حی العالم . [ ح َی ْ یُل ْ ل َ ] (ع ،
اِ مرکب ) نباتی است که همیشه سبز و خرم باشد و در فارسی همیشک جوان خوانند. (آنندراج ) (غیاث ).
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حی العالم
ابرو خوانند ابرو الحی ابدا یعنی همیشه زنده و هرگز ورق آن نیفتد
و پیش‌بهار نیز گویند و بعضی گویند بستان‌افروز است و بعضی گویند تخم آن است و این
هر دو خلاف است و آنچه محقق است نوعی از ریاحین است که در تبریز بسیار می‌باشد و دایم
سبز بود و حی العالم دو نوع بود کوچک و بزرگ و دیسقوریدوس گوید سه نوع است یک نوع کوچک
خودرو بود که جایهای سایه و بن دیوارها و کوهها روید و قضبان وی کوچک بود و یک شاخ
بیش نبود و ورق بسیار بدان بود و به قد یک وجب بود و گل وی زرد بود و در قوت مانند
نوع بزرگ و از آن بستانی بود و کوهی بود و قد وی بدرازی یک گز بود و بسطبری انگشت بود
و بهترین وی بستانی بود و طبیعت آن سرد است در سیم و خشک است در اول و هر دو نوع کوچک
و بزرگ نافع بود ورمهای گرم و جگر و سینه گرم را طلا کردن و چون تنها یا با سویق بر
حمره و نمله ضماد کنند و ریشهای پلید و ورم گرم که در چشم پیدا شود و سوختگی آتش و
نقرس بغایت نافع بود و عصاره وی پنج درم چون بیاشامند گزندگی رتیلا را نافع بود و چون
با سرکه و روغن گل بر سر نطول کنند درد سر را نافع بود و جهت اسهال و ریش روده سودمند
بود چون با شراب بیاشامند کرم دراز بیرون آورد و چون زن بخود برگیرد قطع رطوبت مزمن
از رحم بکند و اگر در چشم کشند درد چشم را سودمند بود گویند پنج درم آب وی با سکنجبین
چون بیاشامند حدت دم را ساکن کند و صفرا و قوت بدن بدهد و دیسقوریدوس گوید نوع سیوم
را بقلة الحمقا بریه خوانند و بعضی طیلاقون گویند و اهل روم آبلیو خوانند و این نوع
میان سنگستانها روید و طبیعت آن گرم بود و مفرح جلد بود و چون با پیه کهن بر خنازیر
ضماد کنند تحلیل دهد و حی العالم مضر بود به سپرز و مصلح وی طین ارمنی بود.
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ابرون
حی العالم است و گفته شود و در معنی ابرون الحی ابدا یعنی همیشه
زنده گفته‌اند و برگ وی دایم سبز بود و نریزد و در صاحب مخزن الادویه می‌نویسد: ابرون
بفتح همزه و ضم را لغت یونانیست بمعنی دایم الحیات و از اخزان نمی‌باشد و آن را بفارسی
همیشه‌بهار گویند.
بانگلیسیOX -EYE
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ایزون . (اِ) معرب یونانی «ائیزون ». همیشک . (فرهنگ فارسی معین
). لغت یونانی و به معنی دائم الحیاة و به عربی حی العالم و بفارسی همیشه بهار نامند.
از جمله ٔ ریاحین و همیشه سبز است . (فهرست
مخزن الادویه ) (اختیارات بدیعی ). رجوع به حی العالم و گل همیشه بهار شود.
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Sempervivum arboreum Linnaeus
Sp. Pl. 1: 464. 1753 [1 May 1753]
Family: CRASSULACEAE
Sp. Pl. 1: 464. 1753 [1 May 1753]
Family: CRASSULACEAE
Accepted Scientific
Name: Aeonium arboreum (Linnaeus)
Webb & Berthel.
Hist. Nat. Iles Canaries (Phytogr.). i. 185 (1836). Webb & Berthel. Notes: =Sempervivum arboreum
Hist. Nat. Iles Canaries (Phytogr.). i. 185 (1836). Webb & Berthel. Notes: =Sempervivum arboreum
Sempervivum arboreum (Aeonium arboreum) Photo by: Forest Starr
& Kim Starr
Flowers at Keokea, Maui, Hawaii (USA). February 01, 2011.
