain of death the use of
"the false and pernicious Indian drug".[16]
With the development of a chemical process to synthesize the pigment,
both the woad and natural indigo industries collapsed in the first years of the
20th century. The last commercial harvest of woad until recent times occurred
in 1932, in Lincolnshire, Britain. Small amounts of woad are now grown in the
UK and France to supply craft dyers.[17] The classic book about woad is The
Woad Plant and its Dye by J. B. Hurry, Oxford University Press of 1930, which
contains an extensive bibliography.[18]
A method for producing indigo dye from woad is described in The History
of Woad and the Medieval Woad Vat (1998) ISBN 0-9534133-0-6.[19]
Woad is biodegradable and safe in the environment. In Germany, there
have been attempts to use it to protect wood against decay without applying
dangerous chemicals. Production of woad is increasing in the UK for use in
inks, particularly for inkjet printers, and dyes. The plant can cause problems,
however: Isatis tinctoria is classified as an invasive species in parts of the
United States.
Woad and health[edit]
This section needs more medical references for verification or relies
too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the section and
add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material
may be challenged and removed. (July 2012)
Rod of Asclepius2.svg
Chemicals from woad might be used to prevent cancer, as it can produce
high levels of glucobrassicin.[20][21] Young leaves when damaged can produce
more glucobrassicin, up to 65 times as much.[22]
Indigowoad root (Chinese: 板藍根; pinyin: bǎn lán gēn) is a
traditional Chinese medicine herb that comes from the roots of woad. Literature
on traditional Chinese medicine uses the scientific name Isatis indigotica,
although this name is usually considered synonymous with Isatis tinctoria by
botanists. It is also known as Radix isatidis. The herb is cultivated in
various regions of northern China, namely Hebei, Beijing, Heilongjiang, Henan,
Jiangsu, and Gansu. The roots are harvested during the autumn and dried. The
dried root is processed into granules, which are most commonly consumed
dissolved in hot water or tea. The product is very popular throughout China.
Possible minor side effects include allergic reactions and dizziness; only
large dosages or long term usage can be toxic to the kidneys. Treatments have
not generally been evaluated clinically.[citation needed]
Invasive and noxious weed[edit]
In certain locations, the plant is classified as a non-native and
invasive weed. It is listed as a noxious weed by the agriculture departments of
several states in the western United States, Arizona, California, Colorado,
Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and
Wyoming.[23][24] In Montana, it has been the target of an extensive, and
largely successful, eradication attempt.[25]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ www.t75.org. "King Arthur - Key historical facts".
Indielondon.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Woad – Definition and More". Merriam Webster.
Retrieved 3 February 2011.
Jump up ^ Hegi,G. Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa. Spermatophyta,
Band IV Teil 1. Angiospermae, Dicotyledones 2, pp. 126–131 (1986).
Jump up ^ J. Sérgio Seixas de Melo Dr., Raquel Rondão, Hugh D. Burrows
Prof. Dr., Maria J. Melo Dr., Suppiah Navaratnam Dr., Ruth Edge Dr., Gundula
Voss Dr., "Spectral and Photophysical Studies of Substituted Indigo
Derivatives in Their Keto Forms," ChemPhysChem, Volume 7, Issue 11, pages
2303–2311, November 13, 2006
Jump up ^ Skelton, H., A Colour Chemist’s History of Western Art, –
Review of Progress in Coloration and Related, 1999
Jump up ^ A. Lucas, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries
Jump up ^ Hall, Rosalind, Egyptian Textiles,(Shire Egyptology, pg. 10
^ Jump up to: a b
Fish, Pat, quoted in: Woad and its mis-association with Pictish BodyArt:
"...(woad) is also an amazing astringent. The tattoo I did with it
literally burned itself to the surface, causing me to drag the poor experimented-upon
fellow to my doctor who gave me a stern chastizing for using innappropriate
[sic] ink. It produced quite a bit of scar tissue, but healed very quickly, and
no blue was left behind. This leads me to think it may have been used for
closing battle wounds. I believe the Celts used copper for blue tattoos, they
had plenty of it, and soot ash cardon for black. Unfortunately we need more bog
bodies to prove this point!"
^ Jump up to: a b
"The Problem of the Woad". Dunsgathan.net. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
However, archaeological finds have confirmed the existence and use of woad in
iron-age Britain: M. Van der Veen/A.R. Hall/J. May, "Woad and the Britons
Painted Blue," Oxford Journal of Archaeology 12.3 (1993) 367—371
^ Jump up to: a b
c Balfour-Paul, Jenny (2006). Indigo. London: Archetype Publications. ISBN
978-1-904982-15-9. Cite error: Invalid tag; name "indigo"
defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). Cite error:
Invalid tag; name "indigo" defined multiple times with
different content (see the help page).
