[1] - دم الاخوین . [ دَ مُل ْ اَ خ َ وَ ] (ع اِ مرکب ) دم الثعبان . (ناظم
الاطباء). خون سیاوشان . (دهار)(مهذب الاسماء). خون سیاوشان ، و آن صمغ درختی است سرخ
خالص مایل به بنفش و قوتش مدتها باقی ماند و گویندعصاره ٔ گیاهی سرخ است و از سقوطر
و نواحی هند خیزد.(منتهی الارب ) (از تحفه ٔ حکیم مؤمن ) (از اختیارات بدیعی ). شیان
. (بحر الجواهر). عندم . صمغ. صعتری . ایدع . دالتنین . دم الثعبان .
/////////////
دم الاخوین، خون سیاوشان، Dracaena cinnabari
به فارسی خون سیاوشان و به هندی هیرادوکهی
نامند؛ صمغی است خالص‌الحمره(سرخی) مایل به بنفشی و قوت آن مدتها باقی می‌ماند و گویند
عصارۀ گیاه سرخی است که از جزیرۀ سقوطره و هند خیزد.
طبیعت آن در سوم سرد و خشک و بعضی در دوم
گفته‌اند و با قوت قابضۀ شدیده و یوحنا گرم در اول و خشک در دوم دانسته
خواص آن: استعمال آن برای قطع و نگهداری
خون از رسیدن به سایر اعضاء و ایجاد زخم های عمیق و مانع از سیلان مواد اضافی شده و
باعث تبرید معده می شود و حرارت های موجود در کبد و معده وامعاء را زائل نموده و معده
را تقویت نموده و از اسهال خونی و صفراوی و شقاق مقعد و دل درد جلوگیری می نماید
در ترکیب با سایر داروها برای بیشتر امراض
تجویز شده و سرمه کردن آن برای رفع ضعف بینائی و زخم چشم سودمند و دندان و لثه را تقویت
نموده و گرده آن برای جلوگیری از خونریزی و چسبندگی جراحات تازه مؤثر و مجرب است. برای
کلیه مضر و مصلح آن کتیرا است
افعال و خواص دیگر آن: آشامیدن آن جهت قطع
و حبس خون از جمیع اعضای باطنی و التیام زخم و الزق آنها و بازداشتن سیلان فضول و تبرید[1]
معده و زوال حرارت کبد و معده و امعا و تقویت معده و رحیر و منع اسهال دموی و صفراوی
و سحج[2] و شقاق مقعده و به دستور آشامیدن نیم درم تا یک مثقال آن با زرده تخم مرغ
جهت اکثر امراض مذکور و اکتحال[3] آن جهت تقویت باصره و قرحه چشم نافع است.
[1] سرد کردن
[2] بیماری که از خراش روده بهم رسد.
[3] سرمه کشیدن
مخزن الادویه، تألیف مرحوم سید محمد حسین
عقیلی علوی خراسانی شیرازی
///////////
درخت خون اژدها (به انگلیسی: Dracaena cinnabari) و (به عربی: «دم العنقاء»
یا «دم الأخوين») درختی است بومی جزایر سقطری یمن. این نام را به خاطر شیره سرخ‌رنگی
که از آن می‌تراود به آن داده‌اند.
این درخت قطره‌های باران را از راه تنه‌های
ریشه‌مانند هوایی خود به سوی ساقه اصلی هدایت می‌کند و با شکل چترمانند خود از تبخیر
سریع در پیرامون ریشه‌ها خود جلوگیری می‌کند. درخت خون اژدها در ماه فوریه گل می‌دهد
و تا شکفتن کامل گل آن پنج ماه به‌درازا می‌کشد.
شمار و کیفیت این درخت‌ها امروزه همواره
رو به کاهش است.
///////////
دم الأخوين أو دم العنقاء أو الدراسينا
الزنجفرية (الاسم العلمي:Dracaena cinnabari)
هي نوع من النباتات تتبع جنس الدراسينا من الفصيلة الهليونية.[1] وهي نوع نادر يتواجد
في جزيرة سقطرى اليمنية. أطلق عليها السقطريون هذا الاسم نظراً لما يخرج منها من دم
التنين (سائل أحمر يشبة الدم).[2] كان إسحاق بيلي أول من وصفها من المستشرقين عام
1882.[3]
وصلات خارجية[عدل]
Dracaena cinnabari (Dragon's
Blood Tree)
أنظر أيضاً[عدل]
الدراسينا
مراجع[عدل]
^ موقع لائحة النباتات (بالإنكليزية) The Plant List دراسينا زنجفرية
تاريخ الولوج 25 أيار 2015
^ Becky
Chung,"World's Most Unique Places To Visit"[1],Forbes,11.04.09,05:00PM
EST.