Flowers at Keokea, Maui, Hawaii (USA). February 01, 2011.
Origin and Habitat: Aeonium arboreum is native to
Atlantic Islands (Canary Islands [Gran Canaria]) and northern Africa ( west
coast of Morocco), but grown throughout the Mediterranean region during
classical antiquity. The tetraploid race of var. arboreum is
widely grown in areas of Mediterranean climate, including California and often
persisting from cultivation.
Altitude: It usually grow at altitudes below 100 metres above sea level.
Habitat and ecology: It covers the rocks, bluffs and dunes bordering the Mediterranean sea with its bright dense masses.
Altitude: It usually grow at altitudes below 100 metres above sea level.
Habitat and ecology: It covers the rocks, bluffs and dunes bordering the Mediterranean sea with its bright dense masses.
Synonyms:
- Aeonium
arboreum (Linnaeus) Webb & Berthel.
- Sempervivum
arboreum Linnaeus
See all synonyms of Aeonium
arboreum
Common Names include:
ENGLISH: Tree Aeonium, Tree House-Leek, Irish rose
CHINESE (中文): 毛叶莲花掌
MALTESE (Malti): Kalluwa
PORTUGUESE (Português): Ensaião, Saião, Saião-maior, Sempre-viva, Sempre-viva-maior
SPANISH (Español): Bejeque arbóreo, Garchosilla, Piñuela, Puntera, Siempreviva, Siempreviva arbórea, Siempreviva mayor, Yerba callera, Yerba puntera
SWEDISH (Svenska): Trädtaklök
ENGLISH: Tree Aeonium, Tree House-Leek, Irish rose
CHINESE (中文): 毛叶莲花掌
MALTESE (Malti): Kalluwa
PORTUGUESE (Português): Ensaião, Saião, Saião-maior, Sempre-viva, Sempre-viva-maior
SPANISH (Español): Bejeque arbóreo, Garchosilla, Piñuela, Puntera, Siempreviva, Siempreviva arbórea, Siempreviva mayor, Yerba callera, Yerba puntera
SWEDISH (Svenska): Trädtaklök
Description: The tree
houseleek, Aeonium arboreum var.
arboreum, is a rather open subshrub 1(2) metres tall, without prop roots.
It bears flat rosettes of leaves and large pyramidal panicles of bright yellow
flowers in the spring. Each rosette that bloom will die. The purple
cultivar, Aeonium arboreum var.
atropurpureum cv. Schwarzkopf (Zwartkop), with rosettes of deep
blackish-purple leaves is more commonly found in cultivation than the natural
green species. There is also a white variety (Aeonium arboreum var.
albovariegatum).
Stems: Few- or heavily-branched, robust, fleshy, 10-40 mm in diameter, bark fairly smooth with distinct leaf scars.
Rosettes: Dense, concave or flat, 10-20 cm in diameter, with 50-75 tightly compressed leaves. The leaf rosettes are arranged at the ends of its branches.
Leaves: 5-9(15) cm long, 1.5-3 mm thick, oblong-oblanceolate, rounded above, apiculate, firm, green or brown-purple, more or less shiny, with white pectinate-ciliate, hairs along the edges. Surfaces glabrous.
Inflorescences (cymes): Dense, conic to ovoid 10-20 cm long, peduncles long, glabrous, ascending puberulent. Flowers stems emerge from the center of the rosettes.
Flowers: Star-like, bisexual, ± 2 cm wide, rotate; sepals 2-3.5 mm long, 1.1-1.4 mm wide; petals 9-11 narrow-oblong to lanceolate, spreading, 5-7 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, yellow, pedicel and calyx puberulent. Filaments dilated at the base, united above in a tube with the petals; anthers roundish-ovate. Carpels glabrous, erect, immersed at the base in the calyx-tube.
Blooming season: Autumn to spring (Oct-Apr in habitat). Aeonium arboreum is a monocarpic species, meaning that it dies after flowering. Although their yellow flowers are attractive, each time they bloom, a rosette dies.
Chromosome: 2n- [36],72.
Stems: Few- or heavily-branched, robust, fleshy, 10-40 mm in diameter, bark fairly smooth with distinct leaf scars.
Rosettes: Dense, concave or flat, 10-20 cm in diameter, with 50-75 tightly compressed leaves. The leaf rosettes are arranged at the ends of its branches.