Jump up ^ The Former Age at bartleby.com
Jump up ^ Pauls, Michael; Dana Facaros (2007). Gascony & the
pyrenees (5th ed.). London: Cadogan Guides. p. 314. ISBN 978-1-86011-360-4.
Jump up ^ Werner Sombart, Der Moderne Kapitalismus (15ty ed.) 1928, vol
I, p. 231.
Jump up ^ Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature and Science,
Volume 17, No. 100, April, 1876.
Jump up ^ D G Schreber, Historische, physische und economische
Beschreibung des Waidtes, 1752, the appendix; Thorpe JF and Ingold CK, 1923,
Synthetic colouring matters - vat colours (London: Longmans, Green), p. 23
Jump up ^ Frost, John; translated from the French of Édouard Foucaud
(1846). The book of illustrious mechanics of Europe and America. p. 236.
Retrieved 7 May 2011. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
Jump up ^ Chris Cooksey. "Indigo - woad".
Chriscooksey.demon.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
Jump up ^ "J B Hurry's woad bibliography".
Chriscooksey.demon.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Historic Dyes Series No. 1 - The History of Woad and the
Medieval Woad Vat by John Edmonds". unknown. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Galletti, Stefania; Barillari, Jessica; Iori, Renato; Venturi,
Gianpietro (14 August 2006). "Glucobrassicin enhancement in woad (Isatis
tinctoria) leaves by chemical and physical treatments". Journal of the
Science of Food and Agriculture (Wiley) 86 (12): 1833–1836.
doi:10.1002/jsfa.2571.
Jump up ^ "War paint plant 'tackles cancer'". BBC online, 13
August 2006. Accessed 2007-06-02
Jump up ^ "Celts' warpaint may be weapon to beat cancer". The
Telegraph, 14 August 2006. Accessed 2007-06-02
Jump up ^ "PLANTS Profile for Isatis tinctoria (Dyer's woad)".
Retrieved November 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Prohibited, Regulated and Restricted Noxious
Weeds". Archived from the original on November 23, 2009. Retrieved
November 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ Monica L. Pokorny and Jane M. Krueger-Mangold.
"Evaluating Montana’s Dyer’s Woad (Isatis tinctoria) Cooperative
Eradication Project" (PDF). Weed Technology 2007 21:262–269.
24. Renate
Kaiser-Alexnat: Wonder Woad. Experiences involving human and plant – especially
woad – reported in pictures and stories“. epubli GmbH, Berlin, 2013. ISBN
978-3-8442-5590-4
External links[edit]
Woad.org.uk - All About Woad - Cultivation, Extraction, Dyeing with
Woad, History and facts about woad
The Former Woad Industry Rex Wailes in Transactions of the Newcomen
Society, 1935-36 Vol 16.
The Problem of the Woad - essay debunking the myth of woad as a tattoo
pigment
USDA information on Isatis tinctoria
Woad and it's mis-association with Pictish BodyArt
[hide] v t e
Dyeing
Techniques
Batik Dyeing Ikat Kalamkari Katazome Leheria Mordant Reactive dye
printing Resist Ring dyeing Rōketsuzome Shibori Tie-dye Tsutsugaki
Teinture naturelle Millepertuis 2.jpg
Types of dyes
Dyes Natural Acid Reactive Solvent Substantive Sulfur Vat Disperse
Traditional textile dyes
Armenian cochineal Black walnut Bloodroot Brazilin Cochineal Cudbear
Cutch Dyewoods Fustic Gamboge Henna Indigo Kermes Logwood Madder Polish
cochineal Saffron Turmeric Tyrian purple Weld Woad
History
Use of saffron In Scottish Highlands
Craft dyes
Dylon Inkodye Procion Rit
Reference
Glossary of dyeing terms List of dyes
Categories: BrassicaceaeFlora of Western AsiaFlora of SiberiaMedicinal
plants of AsiaPlant dyesMedicinal plants of EuropePlants used in traditional
Chinese medicinePlants described in 1753
Woad plants in their first year
Woad merchant Jean de Bernuy's 16th-century mansion in Toulouse
Illustration of German woad mill in Thuringia, 1752
The Hunt of the Unicorn tapestry, dyed with weld (yellow), madder (red),
and woad (blue).
Isatis tinctoria - MHNT
Woad flowers
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
)unranked): Angiosperms
)unranked): Eudicots
)unranked): Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Isatis
Species: I.
tinctoria
Binomial name
Isatis tinctoria
L.
Synonyms
Isatis indigotica Fortune