^ المنظمة الدولية لمعلومات
النبات (IOPI). نتائج البحث عن اسم النبات.
(HTML) الدليل الدولي لأسماء النباتات
. وصل لهذا المسار في 18 مارس 2009.
//////////
Dracaena cinnabari, the Socotra dragon tree or dragon blood tree, is a dragon
tree native to the Socotra archipelago in the Indian Ocean. It is so called due
to the red sap that the trees produce.[2]
Contents [show]
Description[edit]
Young specimen of Dracaena cinnabari in the Koko Crater Botanical
Garden, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
The dragon blood tree is the most famous and beautiful and distinctive
plant of the island of Socotra. It has a unique and strange appearance,
described as "upturned, densely packed crown having the shape of an
uprightly held umbrella". This evergreen species is named after its dark
red resin, which is known as "dragon's blood".[citation needed]
Unlike most monocot plants, the Dracaenaceae display secondary growth, D.
cinnabari even has growth zones resembling tree rings found in dicot tree species.
Along with other arborescent Dracaena species it has a distinctive growth habit
called "dracoid habitus".[3] Its leaves are found only at the end of
its youngest branches; its leaves are all shed every 3 or 4 years before new
leaves simultaneously mature. Branching tends to occur when the growth of the
terminal bud is stopped, due to either flowering or traumatic events (e.g.
herbivory).[4]
Its fruits are small fleshy berries containing between 1 and 3 seeds. As
they develop they turn from green to black and then become orange once they are
ripe. The berries are eaten by birds (e.g. Onychognatus species) and thereby
dispersed. The seeds are 4–5 mm in diameter and weigh on average 68 mg.[4] The
berries exude a deep red resin, known as dragon’s blood.[5]
Like other monocotyledons, such as palms, the dragon’s blood tree grows
from the tip of the stem, with the long, stiff leaves borne in dense rosettes
at the end (4, 5, 7). It branches at maturity to produce an umbrella-shaped
crown, with leaves that measure up to 60 cm long and 3 cm wide. The trunk and
the branches of the dragon blood are thick and stout and display dichotomous
branching, where each of the branches repeatedly divides in two sections.
Biology[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section
by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged
and removed. (June 2012)
The dragon's blood tree usually produces its flowers around February,
though flowering does vary with location. The flowers tend to grow at the end
of the branches. The flowers have inflorescences, and they bear small clusters
of fragrant, white or green flowers. The fruits take five months to completely
mature. The fruits are described as a fleshy berry, which changes from green to
black as it gradually ripens. The fleshy berry fruit ends up being an
orange-red color that contains one to three seeds. The berries are usually
eaten and dispersed by birds and other animals.
The unusual shape of the dragon's blood tree is an adaptation for
survival in arid conditions with low amounts of soil, such as in mountaintops.
The large, packed crown provides shade and reduces evaporation. This shade also
aids in the survival of seedlings growing beneath the adult tree, explaining why
the trees tend to grow closer together.
Taxonomy[edit]
The first description of D. cinnabari was made during a survey of
Socotra led by Lieutenant Wellsted of the East India Company in 1835. It was
first named Pterocarpus draco, but in 1880, the Scottish botanist Isaac Bayley
Balfour made a formal description of the species and renamed it as Dracaena
cinnabari.[6] Of between 60 and 100 Dracaena species, D. cinnabari is one of
only 6 species which grow as a tree.[4]
Evolution[edit]
Along with other plants on Socotra, D. cinnabari is thought to have
derived from the Tethyan flora. It is considered a remnant of the Mio-Pliocene
Laurasian subtropical forests that are now almost extinct due to the extensive
desertification of North Africa.[7]
Conservation[edit]
Threats[edit]
A map of the Socotra archipelago
Although most of its ecological habitats are still intact, there is an
increasing population with industrial and tourism development. This is putting
more pressure on the vegetation through the process of logging, overgrazing,
woodcutting and infrastructure of development plans. Though the dragon’s blood
tree is highly widespread, it has become fragmented due to the development that
has occurred in its habitats. Many of its populations are suffering due to poor
regeneration. Human activities have greatly reduced the dragon’s blood
population through overgrazing, and feeding the flowers and fruits to the
livestock of the island. One of the species' greatest threats is the gradual
drying out of the Socotra Archipelago, which has been an ongoing process for
the last few hundred years. This has resulted in non flourishing trees, and the
duration of the mist and cloud around the area seems to also be decreasing.