Leaves: 5-9(15) cm long, 1.5-3 mm thick, oblong-oblanceolate, rounded above, apiculate, firm, green or brown-purple, more or less shiny, with white pectinate-ciliate, hairs along the edges. Surfaces glabrous.
Inflorescences (cymes): Dense, conic to ovoid 10-20 cm long, peduncles long, glabrous, ascending puberulent. Flowers stems emerge from the center of the rosettes.
Flowers: Star-like, bisexual, ± 2 cm wide, rotate; sepals 2-3.5 mm long, 1.1-1.4 mm wide; petals 9-11 narrow-oblong to lanceolate, spreading, 5-7 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, yellow, pedicel and calyx puberulent. Filaments dilated at the base, united above in a tube with the petals; anthers roundish-ovate. Carpels glabrous, erect, immersed at the base in the calyx-tube.
Blooming season: Autumn to spring (Oct-Apr in habitat). Aeonium arboreum is a monocarpic species, meaning that it dies after flowering. Although their yellow flowers are attractive, each time they bloom, a rosette dies.
Chromosome: 2n- [36],72.
Subspecies, varieties,
forms and cultivars of plants belonging to the Aeonium arboreum group
- Aeonium
arboreum var. albovariegatum (Weston) Boom: is a
variety with white margined leaves. It is very similar to Aeonium
cv. Sunburst if not the same.
- Aeonium
arboreum subs. holochrysum (H.Y.Liu) Bañares
- Aeonium
arboreum subs. korneliuslemsii (H.Y.Liu) Dobignard
- Aeonium
arboreum var. luteovariegatum (Weston) Boom: has pale
leaves with ample creamy-yellow variegation in the border. Often the
leaves at the centre of the rosette are completely creamy-yellow.
- Aeonium
arboreum var. rubrolineatum (Svent.) H.Y.Liu
Bibliography: Major references and
further lectures
1) Forest & Kim Starr “Aeonium arboreum (Tree aeonium)”. Plants of Hawaii.. Web. 27 Sep. 2014.
2) Guy De Chauliac “Commentary” BRILL, 1997
3) Umberto Quattrocchi “CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology” CRC Press, 29/Nov/1999
4) Reid V. Moran “Aeonium arboreum var. arboreum (Linnaeus) Webb & Berthelot [family CRASSULACEAE] Flora of North America” Vol 8 Magnoliophyta: Paeoniaceae to Ericaceae. Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 2009.
5) J. G. Baker. “Flora of Tropical Africa” Vol 2, page 385 1871
6) “RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants.” United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008
7) Urs Eggli “Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Crassulaceae” Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 05/Nov/2012
8) Bruce G. Baldwin, Douglas H. Goldman “The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California” University of California Press, , Berkeley01/Jan/2012
9) Wikipedia contributors. "Aeonium arboreum." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 19 Apr. 2014. Web. 12 Oct. 2014.
1) Forest & Kim Starr “Aeonium arboreum (Tree aeonium)”. Plants of Hawaii.
2) Guy De Chauliac “Commentary” BRILL, 1997
3) Umberto Quattrocchi “CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology” CRC Press, 29/Nov/1999
4) Reid V. Moran “Aeonium arboreum var. arboreum (Linnaeus) Webb & Berthelot [family CRASSULACEAE] Flora of North America” Vol 8 Magnoliophyta: Paeoniaceae to Ericaceae. Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 2009.
5) J. G. Baker. “Flora of Tropical Africa” Vol 2, page 385 1871
6) “RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants.” United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008
7) Urs Eggli “Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Crassulaceae” Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 05/Nov/2012
8) Bruce G. Baldwin, Douglas H. Goldman “The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California” University of California Press, , Berkeley01/Jan/2012
9) Wikipedia contributors. "Aeonium arboreum." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 19 Apr. 2014. Web. 12 Oct. 2014.
Flowering habit at Keokea, Maui, Hawaii (USA). February 01, 2011. (Aeonium arboreum) Photo by: Forest Starr & Kim Starr
Flowers at Keokea, Maui, Hawaii (USA). February 01, 2011.(Aeonium arboreum) Photo by: Forest Starr & Kim Starr
Flowers at Keokea, Maui, Hawaii (USA). February 01, 2011.(Aeonium arboreum) Photo by: Forest Starr & Kim Starr
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The gallery now contains thousands of pictures, however it is possible to do even more. We are, of course, seeking photos of species not yet shown in the gallery but not only that, we are also looking for better pictures than those already present. Read More...
Cultivation and
Propagation: Aeonium arboreum makes a great medium
height succulent shrub and makes a very ornamental green mass with bright yellow
flower heads in full sun in warm climates.
Soil: It requires a very free draining enriched soil, mildly acidic to mildly alkaline but is very tolerant of poor soils. For pot culture it requires a gritty well drained potting mix.
watering: Water deeply but infrequently. Plants are allowed to thoroughly dry in-between waterings. During the winter months restrict water to about once a month, or just enough to keep the foliage from shrivelling.
Exposition: Position it in full to part sun in a sheltered spot, but the bright light enhances the rich hues of the darker Aeoniums, and the subtle blushes of the other colours, but prefers light shade to shade in summer, but thrives also in hot sunny positions and will tolerate coastal conditions. The plants tend to go dormant in the summer and look a little tired sometimes, but they perk up again in the fall. Summer is the natural dormant season for this species in its native land.
Hardiness: It needs protection from severe winter frosts (Hardy to -2°C or a little less for short periods) in these situations it will better resist if sheltered by the winter rains, seen that the humidity and low temperatures render it more sensitive to rottenness. Plants in containers however, suffered major leaf loss. USDA Zone 9b to 12. Over winter under glass in all but the mildest of gardens.
Wind and salt tolerance: Tolerates well high wind and second line salt wind.
Maintenance: The dry flower stems need to be removed to keep a tidy appearance. These species do tend to get sort of leggy, which is particularly a problem if grown as a potted plant, and trimming back is often necessary. Cut back in late summer. Because the rosettes grow at the ends of the stems, it becomes lanky unless made to branch.
Propagation: Aeonium arboreum is easily propagated by cuttings in the spring. When the stem becomes too tall, just cut the top rosette with a piece of stem and plant it. It will soon take root, while the plant left with just the stem will soon grow new buds that can be in turn used for propagation. Time to take cuttings: April to July. Once established this pant provides a source of cuttings to give away or to fill gaps in the garden.
Use: Aeoniums make excellent summer bedding plants, since their architectural shape contrasts well with most other bedding plants. They can also be used effectively planted in containers.
Soil: It requires a very free draining enriched soil, mildly acidic to mildly alkaline but is very tolerant of poor soils. For pot culture it requires a gritty well drained potting mix.
watering: Water deeply but infrequently. Plants are allowed to thoroughly dry in-between waterings. During the winter months restrict water to about once a month, or just enough to keep the foliage from shrivelling.
Exposition: Position it in full to part sun in a sheltered spot, but the bright light enhances the rich hues of the darker Aeoniums, and the subtle blushes of the other colours, but prefers light shade to shade in summer, but thrives also in hot sunny positions and will tolerate coastal conditions. The plants tend to go dormant in the summer and look a little tired sometimes, but they perk up again in the fall. Summer is the natural dormant season for this species in its native land.
Hardiness: It needs protection from severe winter frosts (Hardy to -2°C or a little less for short periods) in these situations it will better resist if sheltered by the winter rains, seen that the humidity and low temperatures render it more sensitive to rottenness. Plants in containers however, suffered major leaf loss. USDA Zone 9b to 12. Over winter under glass in all but the mildest of gardens.
Wind and salt tolerance: Tolerates well high wind and second line salt wind.
Maintenance: The dry flower stems need to be removed to keep a tidy appearance. These species do tend to get sort of leggy, which is particularly a problem if grown as a potted plant, and trimming back is often necessary. Cut back in late summer. Because the rosettes grow at the ends of the stems, it becomes lanky unless made to branch.
Propagation: Aeonium arboreum is easily propagated by cuttings in the spring. When the stem becomes too tall, just cut the top rosette with a piece of stem and plant it. It will soon take root, while the plant left with just the stem will soon grow new buds that can be in turn used for propagation. Time to take cuttings: April to July. Once established this pant provides a source of cuttings to give away or to fill gaps in the garden.
Use: Aeoniums make excellent summer bedding plants, since their architectural shape contrasts well with most other bedding plants. They can also be used effectively planted in containers.