Increasing arid environments is predicted to cause a 45 percent reduction in
the available habitat for D. cinnabari by the year 2080.
Additional threats to the dragon's blood tree include harvesting of its
resin and use of the leaves to make rope. Presently some of the dragon’s blood
trees have been used to make beehives. This was generally prohibited; this
displays how the species may be threatened by a breakdown in the traditional
practices of the island.
The best preserved and largest stand of D. cinnabari is on the limestone
plateau named Rokeb di Firmihin. This approximately 540 hectares (1,300 acres)
forest has numerous rare and endemic species. Research shows that in coming
decades the number of trees in this forest will decrease due to the lack of
natural regeneration.[8]
Management[edit]
The unique flora and fauna of the Socotra Archipelago is considered a
World Heritage Site a Global 200 Ecoregion. It is a Center of Plant Diversity
and an Endemic Bird Area. It also lies within the Horn of Africa biodiversity
hotspot. There are multiple efforts that are being developed to help create and
support a sustainable habitat and biodiversity management programs on Socotra.
The dragon’s blood tree is considered as an important species for commodity and
for conservation efforts on the island. The dragon’s blood falls under an
umbrella species. This is a species selected for making conservation related
decisions, typically because protecting these species indirectly protects the
many other species that make up the ecological community of its habitat. Species
conservation can be subjective because it is difficult to determine the status
of many species. Thus, the dragons blood protection efforts would also benefit
many other plants and animals within the area.
The dragon's blood tree is given some protection from international
commercial trade under the listing of all Dracaena species on Appendix II of
CITES (3), but if its populations are to be effectively preserved, a variety of
measures will need to be taken. These include urgent monitoring of the species'
natural regeneration and the expansion of Skund Nature Sanctuary to cover
important areas of the habitats. Also, efforts to avoid road construction in
the dragon blood’s habitat, and limit grazing need to be brought to attention.
Additional conservation efforts for the tree involve fencing against livestock,
watering of seedlings in open areas, and involving local communities in
planting seedlings.
Uses[edit]
Dragon's blood is used as a stimulant and abortifacient.[9] The root
yields a gum-resin, used in gargle water as a stimulant, astringent and in
toothpaste. The root is used in rheumatism, the leaves are a carminative.[10]
The trees can be harvested for their crimson red resin, called dragon's
blood, which was highly prized in the ancient world and is still used today.
Around the Mediterranean basin it is used as a dye and as a medicine, Socotrans
use it ornamentally as well as dying wool, gluing pottery, a breath freshener
and lipstick. Because of the belief that it is the blood of the dragon it is also
used in ritual magic and alchemy.[11] In 1883, the Scottish botanist Isaac
Bayley Balfour identified three grades of resin; the most valuable were
tear-like in appearance, then a mixture of small chips and fragments, with a
mixture of fragments and debris being the cheapest.[6] The resin of D.
cinnabari is thought to have been the original source of dragon's blood until
during the mediaeval and renaissance periods when other plants were used
instead.[12]
The local inhabitants of the city in the Socotra Island use the dragon's
blood resin as a cure-all. They use it in general wound healing, as a
coagulant, cure for diarrhea, for dysentery diseases, for lowering fevers. It
is also taken for ulcers in the mouth, throat, intestines and stomach.
Dragon's blood from D. cinnabari was used as a source of varnish for
18th-century Italian violin-makers. It was also used as tooth-paste in the 18th
century. It is currently still used as varnish for violins and for
photoengraving.
References[edit]
This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be
made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting, or
external linking. (May 2014)
1.IUCN Red List
(March, 2010) [2]
2.Eggli, U.
(2001) Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Monocotyledons.
Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
3.CITES (March,
2010) [3]
4.Pearson, J.
(2002) Dragons blood. The Horticulturalist, 11(2): 10-12.
5.Socotra
Governance and Biodiversity Project (March, 2010) [4]
6.Attorre, F.,
Francesconi, F., Taleb, N., Scholte, P., Saed, A., Alfo, M. and Bruno, F.
(2007) Will dragonblood survive the next period of climate change? Current and
future potential distribution of Dracaena cinnabari (Socotra, Yemen)"
Biological Conservation 138: 430-439.
7.Heywood, V.H.
(1978) Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
8.Gupta, D.,
Bleakley, B. and Gupta, R.K. (2008) Dragon’s blood: botany, chemistry and
therapeutic uses" Journal of Ethnopharmacology 115: 361-380.
9.UNEP-WCMC:
Socotra Archipelago, Yemen (March, 2010) [13]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Miller, A. (2004). "Dracaena cinnabari". IUCN Red
List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. International Union for
Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Becky Chung (2009-11-04). "World's Most Unique Places To
Visit". Forbes.
Jump up ^ Bos, J.J. (1984). Dracaena in West Africa (PhD). Agricultural
University Wageningen.
^ Jump up to: a b
c Adolt, R.; Pavlis, J. (2004). "Age structure and growth of Dracaena
cinnabari populations on Socotra". Trees - Structure and Function 18:
43–53. doi:10.1007/s00468-003-0279-6.
Jump up ^ Edward, H. (2001). "Raman spectroscopy of coloured resins
used in antiquity: dragon's blood and related substances". Spectrochimica
Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 57 (14): 2831–2842.
Bibcode:2001AcSpA..57.2831E. doi:10.1016/S1386-1425(01)00602-3.
^ Jump up to: a b
Gupta, D.; Bleakley, B.; Gupta, R. (2008). "Dragon's blood: botany,
chemistry and therapeutic uses". Journal of Ethnopharmacology 115 (3):
361–380. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2007.10.018. PMID 18060708.
Jump up ^ Attorre, F.; Francesconi, F.; Taleb, N.; Scholte, P.; Saed,
A.; Alfo, M.; Bruno, F. (2007). "Will dragonblood survive the next period
of climate change? Current and future potential distribution of Dracaena
cinnabari (Socotra, Yemen)". Biological Conservation 138 (3–4): 430–439.
doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.05.009.
Jump up ^ Hubalkova, I. (2011). "Prediction of Dragon's Blood Tree
(Dracaena Cinnabari Balf.) Stand Sample Density on Soqotra Island." (PDF).
Journal of Landscape Ecology 4.
Jump up ^ Handbook of Medicinal Herbs
http://books.google.com/books?id=8AJkBmPDRUUC&pg=PA256&lpg=PA256&dq=dragon's+blood+abortion&source=bl&ots=MKL2zg0nGD&sig=xEJSBCupdoOG_MUgMWJePePfYvY&hl=en&ei=-vX_TL7NItLSngf4r8zlDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=dragon's%20blood%20abortion&f=false
Jump up ^ Indian Medicinal Plants: An ... - Google Books
Jump up ^ "Dragon's Blood Resin from Alchemy Works". Retrieved
May 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Edwards, H. G. M.; De Oliveira, L. F. C.; Prendergast, H. D.
V. (2004). "Raman spectroscopic analysis of dragon's blood resins?basis
for distinguishing between Dracaena (Convallariaceae), Daemonorops (Palmae) and
Croton (Euphorbiaceae)". The Analyst 129 (2): 134–8. Bibcode:2004Ana...129..134E.
doi:10.1039/b311072a. PMID 14752556.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
External links[edit]
Wikimedia
Commons has media related to Dracaena cinnabari.
Dracaena cinnabari (Dragon's Blood Tree)
Categories: IUCN Red List vulnerable speciesDracaenaEndemic flora of
SocotraTrees of the Arabian PeninsulaTrees of AfricaPlants described in 1882
Dracaena cinnabari at Dixsam plateau
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Asparagaceae
Subfamily: Nolinoideae
Genus: Dracaena
Species: D.
cinnabari
Binomial name
Dracaena cinnabari
Balf.f.
